AS 1038.

25—2002
AS 1038.25

Australian Standard™
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Coal and coke—Analysis and testing

Part 25: Coal—Durham cone

handleability test
 This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee MN-001, Coal and Coke. It
was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 14 July 2002 and
published on 25 July 2002.

The following are represented on Committee MN-001:

Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
Australian Coal Association
Australian Coal Preparation Society
Australian Institute of Energy
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
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CSIRO, Energy Technology

Coalfield Geology Council of New South Wales
Department of Mines and Energy, Queensland
Electricity Supply Association of Australia
Institution of Engineers, Australia
Minerals Council of Australia
University of Newcastle
University of New South Wales
University of Queensland

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This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 01042.

 AS 1038.25—2002

Australian Standard™
This is a free 7 page sample. Access the full version at http://infostore.saiglobal.com.

Coal and coke—Analysis and testing

Part 25: Coal—Durham cone

handleability test

First published as AS 1038.25—2002.

COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia International
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the
publisher.
Published by Standards Australia International Ltd
GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 4739 6
 AS 1038.25—2002 2

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee MN-001, Coal and Coke,
as part of the AS 1038, Coal and coke— Analysis and testing series.
This Standard has been based on a procedure originally prepared by the Queensland
electricity supply industry and subsequently adopted by a number of laboratories in
Queensland and New South Wales.
The objective of this Standard is to provide the users of the Durham cone apparatus with a
procedure that will allow a determination of the specific flow time of a coal. The specific
flow time of coal allows comparison of the relative handleability of different coals or a coal
at a range of moisture content. It does not provide information on how a particular coal will
perform in a given physical flow situation.
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The Standard on bin flow of coal provides a more rigorous relationship between coal
properties and bin design parameters. It enables evaluation of how a particular coal will
perform in a given bin configuration.
The term ‘informative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the
appendix to which it applies. An ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and
guidance.
 3 AS 1038.25—2002

CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................. 4
1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 5
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS .................................................................................. 5
3 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................ 5
4 PRINCIPLE ................................................................................................................ 5
5 SAFETY ..................................................................................................................... 5
6 APPARATUS ............................................................................................................. 6
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7 SAMPLE..................................................................................................................... 6
8 PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................. 7
9 CALCULATION ........................................................................................................ 8
10 REPORTING OF RESULTS....................................................................................... 8
11 PRECISION ................................................................................................................ 8
12 TEST REPORT ........................................................................................................... 8

APPENDICES
A EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS OF SPECIFIC FLOW TIME AS A
FUNCTION OF MOISTURE CONTENT ................................................................... 9
B INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS .......................................................................... 12
 AS 1038.25—2002 4

FOREWORD
The flow or handleability characteristics of a given coal are dependent on a number of
variables, including:
(a) Coal properties such as—
(i) size distribution, and in particular the proportion of fines (<4 mm material);
(ii) particle shape;
(iii) bulk density;
(iv) moisture content, and in particular free moisture content;
(v) proportion and type of minerals present, and in particular clay minerals; and
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(vi) chemistry at the coal surface.

(b) The configuration of the handling system.
The Durham cone apparatus was developed in the United Kingdom as an empirical method
for assessing the flow properties of coals, and in particular, the effects of fines and moisture
content [1].
The test (refer to references [2],[3],[4]) has been used in Australia as a means of—
(i) comparing the flow behaviour of coals;
(ii) assessing the effect of free moisture on the handleability of a particular coal; and
(iii) assessing the effects of type and proportion of clays present on coal handleability.
Because of the empirical nature of the test, particular attention should be given to the
following operations in order to minimize testing errors:
(A) Subdivision of the bulk coal sample into an appropriate number of test portions.
(B) Conditioning of the test portions after either stage drying or wetting.
(C) Avoidance of spillage of sample throughout the testing process.
It is also emphasized that the Durham cone test is intended for testing of −37.5 mm size
fraction of the test coal. In many cases, samples prepared from bore cores of less than
100 mm diameter are unsuitable for testing because of a tendency for some coals to produce
elongated coal particles atypical of the normal particle shapes of broken coal.
REFERENCES
[1] HALL, D. A. and CUTRESS, J. O. The effect of fines content, moisture and added oil
on the handling of small coal. J Inst. Fuel. v33. 1960. pp 63-72.
[2] LePAGE, A. J. and CRISAFULLI, P. Walloon coal study. NERDDP Project No.
82/2109, December 1985, 120 pp.
[3] MIKKA, M. and SMITHAM, J. Coal handleability assessment. Proc. 3 rd Australian
Coal Preparation Conference, Wollongong, 1985, pp 12 – 27.
[4] SPERO, C. Walloon coals: Their properties and power station performance.
Queensland Government Mining Journal, March 1998, pp 26 – 38.
 5 AS 1038.25—2002

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
Coal and coke—Analysis and testing

Part 25: Coal—Durham cone handleability test

1 SCOPE
This Standard sets out a method for the determination of the specific flow time of a coal in
the Durham cone apparatus, as a rapid means of comparing the relative handleability of
product coals.
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NOTE: Product coal is normally taken to be 50 mm to 70 mm nominal topsize. Where nominal

topsize exceeds 70 mm, the result of the test may not be relevant.

2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
1038 Coal and coke—Analysis and testing
1038.1 Part 1: Higher rank coal—Total moisture
1152 Specification for test sieves
2243 Safety in laboratories (series)
2418 Coal and coke—Glossary of terms
2508 Safe storage and handling information cards for hazardous materials (series)
2706 Numerical values—Rounding and interpretation of limiting values
3880 Bin flow properties of coal
3881 Higher rank coal—Size analysis
4264 Coal and coke—Sampling
4264.1 Part 1: Higher rank coal–Sampling procedures

3 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in AS 2418 apply.

4 PRINCIPLE
The time required for a mass of coal to flow through the Durham cone apparatus is recorded
and the specific flow time is calculated as the ratio of flow time to the mass of the coal
tested.

5 SAFETY
For information on laboratory safety, reference should be made to the relevant parts of
AS 2243 and AS 2508.

 Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

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AS 1038.25-2002, Coal and coke - Analysis and

testing Coal - Durham cone handleability
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