TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF CELLULASE ENZYME AND CAUSTIC TREATMENT ON MOISTURE MANAGEMENT PROPERTIES OF 100% COTTON AND PC BLENDED

FABRIC.
by

Ali Hasnain 07-NTU-109 Muhammad Waqas 07-NTU-135

A Thesis Submitted in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Textile Engineering with Specialization in Textile Processing

Department of Textile Processing National Textile University, Faisalabad March 2012

This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognize that the copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author or of the University (as may be appropriate)

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Abstract The purpose of this work is to optimize the moisture management properties of 100% cotton and polyester-cotton fabric by using cellulase enzyme and caustic treatment. And the effect of changing different enzyme treatment variables like temperature, concentration, time and PH was also observed. Another objective of this project has been to compare effect of enzyme and caustic treatment on moisture transfer properties. It has been found that by treating 100% cotton and Polyester-cotton with cellulase enzyme their moisture management properties have been improved. On the application of enzyme PC fabric has shown better moisture management properties as compared to 100% cotton. And on the application of caustic the moisture management properties of cotton had further improved but there was a decline in moisture transfer abilities of Polyester-cotton fabric.

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Dedication We dedicate these humble efforts to the one who is the most merciful and affectionate to human being, who guided and showed the right path to his followers THE HOLY PROPHET (P.B.U.H) To our beloved parents and teachers whose hands are always raised to pray for our wellbeing.

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Acknowledgement We feel great pleasure in acknowledging our indebtedness to all those who have been of substantial help and support to us during the preparation of this manuscript. First of all we would like to thank Allah Almighty for everything. The work presented in this manuscript was accomplished under the inspiring guidance of Dr. Tanveer Hussain, Associate Dean of Quality Assurance and Dr. Rashid Masood

Chairman Textile Processing Department and enlightened supervision of Mr. Irfan Siyal and Mr. Syed Shahzad Hussain Zaidy, Assistant Professor at department of textile processing, National Textile University, Faisalabad. Their efforts towards the inculcation of the spirit of constant work and maintenance of professional integrity besides other valuable words of advice encouraged us to keep on fighting against all over whelming odds till success was ensured. We avail this opportunity to express our deepest sense of gratitude and thankfulness to them. We would also like to thank Mr. Shahzad Raza and Mr. Muhammad Waqar Chaudhary for their help and encouragement.

Table of Contents
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................1 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. Moisture Management ........................................................................................................1 Importance of Moisture Management .................................................................................1 Factor affecting moisture management properties ..............................................................3 Fabric related factors .................................................................................................3 Wearer related factors ................................................................................................3

1.3.1. 1.3.2. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 1.7. 1.8. 1.9. 1.10. 1.10.1. 1.10.2. 1.10.3. 1.10.4. 1.10.5. 1.11. 1.11.1. 1.11.2. 1.11.3. 1.11.4. 1.11.5. 1.12. 1.12.1. 1.13. 1.14. 1.15. 1.15.1. 1.15.2. 1.16. 1.17.

Moisture management properties of cotton.........................................................................3 Moisture management properties of polyester ....................................................................4 Optimization of moisture management properties ..............................................................4 Significance of work ...........................................................................................................4 Specific Objective ...............................................................................................................5 Role of Enzymes in Textiles ...............................................................................................5 Trends in Bio processing.................................................................................................8 Bio Singeing ................................................................................................................8 Bio Desizing ................................................................................................................8 Bio Scouring................................................................................................................8 Bio Bleaching ..............................................................................................................8 Bio polishing ...............................................................................................................9 Cellulase enzymes and Bio polishing .............................................................................9 Action of cellulase enzymes on cellulose ..................................................................10 Working conditions ...................................................................................................12 De-activation of enzymes ..........................................................................................13 Parameters of bio-polishing......................................................................................13 Evaluation of bio-polishing.......................................................................................14 Mercerization ................................................................................................................14 Conditions for Mercerization ....................................................................................15 Changes in the Properties of Cellulose Due to Mercerization ......................................15 Mercerization of Blended Fibre Fabrics .......................................................................16 Classification of Mercerization process: .......................................................................17 Chain Mercerizing ....................................................................................................17 Chainless Mercerizing ..............................................................................................19 Parameters for Mercerization ........................................................................................19 Literature review ...........................................................................................................20

Chapter 2 ...............................................................................................................................................22 vi

2.

Experimental .............................................................................................................................22 2.1. Materials ...........................................................................................................................22 Description of Substrate............................................................................................22 Chemicals..................................................................................................................22 Enzyme (used in study)..............................................................................................23

2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.3. 2.2.

Equipment .........................................................................................................................24 Equipment used for enzyme application ...................................................................24 Equipment used for Mercerization: ..........................................................................24

2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.3.

Method ..............................................................................................................................24 Method of Enzyme and Caustic Application .............................................................24

2.3.1. 2.4.

Design of experiment ........................................................................................................25 Enzyme treatment ......................................................................................................28 Mercerization ............................................................................................................28

2.4.1. 2.4.2. 2.5.

Testing Methods................................................................................................................29 Equipment used for Moisture Management Testing .................................................29 AATCC Test Method 1951 ........................................................................................29 Weight loss ................................................................................................................31

2.5.1. 2.5.2. 2.5.3.

Chapter 3 ...............................................................................................................................................32 3. Results and Discussions ............................................................................................................32 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. Effect of different parameters on efficiency of Enzyme treatment ...................................32 Moisture Management testing ...........................................................................................32 Moisture management properties of untreated fabrics ......................................................33 Results for untreated cotton samples ........................................................................33 Result for untreated Polyester-cotton samples .........................................................34

3.3.1. 3.3.2. 3.4.

Effect of enzyme treatment on moisture management properties .....................................35 Effect of change of Enzyme concentration on moisture management properties of 35

3.4.1. cotton

3.4.2. Effect of change of Enzyme concentration on moisture management properties of Polyester-cotton ........................................................................................................................37 3.4.3. 3.4.4. 3.4.5. 3.4.6. PC 3.4.7. 3.4.8. Effect of change of Enzyme PH on moisture management properties of cotton .......39 Effect of change of Enzyme PH on moisture management properties of PC ............41 Effect of increase in Temperature of enzyme on moisture management properties .43 Effect of increase in Temperature of enzyme on moisture management properties of 45 Effect of different enzyme treatment parameters on OMMC of cotton .....................47 Effect of different enzyme treatment parameters on OMMC of polyester.................48 vii

3.5. Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of fabric already treated with enzyme. .........................................................................................................................................49 3.5.1. Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated cotton (CA).................................................................................................................................49 3.6. Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated Cotton CB. 50

3.7. Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated PC (PACA) 51 3.8. Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated PC (PBCB).52 3.9. 3.10. (CD) 3.11. (PCCC) 3.12. (PDCD) 3.13. (CE) 3.14. (CF) 3.15. (PECE) 3.16. (PFCF) 3.17. sample 3.18. sample Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated cotton CC. 53 Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated cotton 54 Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated PC 55 Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated PC 56 Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated cotton 57 Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated cotton 58 Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated PC 59 Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated PC 60 Comparison of moisture management properties of enzyme and caustic treated cotton 61 Comparison of moisture management properties of enzyme and caustic treated PC 61

Chapter 4 ...............................................................................................................................................62 4. Summary and future work ........................................................................................................62 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 5. Key findings of the Project ...............................................................................................62 Implications of the Findings .............................................................................................62 Future work .......................................................................................................................63

References .................................................................................................................................64

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List of Tables Table 1.1 Role of Enzyme in Textile.......................................................................................... 7 Table 2.1 Specification of subtrate ......................................................................................... 22 Table 2.2 Specification of chemicals ...................................................................................... 22 Table 2.3 Recommended conditions ....................................................................................... 23 Table 2.4 Equipment detail (for enzyme application) ............................................................. 24 Table 2.5 Equipment used for Mercerization ......................................................................... 24 Table 2.6 Design of experiment for Enzyme Treatment .......................................................... 26 Table 2.7 Design of experiment for Enzyme Treatment of PC ............................................... 26 Table 2.8 Design of experiment for Mercerization of cotton .................................................. 27 Table 2.9 Design of experiment for Mercerization of poltester-cotton .................................. 27 Table 2.10 Equipment used for Moisture Management Testing ............................................. 29 Table 2.11 Grading Table ....................................................................................................... 30 Table 3.1 Effect of different parameters on efficiency of enzyme treatment ........................... 32 Table 3.2 Moisture management result for untreated cotton ................................................. 33 Table 3.3 Moisture management result for untreated PC ...................................................... 34 Table 3.4 Moisture management testing results for C1........................................................... 35 Table 3.5 Moisture management testing results for C2........................................................... 36 Table 3.6 Moisture management testing results for P1C1 ....................................................... 37 Table 3.7 Moisture management testing results for P2C2 ....................................................... 38 Table 3.8 Moisture management testing results for C3........................................................... 39 Table 3.9 Moisture management testing results for C4........................................................... 40 Table 3.10 Moisture management testing results for P3C3 ..................................................... 41 Table 3.11 Moisture management testing results for P4C4 ..................................................... 42 Table 3.12 Moisture management testing results for C5 ........................................................ 43

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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Structure of Enzyme .............................................................................................. 10 Figure 1.2 Cellulose Structure ................................................................................................ 10 Figure 1.3 Action of Endo-glucanase ..................................................................................... 11 Figure 1.4 Action of Beta-glucanasse ..................................................................................... 11 Figure 1.5Action of cellobiohydrolase ................................................................................... 12 Figure 1.6 Action of Cellulase Enzymes ................................................................................. 12 Figure 1.7Action of Cellulase components on Cellulose ........................................................ 13 Figure 1.8 Chain Mercerizing Range ..................................................................................... 17

List of Graphs Graph 3.1 Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of untreated cotton ................. 33 Graph 3.2 Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of untreated PC...................... 34 Graph 3.3Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of C1 ........................................ 35 Graph 3.4 Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of C2 ....................................... 36 Graph 3.5Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of P1C1 .................................... 37 Graph 3.6Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of P2C2 .................................... 38 Graph 3.7Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of C3 ........................................ 39 Graph 3.8Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of C4 ........................................ 40 Graph 3.9Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of P3C3 .................................... 41 Graph 3.10Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of P4C4 .................................. 42 Graph 3.11Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of C5 ...................................... 43 Graph 3.12Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of C6 ...................................... 44 Graph 3.13Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of P5C5 .................................. 45 Graph 3.14 Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of P6C6 ................................. 46 Graph 3.15Enzyme parameters and OMMC of cotton ........................................................... 47 Graph 3.16Enzyme parameters and OMMC of PC ................................................................ 48 Graph 3.17 Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of CA ..................................... 49 Graph 3.18Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of CB ...................................... 50 Graph 3.19Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of PACA.................................. 51 Graph 3.20Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of PBCB.................................. 52 Graph 3.21Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of CC...................................... 53 Graph 3.22Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of CD ..................................... 54 Graph 3.23Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of PCCC ................................. 55 Graph 3.24Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of PDCD ................................. 56 Graph 3.25Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of CE...................................... 57 Graph 3.26Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of CF...................................... 58 Graph 3.27Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of PECE ................................. 59 Graph 3.28Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of PFCF ................................. 60 Graph 3.1OMMC of Enzyme and caustic treated cotton ........................................................ 61 Graph 3.2 OMMC of Enzyme and caustic treated PC ........................................................... 61

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CHAPTER 1 1. Introduction
1.1. Moisture Management

Moisture management is the ability of a textile to absorb vapors or liquid humidity from the skin, to transport it from the inside of a textile to the outer surface and to release it into the surrounding air. The human body has different ways of trying to maintain its temperature. For example, in a cold environment, blood circulation in the arms and legs is reduced, in order to minimize heat exchange with the surrounding atmosphere. If the body warms up, the blood circulation increases in an attempt to release surplus heat, and we start to sweat. During perspiration water (containing salt and other substances) is transmitted through the pores of the skin, from which it then evaporates. Through the cold which is generated during evaporation, the warmth surplus is consumed in this way the body cools down again, and its temperature is re-adjusted. Clothing is supposed to protect humans in accordance with their environment - from cold, heat, wind and weather. If possible, it should fulfill this function without inhibiting the evaporation of humidity caused by perspiration (good moisture management), and thus not interfering with the temperature regulation of the body [1, 2]. When we start to sweat, our body humidity is more or less absorbed by the textile we are wearing. If the humidity remains in the fabric and is not transported to the surface for evaporation, cooling cannot occur. The body warms up and even more sweat is produced causing discomfort. 1.2. Importance of Moisture Management

Moisture management property is an important aspect of any fabric meant for apparels, which decides the comfort level of that fabric. Every human being sweats during different kinds of activities. An important feature of any fabric is how it transports this water out of the body surface so as to make the wearer feel comfortable. Moisture management can be

referred as its ability to transport, store and dispose liquid water and moisture from the surface of the skin to the atmosphere through the fabric. The mechanism by which moisture is transported in textiles is similar to the wicking of a liquid in capillaries. Capillary action is determined by two fundamental properties of the capillary such as its diameter and surface energy of its inside face. The smaller the diameter or greater the surface energy, greater will be the tendency of a liquid to move up the capillary. In textile structures, the spaces between the fibres effectively form capillaries. Hence, the narrower the spaces between these fibres, greater the ability of the textile to wick moisture Fabric constructions, which effectively form narrow capillaries, pick up moisture easily. Such constructions include fabrics made from micro fibres, which are packed closely together. The surface energy in a textile structure is determined largely by the chemical structure of the exposed surface of the fibre. Hydrophilic fibres have a high surface energy and consequently, they pick up moisture more readily than hydrophobic fibres. Hydrophobic fibres, by contrast, have low surface energy and repel moisture. Synthetic fibers, especially micro fiber development, have made a big way for sophisticated textiles and apparel, medical and allied applications. During the last few years, major fibre producers have gone for more value added products with improved properties. In recent years there has been a trend towards finer filaments as fineness of fiber is very important in determining the aesthetic properties of fabric. Micro fibers have found their way into varied applications conceivable as their novel properties offer huge potential in terms of both function and aesthetics. Micro denier fibers have excellent flexibility and yarns with better regularity and elongation contribute for perfect knit ability ensuring woven fabrics with better softness, drape, wicking and dimensional stability than normal denier fiber woven fabrics thus ensuring excellent mechanical and comfort properties. The hairiness of the micro fiber yarns are very low and this in turn creates a low lint shedding propensity and it will generate lesser fly during knitting. However, the high cost, lack of experimentation, less research in this field and want of expertise to handle these new fibers hinders its growth [3].

1.3.
1.3.1.

Factor affecting moisture management properties Fabric related factors

Fibre type Hydrophilic content Weave and yarn density Yarn structure Porosity Wet ability and wick ability of fabric Fabric GSM Fabric thickness Fabric cover factor
1.3.2.

Wearer related factors

There are numerous factors regarding conditions of thermal comfort, such as age, sex, adaptation, season and heat-flow conditions as well as physical conditions existing next to the skin surface [4, 5]. 1.4. Moisture management properties of cotton

Cotton, the fiber used for our very first blanket at birth, our first pair of pajamas, is often associated to the softness of our childhood and remains an everlasting feeling of comfort t. When looking at product labels of clothing, it is always reassuring to see a percentage of cotton in its fiber content.

Cotton, a natural fiber still widely used today because no man-made fiber has ever been able to replace it. It is so natural that when woven into textile, the cotton seeds are still apparent and can only be removed through a special process.

The exceptional properties of cotton in relation to moisture management make it the most comfortable fabric to wear next to the skin, even before silk which has a tendency to feel cooler. Highly hydrophilic, the cotton yarn has the ability to take away moisture from the skin
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leaving it dryer than any other yarn. The absorption capacity of cotton being 8%, this is sufficient to keep human skin dry in normal wear and weather conditions. This dryness is thus associated with a comfort feeling enhanced by the softness of the yarn structure, the result of millions of loose fibers which are themselves soft and malleable [6]. Cotton fibre as hydrophilic in nature, meaning that it has surface bonding sites for water. Therefore water tends to be retained in it, so it has poor moisture release and transport properties [7]. 1.5. Moisture management properties of polyester

Polyester fibres have excellent wicking and moisture transfer properties. The higher wick ability is due to large pore size of polyester fibre [7]. Increased polyester content in fabric cause quick drying and more water vapor permeability of the fabric, a property require for fabric comfort. The coefficient of friction increases and geometrical roughness decreases with increase in polyester content. The thermal insulation increases with increase in polyester content [8]. 1.6. Optimization of moisture management properties

Moisture management performance can be enhanced by using hydrophilic finishes on the surface of fabric and by blending hygroscopic fibres in the yarn. And by selecting suitable blend ratio between hydrophobic and hydrophilic content of yarn [9]. Moisture management performance can be enhanced by using fabric with the yarns of low density and using plain or sartin weave instead of twill weave [10]. Microfiber blended fabrics gives excellent moisture handling capabilities. Blending small proportion of hydrophobic fibre like micro-polyester with hydrophilic fibres like microlyocell enhances the wickability and drying characteristics [11]. 1.7. Significance of work

Comfort is an important aspect in todays terms as both consumer and industry are focusing more on the comfort aspect of clothing materials. Accordingly, a proper selection of fibre and yarn engineering should lead to realization of specific comfort properties of the fabric in much economic and scientific way. Additionally, finishing treatments also play a valuable

insight into fibre selection and yarn engineering s as to achieve comfort properties specific to end use requirement. Enzymes are gaining an increasingly important role as a tool in various wet textile pretreatment and finishing processes. Conventionally wet textile pretreatment and finishing procedures applied in the textile industry are often characterized by high concentrations of chemicals, alkaline or acidic pH, and high temperature. Enzymes are very specific catalysts; they operate best at ambient pressures, mild temperatures and often at a neutral pH. This research work is focused on checking the effect of cellulase enzyme treatment on mercerization and moisture transfer properties of 100% cotton and PV fabric. 1.8. 1.9. Specific Objective To enhance the Moisture management capabilities of fabric by the application of enzyme and caustic. To determine the best possible route for enzyme application. To compare the moisture management properties of alone enzyme treated and both enzyme and caustic treated samples. To determine the optimum conditions for enzyme application. Role of Enzymes in Textiles

Enzymes are large protein molecules made up of long chain amino acids which are produced by living cells in plants, animals and microorganism such as bacteria of fungi. Enzymes are secretions of living organisms, which catalyze biochemical reactions. Enzymes are biocatalysts without which no life in plant or animal kingdom can be sustained. Today enzymes have become an integral part of the textile processing. Though enzyme in desizing application was established decades ago, only in recent years the application has widened with new products introduced. With the increase in awareness and regulation about environment concerns, enzymes are the obvious choice because enzymes are biodegradable and they work under mild conditions saving the precious energy. Enzymes being biocatalysts and very specific are used in small amounts and have a direct consequence of lesser packing material used, the transportation impact is lower. Enzymes are gaining an increasingly important role as a tool in various wet textile pretreatment and finishing processes. Conventional wet textile pretreatment and finishing
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procedures applied in the textile industry are often characterized by high concentrations of chemicals, alkaline or acidic pH, and high temperatures with consequent high consumption of energy. Enzymes are very specific catalysts; they operate best at ambient pressures, mild temperatures and often at a neutral pH. It is to be expected that, within 5 to 10 years, wet textile production processing will be shifted substantially towards sustainable processes, because of increasing governmental and environmental restrictions and the decreasing availability of fresh water. Biocatalysis has proven to be a flexible and reliable tool in wet textile processing and a promising technology for fulfilling expected future requirements. In the scientific literature a lot of detailed information can be found on the different reactions catalyzed by enzymes that are relevant to the textile industry, such as desizing, bio polishing, bio-stoning and more recently bio-scouring. Most studies described in scientific literature focus on aspects that are directly related to enzymatic incubation, the enzyme and substrate characteristics. However, apart from reaction mechanisms, the relationship between substrate and enzyme, the amount of shear or agitation, optimal temperature and pH etc., these studies often do not focus on parameters necessary for the design of true full-scale industrial processes. This is partially caused by the fact that mass transfer and shear, for example, are quite different in laboratory-scale equipment than in industrial batch and semi-continuous equipment. Process parameters need to be related to cloth properties such as the porosity and the density of the fabric in order to introduce efficient and economic enzymatic treatments. Most information relevant for the design and development of industrial processes comes from companies producing enzymes or companies that develop formulations and applications for the textile industry and some from scientific or more technical publications that are dedicated to industrial enzymatic wet textile pretreatment or finishing processes.

In an overall consideration enzymes are the wonder products. Different uses of enzymes in textile wet processing are listed below in Table 1.1. Table 1.1 Role of Enzyme in Textile Type Amylases Action To decompose starches in sizing preparations Act on Hydrogen Peroxide to decompose it into water and oxygen When combined, act on Proteins, Pectins and natural waxes to effect scouring Decompose indigo molecules for wash-down Laccases effect on denim Break down Cellulosic chains to remove protruding fibers by degradation & create wash down effect by surface etching on Denims etc.

Catalases

Protease, lipases and Pectinase

Cellulases

Research and development is still going on and new horizons are opened in the field of textile wet processing. Now the use of biocatalyst has become state of the art in the textile industry. Research and development in this sector is primarily concentrating on: Optimizing and making routine the use of technical enzymes in processes that are already established in the textile industry today. Replacing established conventional processes with the aid of new types of enzymes, particularly from extremeophile micro-organisms, under stringent conditions. Preparing enzyme-compatible dyestuff formulations, textile auxiliary agents and chemical mixtures.
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 Producing new or improved textile product properties by enzymatic treatment. Providing biotechnological dyes and textile auxiliary agents, which are suitable for industrial use [12]. 1.10. Trends in Bio processing

Major applications of enzymes in textile wet processing are listed below along with their brief detail.
1.10.1.

Bio Singeing

This mode of finishing has been specifically developed to achieve clearer pile on terry towel goods. A treatment with an enzyme, which is a powerful cellulase composition, gives clearer look to the pile, improves absorbency and softness.
1.10.2.

Bio Desizing

Earlier, desizing was carried out by steeping the fabric with mineral acid, which affected the cellulose as well as the color. Use of enzymes led to reaction with the starch only and thus they assumed considerable significance. Explaining the action of enzymes, the food consumed by human body was digested due to secretion of the enzyme. At the enzymesubstrate complex level, the concentration of the reactants became large and accelerated the reaction while reducing the activation energy barrier. Thus, the reaction which took place at higher temperature and severe conditions could be carried out at relatively lower temperatures and milder conditions.
1.10.3.

Bio Scouring

The enzymes help in removal of waxes, Pectins, sizes and other impurities on the surface of the fabric. Advantages of bio-scouring are the alkaline media of water, extent of cotton weight loss, lower alteration of cotton morphology i.e. less damage since it is specific to pectin and waxes and not cellulose besides increased softness. The lone disadvantage is that the cotton motes were not removed, which warranted peroxide bleaching.
1.10.4.

Bio Bleaching

Bio-bleaching has been adapted for denim. Indigo specific lipases are used to bleach indigo. Earlier denim was bleached with chlorine to get lighter denim or wash down effect. Lipase combination is used successfully and if this could be extended to other colors, this would become an important enzyme in future. The advantages are environment friendly application
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and cellulose is not affected. A bio-bleaching or lipase treatment on denim gives an authentic wash resulting in an excellent look.
1.10.5.

Bio polishing

Bio-finishing removes protruding fibers and slubs from fabrics, significantly reduces pilling, softens fabric hand and provides a smooth fabric appearance, especially for knitwear and as a pretreatment for printing. Cellulases are used for this mode of finishing [13]. 1.11. Cellulase enzymes and Bio polishing

Bio-finishing, also called bio-polishing, is a finishing process applied to cellulosic textiles that produces permanent effects by the use of enzymes. Bio-finishing removes protruding fibers and slubs from fabrics, significantly reduces pilling, softens fabric hand and provides a smooth fabric appearance, especially for knitwear and as a pretreatment for printing. Second rate articles can obtain the high value eye appeal of first rate ones. In denim processing, biofinishing can reduce or eliminate abrasive stones and the aggressive chlorine chemistry, achieving the desired worn looks. Bio-finishing is not only useful for cotton but also for regenerated cellulose fabrics, especially for lyocell and microfiber articles. By incorporating enzymes into detergents to remove protruding surface fibers, improved color retention is achieved after multiple launderings. The disadvantages of bio-polishing are the formation of fiber dust, which has to be removed thoroughly, the reproducibility of the effect and in the worst case, loss of tear strength. Enzymes are high molecular weight proteins produced by living organisms to catalyze the chemical reactions essential for the organisms survival. They have complex threedimensional structures composed of long chains of amino acids with molecular weights ranging from 10000 to about 150000 and occasionally to more than 1000000. These naturally occurring molecules provide a high degree of catalytic specificity unmatched by man-made catalysts. The enzyme and substrate form a lock and key complex that requires the enzyme to have a specific molecular alignment in order to act as a catalyst. Chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes can typically be carried out as is most usual in nature under mild aqueous conditions without the need for high temperatures, extreme pH values or chemical solvents.

Figure 1.1 Structure of Enzyme

1.11.1.

Action of cellulase enzymes on cellulose

Enzymes that hydrolyze cellulose are found in nature in both Trichoderma and Humicola fungi. The (14) linkages between adjacent repeat units in the cellulose polymer chain are the sites that are vulnerable to catalytic hydrolysis by Cellulases. These enzymes are thus able to provide a food source for the organisms by producing glucose from cellulose. Industrial production of Cellulases involves large scale growth of fungal populations, followed by extraction of the enzyme. The extracted enzymes contain multiple components that work together to yield glucose from a cellulose polymer chain. At least four components have been identified as being important in providing efficient glucose production. Endoglucanases hydrolyze cellulose at random locations along the polymer chain. Figure 1.2 shows cellulose structure.

Figure 1.2 Cellulose Structure

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Beta-glucanases hydrolyze cellulose polymers from the non-reducing end producing glucose and leaving a polymer chain with one less repeat unit. Cellobiohydrolases produce cellobiose (the glucose dimer) from polymer chains, and cellobiose convert cellobiose into glucose. These components and their points of attack on cellulose polymer chains are shown schematically in diagram below. Numerous studies of the mechanism of cellulase interactions with cellulose have been reported. The generally accepted mechanism is adsorption of the endo-glucanase, betaglucanases or Cellobiohydrolases components onto the fiber surface followed by complex formation with the cellulose polymer chain and water. After hydrolysis of the (14) bond, the enzyme desorbs and is available for further adsorption and reaction. Endo-glucanase effectively opens up more of the fiber structure to attack by beta-glucanases and Cellobiohydrolases. These two components in turn produce water-soluble fragments from the exposed area. This synergistic action allows for rapid reduction in fiber strength [11].

Figure 1.3 Action of Endo-glucanase

Figure 1.4 Action of Beta-glucanasse

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Figure 1.5Action of cellobiohydrolase

Figure 1.6Action of Cellulase Enzymes

1.11.2.

Working conditions

More than with other chemical reactions, the enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose is strongly influenced by factors such as pH, temperature, time and agitation. The optimal pH for a particular cellulase depends upon its origin. Trichoderma-based products (Acid Cellulases) work best at pH 4.56, whereas Cellulases from Humicola (Neutral Cellulases) are more effective at pH 66.5. The reaction temperature is also critical since at low temperatures, the reaction rate is slower than desired, but very high temperatures can deactivate the enzyme by providing enough energy to alter its molecular alignments and thereby destroy its catalytic ability. Since enzymes are true catalysts and are not consumed during the chemical reaction, the hydrolysis reaction will continue until either the reaction conditions change or the cellulose is physically removed from the reaction mixture. Mechanical agitation is important in order for the

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hydrolysis reaction to proceed efficiently. Recent work has demonstrated that the kinetics of the reaction is controlled by mass transfer effects [21]. The adsorptiondesorption mechanism of enzyme action depends on agitation to remove hydrolysis by-products and expose new fiber areas to attack.

Figure 1.7Action of Cellulase components on Cellulose

1.11.3.

De-activation of enzymes

Because the enzymes catalytic action is not reduced during the reaction, an effective method of ending the hydrolysis must be employed to prevent excessive fiber loss. High temperatures (> 70C or 160 F for at least 20min or short drying at 120C or 248 F), high pH ( >10) and high electrolyte content as well as enzyme poisons can serve to terminate the reaction by distorting the enzymes molecular shape.
1.11.4.

Parameters of bio-polishing

Following parameters are vital for the bio polishing: Temperature (operate in optimum temperature conditions) pH (narrow pH range, which depends upon nature of the enzyme) Time (longer treatment times cause damage) Agitation ( necessary for cellulase proper activity)
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1.11.5.

Evaluation of bio-polishing

The removal of cellulosic fibers to improve pilling performance, soften hand, and create an abraded appearance requires not only enzymatic hydrolysis but also mechanical action to carry away reaction by-products physically. The final results from the hydrolysis with respect to appearance and hand are affected just as much by the mechanical components of the process as by the chemical components. Therefore, laboratory evaluations of bio-finished goods can only produce relative rather than absolute results. Enzyme suppliers determine the activity of their products by measuring the extent of the catalyzed reaction under carefully controlled conditions. A standard test exists for amylases (AATCC Test Method 103)14, but the evaluation of Cellulases is more complex and can vary from supplier to supplier. One common method is to measure the degradation of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solutions. Another is to determine the weight or strength loss of standard cotton fabrics under laboratory conditions where there is a correlation problem, because the mechanical conditions of the technical application are different to the laboratory ones. For example, the hydrolysis degree, HD, is determined by: HD = (m0 m)/m0 Wherem0 and m are the weight of the test material before and after bio-finishing [14] 1.12. Mercerization

Mercerization is the treatment of pure cotton fabrics or yarn with a strong caustic soda solution (usually 280-300 gpl) to improve strength, dye substantivity, strength and smoothness. Improved luster Increased ability to absorb dye Improved reactions with a variety of chemicals Improved stability of form Improved strength/elongation Improved smoothness The mercerizing process consists in treatment of cellulosic materials with concentrated solutions of caustic soda at a temperature of 15 to 18C. Mercerized cellulose is hydrated cellulose, i.e., a product which from the chemical point of view is identical to the original
14

cellulose, but differing from it in physical properties. This method was patented in 1850 by the English calico printer John Mercer and hence forth this process has been called as mercerization. Under the action of concentrated alkaline solutions chemical, physicochemical and structural modifications of cellulose take place. Chemical reactions lead to the formations of alkali cellulose, physical reactions, to intensive swelling of fibers and structural reactions, to a change in the arrangement of units in the cellulose macromolecule.
1.12.1.

Conditions for Mercerization

Mercerization is defined as the treatment of cotton textiles with a concentrated solution of alkali consisting of the following conditions: (a) Application of caustic soda solution around 55-60oTWat a temperature of 15 to 18C0 (b) A dwell period of 55 sec on an average, so as to permit diffusion of alkali into the fibre. (c) Warp tension during alkali treatment and stretching the weft (width) of the Fabric during washing is necessary to prevent shrinkage. (d) Finally, washing-off of the traces of alkali from the treated fibres. 1.13. Changes in the Properties of Cellulose Due to Mercerization

Cellulose undergoes chemical, physico-chemical and structural modifications on treatment with caustic soda solution. Chemical reactions lead to the formation of alkali cellulose, physical reactions, to a change in arrangement of units of cellulose. The effects of mercerization are; Swelling and shrinkage of cellulose Structural modification Increased luster Gain in strength Increased moisture absorption Increased dye adsorption Increased reactivity Removal of immature cotton Physical compactness
15

1.14.

Mercerization of Blended Fibre Fabrics

Mercerization of blended fabrics containing polyester and cotton is done to improve the low luster of cotton as compared to polyester and also to secure a more solid dyeing. For such blends the mercerization process is generally carried out in the same way as 100% cotton, but using caustic soda of lesser concentration i.e. 420 Tw along with penetrating agent. Hot mercerization has been found to give more uniform results. Under the mercerizing conditions cotton component in the blend undergoes physical and chemical changes, whereas polyester component undergoes a topochemical changes, resulting in surface hydrolysis. This leads to a reduction in strength proportional to the weight loss of the polyester component. The fabric after mercerizing is neutralized and made slightly acidic (pH 6) with acetic acid. Generally, the blends containing polyester/viscose or polyester/polynosic components are not mercerized. Fabrics containing mixtures of cotton and rayon require special precautions as the regenerated fibres, and in particular the viscose fibres show higher alkali solubility than cotton fibres. Maximum swelling and solubility of viscose fibres occur at room temperature for NaOH concentration on the order of 9-10% by weight (100 - 110 g/l). Actually, viscose rayon withstands the action of alkali of mercerizing strength, but during washing with water, the alkali becomes diluted and at a concentration of about 9-10% (by wt.), the hydrated ion pairs scan penetrate the amorphous as well as crystalline regions, causing an unlimited swelling and the fibres are degraded. The loss in strength of viscose fibre, thus, is not during mercerization step, but during the washing-out process. The following approaches can be adopted to minimize the degradation of viscose in the blends: (i) Alkali should be quickly removed from the fabric after mercerization with a good flow of water. The solubility of viscose is less marked at higher temperature. (ii) If possible, hot mercerization can also be adopted to minimize degradation. (iii) Addition of electrolyte (e.g. NaCl) in the rinsing bath diminishes the proportion of dissolved viscose. Other protective agents such as sucrose and glycerin etc. are also recommended. (iv) Application of electrolyte into the mercerizing liquor is also possible.

16

(v) Use of KOH or mixture of KOH and NaOH in the similar proportion (ratio) to that of blended fibres in the fabrics is useful. Mercerizing with KOH alone can be done in a solution of 55-60 Tw at 15-18~ with dwelltime of 90 sec but is expensive. Polynosic fibres are more stable than the ordinary viscose fibres in alkaline medium and thus cotton/polynosic blended fabrics can be mercerized without taking any special precautions. However, rinsing process with hot water is also advisable. High wet-modulus (HWM) fibre induces a higher strength loss and thus mechanical degradation can be minimized by applying sufficient tension [21]. 1.15. Classification of Mercerization process:

Mercerization process can be classified into two types as: Chain mercerizing Chainless mercerizing
1.15.1.

Chain Mercerizing

Chain mercerizing is done on a range equipped with stenter chains for tension control. The range consists of a pad mangle followed by a set of timing cans and then a clip stenter frame. As shown in Figure 1.5, fresh water cascades onto the fabric to remove the caustic soda as it is held tensioned in the stenter frame. The length of the frame must match the range speed and assure that the caustic level is reduced below 3% before tensions are released. The stenter frame is followed by a series of open-width wash boxes which further reduces the

Figure 1.8 Chain Mercerizing Range caustic level. Acetic acid is in one of the last boxes to complete the neutralization of caustic.

17

I.

Procedure

Apply 22 to 25 % (48 - 54 Tw) caustic at the pad mangle at 100% wet pickup. Pass fabric over timing cans. The number of cans must correspond to the range speed and provide at least one minute dwell time. Clip fabric onto stenter chains and stretch filling-wise while maintaining warp tension. Run fabric under cascade washers to remove caustic. Keep under tension until caustic level is less than 3% otherwise fabric will shrink in filling direction. This width loss is impossible to recover later. Release tension and continue washing in open-width wash boxes, to further reduce the caustic. Neutralize with acetic acid in the next to last wash box and rinse with fresh water in the last. It is important to control these steps because it is important, in down-stream processing, that the alkalinity remains consistent throughout all production.
ii.

Important points

For best results, goods should be dry entering the liquid caustic impregnation unit. Need to get uniform and even caustic pick-up throughout the fabric. Wet pickup must be at least 100 %. A certain amount of liquid caustic must surround each fiber to provide proper lubrication so that the fibers can be deformed. For piece goods, a caustic concentration between 48 - 540 Tw should be maintained. Caustic stronger than 540 Tw does not add to Mercerized properties whereas below 480 Tw, the Mercerized fabric will have poor luster and appearance. Caustic solution and impregnated fabric temperatures should be controlled between 70 1000F. Above 1100 F, there is a noticeable decrease in luster of the Mercerized goods. Below 700 F, there is no noticeable improvement. Proper framing during the washing step is crucial. The goods must be maintained at greige width to one inch over greige for maximum luster. The tensioned width must be maintained throughout the caustic removal operations otherwise the fabric shrinks and luster is lost.
18

1.15.2.

Chainless Mercerizing

Chainless mercerizing is practiced on a range where the cloth is maintained in contact with rotating drums virtually throughout the entire process. The tension on the fabric depends on the friction between the cloth and the surface of the drum. This results in good control of length but limited control of width. Bowed rollers are sometimes used to stretch the width but they are much less effective when compared with the clips of the chain Mercerized. Chainless Mercerizing is used on fabrics that cannot be handled on a clip frame such as knits. Specialized equipment has been developed for Mercerizing tubular knit goods. One arrangement is based on a spreader mechanism that resembles a floating cigar. In the USA, very little if any knit goods Mercerization are in evidence. There are some knit goods made from mercerized yarns, however. 1.16.

Parameters for Mercerization

Following are some important parameters regarding mercerization: Concentration of caustic solution Time Tension Temperature After swelling reaches its greatest point, NaOH thoroughly penetrates the interior of the micelle, and a reaction between the alkali and the micelle occurs, completing the generation of alkali cellulose I. From 18-22B, the range displaying the greatest degree of swelling, to around 24B, the cotton hair first contracts momentarily, and then swells again, and at 24B or above a second swelling peak was observed. These observations cannot be disregarded as baseless occurrences. The concentration at which yarn showed the greatest degree of swelling was determined to be 20% NaOH (26.5B). It is important to bear in mind that tension plays a key role which brings out not only luster, but also increases the Tenacity and Youngs modulus; however the Elongation at break decreases [15].

19

1.17.

Literature review

Is has been found that water vapour permeability and moisture spreading of material increases with increase in number of hydrophilic groups and dry ability of material increase with the increase in micro-polyester proportion [3]. Huantian Cao, Donna H.Barson, semra Pesoz, Jinhee Nam and Cheryl A. Farr studied that Knitted fabric is more suitable than a woven fabric for its selection as a liquid cooling garment. Knitted fabric has better wicking and water transport properties, and thus better liquid water transport capability. Also knitted fabric has better stretch properties which allow tighter skin fit and thereby reducing the air gap between fabric and skin [4]. R K NAYAK, SK PUNJ & K N Chatterjee found that fabrics with higher polyester content give higher total hand value and higher thermal insulation,but lower air permeability and lower moisture vapour transfer properties [5]. G K Tyagi,, G Krishna, S Bhattachary & P Kumar have studied that composition of fibre mix and yarn structure are prime factors in controlling comfort characteristics of woven fabrics. Jet spun yarn fabric show higher absorbency and higher air and water permeability than the ring spun yarn fabrics [6]. Shinjung Yoo and RogerL.Barker have founded that fabric hydrophilicity depend on surface energy it can be changed by using hydrophilic finish and by using blend of hygroscopic fibres [11]. Chenghongli, Chrisit M.Ladisch and others in a study concluded that cellulase hydrolysis decreased the volume and surface area of pores of cotton. Porosity change is small as compared to weight and strength loss respectively [13]. Karthik Aruniuger, Suetlana Verenich and others treated bleached cotton with Cellusoft L, and CBD-free mono-component endo-glucanase solution and compared the results with similarly treated raw de-waxed cotton and concluded that bleached cotton was more resistant to hydrolytic process. The weight loss and hydrolysis degree was much less for bleached cotton sample [14].

20

 Marie Alice and others studied the effect of time of cellulase on supra-molecular structure of cotton and concluded that cellulase treatments caused damage primarily to the primary walls of cotton polymer system [15]. Ramkum and Gus Abdalah reported that cellulase enzyme treatment significantly improved fabric smoothness, which was easured in terms of frictional properties [16]. Joao and others reported that dimensional stability of cotton woven and knitted fabrics improved on cellulase treatments [17]. Koo H, Ueda M and others reported that mercerized fabrics subjected to cellulase enzymes treatments were found to increase rate of hydrolysis due to increased available adsorption sites. Further cellulase treatments resulted in higher strength loss in mercerized fabrics as compared to un-mercerized fabrics [18]. The study has showed that the thermal comfort in steady state was mainly influenced by the relative porosity and moisture regain which affect the first thermal contact feeling and thermal conductivities [19]. It has been found by Ching-Luan Su and its coworkers that natural fibres have poor moisture transportation and release, but synthetic fabric thus tends not to get wet and have good moisture transfer and release properties [20].

21

Chapter 2 2. Experimental
2.1.
2.1.1.

Materials Description of Substrate

In this study we have used Singed, desized and commercially bleached, 100% cotton and Polyester-cotton blended woven fabric, having the parameters as shown in Table 2.1 throughout this study. Table 2.1 Description of subtrate Sr. # Fabric content Fabric design Ends per inch 1 100% cotton 11 plain weave 2 65% polyester and 35% cotton 11 plain weave 20 20 100 70 234 2018 inches 16 Picks per inch 20 108 56 240 2018 inches Warp density Weft density GSM Sample size

2.1.2.

Chemicals

The chemicals which we have used during our work are given below in the table Table 2.2 Description of chemicals Sr. # 1 Name of chemical Cellosoft L (cellulase enzyme) 2 Caustic Soda 99 % pure app. 3 Acetic Acid 50 % strength
22

Nature Acid enzyme

Manufacturer Chemtech

Sitara Chemicals PVT LTD

Pakistan Scientific Store, Faisalabad.

2.1.3.

Enzyme (used in study) Cellosoft L

i.

Bio-blasting is a process that modifies the surface of cotton and other cellulosic in the presence of a cellulase enzyme. ii. Benefits

Bio-blasting is an environmentally friendly way of improving the quality of fabrics. Benefits include: Gentle on fabrics Improves fabric quality Prevents hairy fabrics Bio-blasted fabrics prevent pilling in garments after repeated washes Garments made from bio-blasted fabrics look newer, and last longer Environmentally friendly Easy and safe to us iii. Usage

The bio-blasting process ensures that the loose fibers on the fabric are dislodged. For optimum results, it is therefore important that equipment with high agitation is used to remove the loose fibers from the fabric. Suitable equipment includes jet dyeing machines, as well as aqueous fabric tumblers. Table 2.3 Recommended conditions Product Temp. (C) pH Application

Cellosoft L

40-55

4.5-5.5

Jet or winch

23

2.2.

Equipment

Equipmentwhich was used during project are given below:

2.2.1.

Equipment used for enzyme application

For application of Enzyme In this work we have used a closed tub to apply enzyme. Processing equipment used for the research work is given with model and manufacturer in table below. Table 2.4 Equipment detail (for enzyme application) Sr. # 1 Machine name Electronic weighing balance Manufacturer A&D company Ltd. Japan Model EK-610i

2 3 4

Digital pH meter Drying oven Thermometer

Hanna instruments WTC binder -

HI 83141 973549 -

2.2.2.

Equipment used for Mercerization:

For mercerization fabric is fixed on a rectangular frame with pins to fix the fabric to avoid shrinkage and this frame with fabric was dipped in Rectangular tank to apply caustic. Following equipment and apparatus were used for mercerization Table 2.5 Equipment used for Mercerization 1 2 3 Rectangular tank with open top. Square steel device having pins for stretching of fabric. Baume meter

2.3.
2.3.1.

Method Method of Enzyme and Caustic Application

In this work we have applied enzyme by two different process routes and then treated the fabric with caustic. Commercially bleached fabric Moisture Management testing
24

Commercially bleached fabric testing Commercially bleached fabric Management testing

Enzyme treatment

Moisture Management

Enzyme treatment

Mercerization Moisture

In first route we have simply done the moisture management testing of untreated samples of 100% cotton and PC. In the second route we have done the enzyme treatment and vary the different factors like temperature, PH and concentration of enzyme .After that Moisture Management testing was done. In the third route after enzyme treatment we have also done mercerization and in the end Moisture Management testing was done. 2.4. Design of experiment

C-100% cotton PC - 65% polyester and 35% cotton blended fabric sample. C0 - sample which is commercially bleached and no treatment is done on it. P0 C0 - sample which is commercially bleached and no treatment is done on it. Then mercerization of these samples was done to check and compare the effect of caustic on moisture management properties.

25

RunOrder

Sample code

Concentration

pH

Time

Temperature

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

100% cotton C C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

% of the weight of fabric 2 3 2 2 2 2

5 5 4.5 6 5 5

minutes 30 30 30 30 30 30

C 40 40 40 40 45 55

Table 2.6 Design of experiment for Enzyme Treatment RunOrder Sample code Concentration pH Time Temperature

PC

% of the weight of fabric 2 3 2 2 2 2

minutes

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

P0 C0 P1C1 P2C2 P3C3 P4C4 P5C5 P6C6

5 5 4.5 6 5 5

30 30 30 30 30 30

40 40 40 40 45 55

Table 2.7 Design of experiment for Enzyme Treatment of PC

26

Table 2.8 Design of experiment for Mercerization of cotton Sample code Run-Order For enzyme treatment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 100% cotton C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 For Mercerization 100% cotton CA CB CC CD CE CF

Table 2.9 Design of experiment for Mercerization of poltester-cotton Sample code Run-Order For enzyme treatment Polyester-cotton 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 P0 C0 P1C1 P2C2 P3C3 P4C4 P5C5 P6C6 For Mercerization Polyester-cotton PACA PBCB PCCC PDCD PECE PFCF

The sample P1C1which is initially treated with enzyme is then treated with caustic and is labeled as PACA same coding method is applied on the rest of samples.

27

2.4.1.

Enzyme treatment

Step wise detail is give below regarding the enzyme application carried out on both cotton and PC fabrics. Treatment with cellulase enzyme was carried out by exhaust method in a closed tub which provided sufficient agitation to the samples under treatment to provide winch like conditions. Samples were cut and conditioned for weighing. Individual weights were determined on digital balance up to two decimal places. Recipes were made according to the individual weights of the fabrics. PH of the solution was adjusted before the addition of enzymes. Samples were then run according to the conditions designed in the experiment table which is given above. After the treatment, samples were unloaded and washed with tab water first, followed by de-activation of enzymes by hot washing. The samples were dried in oven. Individual weights of treated samples were then determined.
2.4.2.

Mercerization

Mercerization was carried out as follows; A rectangular tank with open top was used for this process. Caustic soda was used for making the solution of concentration of 26 Be. The reaction was exothermic and solution was allowed to cool down to a temperature around 15C0. The cellulase enzyme treated samples were then placed on pins of square steel made holder to avoid the shrinkage. The samples were then immersed in caustic solution one by one. Dwell time of one minute was given to each sample. After immersion, sample were washed out in stretched form under tap water running at high pressure which ensured that residual alkali was minimum in the treated samples. The samples were then neutralized in 2% acetic acid solution followed by plain rinsing by tap water. The samples were then air dried.
28

2.5.
2.5.1.

Testing Methods Equipment used for Moisture Management Testing

For the measurement of moisture management properties we have used AATCC test method 195 and by using MMT. Details of the equipment used are given below. Table 2.10 Equipment used for Moisture Management Testing Sr. # Equipment name Manufacturer Atlas 1 Moisture management tester Model M290 MMT

2.5.2.

AATCC Test Method 1951

This test method is for the measurement, evaluation and classification of liquid moisture management properties of textiles. The test method produces objective measurement of liquid moisture management properties of textile fabrics. A test specimen, a fabric piece of 88, was placed between two horizontal sensors (upper and lower) with each with seven concentric pins. A predetermined amount of test solution (0.9% sodium chloride solution) was dropped on the fabric and change in electric conductivity was measured with the help of software. The test solution was free to move in three directions: radial spreading on the top surface, movement through the specimen from top to bottom surface, and radial spreading on the bottom surface of specimen. The electrical resistance readings are used to calculate fabric liquid moisture content changes that quantify dynamic liquid moisture transport behaviors in multiple directions. The summary of the results used to grade the liquid moisture management properties of fabric. The results obtained with this test method are based on water resistance, water repellency and water absorption characteristics of the fabric structure, including the fabrics geometric and internal structure and the wicking characteristics of yarn and fibre. Different factors which are used to grade the moisture management properties are 1. Absorption rate top and bottom surface (ARt& ARb)
29

The average speed of liquid moisture absorption of top and bottom surfaces of the specimen 2. Maximum wetted radius of top and bottom surface (MWRt& MWRb) The greatest ring radius measured on top and bottom surface. 3. One way transport capability(R) The difference between the areas of moisture management curves of the top and bottom surface. 4. Wetting time of top and bottom surface (WTt& WTb) The time in seconds when the top and bottom surfaces of the specimen begin to be wetted after the test is started. 5. Overall moisture management capability (OMMC) An index of overall capability of a fabric to transport liquid moisture calculated by combining three measured attributes of performance: the liquid moisture rate on the bottom surface, the one way liquid moisture absorption capability, and the maximum liquid spreading speed on the bottom surface. Table 2.11 Grading Table Index 1 Wetting time(s) Absorption rate(%/sec) Max. wetted radius(mm) Spreading speed(mm/s) Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom 120 120 0-9 0-9 0-7 0-7 0.0-0.9 0.0-0.9 <50 2 20-119 20-119 10-29 10-29 8-12 8-12 1.0-1.9 1.0-1.9 50-99 Grade 3 5-19 5-19 30-49 30-49 13-17 13-17 2.0-2.9 2.0-2.9 100-199 4 3-5 3-5 50-100 50-100 18-22 18-22 3-4 3-4 200-400 5 <3 <3 >100 >100 >22 >22 >4 >4 >400

One way transport capability OMMC

0.000.19

0.20-0.39

0.40-0.59

0.40-0.59

>0.80

30

2.5.3.

Weight loss

To check the efficiency of enzyme treatment weight loss of the samples are calculated as; Samples were first conditioned in oven and weights after enzyme treatment were determined. As the weights prior to treatment were also determined before, the weight loss was determined for each sample by the formula; Weight Loss % Where
Wo

= Weight before treatment,W = Weight after treatment

31

Chapter 3 3. Results and Discussions

3.1. Effect of different parameters on efficiency of Enzyme treatment

The effect of different parameters on the efficiency of enzyme treatment was checked by the estimation of fabric weight loss. Table 3.1 Effect of different parameters on efficiency of enzyme treatment RunOrder Concentration of enzyme
% on the weight of fabric

pH

Time

Temperature

Weight loss of fabric %

minutes

1 2 3 4 5 6

2 3 2 2 2 2

5 5 4.5 6 5 5

30 30 30 30 30 30

40 40 40 40 45 55

Cotton PC 7 7.01 6.4 5.8 8 7.8 1.8 2.6 2 1.9 2.4 3.3

As it is clear from the above table maximum weight loss value achieved when moderate conditions of temperature, PH. and concentrations are applied. So optimized conditions for enzyme treatment are temperature, 45Co; concentration, 2% owf; PH, 5 and 30 minutes time 3.2. Moisture Management testing

First of all moisture management testing of untreated cotton and PC samples were done. Then samples which were treated with enzyme at different conditions were checked for moisture management properties by using Moisture Management tester. And then same samples treated with caustic were checked for moisture management properties.

32

3.3.
3.3.1.

Moisture management properties of untreated fabrics Results for untreated cotton samples Moisture management testing results for C0 sample which is commercially bleached and tested for its moisture management Table 3.2Moisture management result for untreated cotton

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec) Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed one-way transport Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 4.516 4.596 9.8602 9.546 20 20 3.5111 3.392 5.3383 F-2 5.879 6.199 8.5001 8.2826 15 15 2.1181 2.0375 4.6233 F-3 4.597 5.318 9.9851 9.6749 20 15 3.262 2.4802 4.441 Mean 4.9973 5.371 9.4485 9.1678 18.3333 16.6667 2.9637 2.6366 4.8009 S.Deviation 0.7646 0.8028 0.8237 0.7694 2.8868 2.8868 0.7429 0.6906 0.4742 CV 0.153 0.1495 0.0872 0.0839 0.1575 0.1732 0.2507 0.2619 0.0988

OMMC 0.2608 0.1472 0.1838 0.1973 0.058 0.2941

Graph 3.1Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of untreated cotton Wetting time of untreated cotton is very low and its absorption rate is very poor with good wetting radius butoverall untreated cotton hasshowed poor moisture management properties. Due to hydrophilic in nature cotton has showed quick absorption. But due to retention of moisture its absorption rate is poor.

33

3.3.2.

Result for untreated Polyester-cotton samples Moisture management testing results forP0C0 sample which is commercially bleached and tested for its moisture management Table 3.3Moisture management result for untreated PC

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec) Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed one-way transport Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 119.952 14.751 0 7.9857 0 5 0 0.3353 14.7343 F-2 4.597 4.757 10.0082 8.9559 20 20 3.9139 3.7803 6.5154 F-3 119.953 5.799 0 5.7013 0 10 0 1.3691 29.0648 F-4 5.558 5.478 11.0173 10.3487 20 20 3.6303 3.5649 10.6281 F-5 4.356 4.356 9.2428 8.2612 20 20 3.8005 3.796 7.3759 Mean 50.8832 7.0282 6.0537 8.2506 12 15 2.2689 2.5691 13.6637 S.Deviation 63.053 4.3547 5.5619 1.6933 10.9545 7.0711 2.0737 1.612 9.195 CV 1.2392 0.6196 0.9188 0.2052 0.9129 0.4714 0.914 0.6274 0.6729

OMMC 0.0719 0.2945 0.1186 0.2821 0.2968 0.2128 0.1087 0.5107

Graph 3.2 Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of untreated PC

Wetting time of untreated PC is high as compared to untreated cotton andits absorption rate is very poor with good wetting radius but overall untreated PC had showed fair moisture management properties. Due to high hydrophobic content PC fabric has showed poor absorption but its spreading speedis very good due to excellent wicking properties of polyester.
34

3.4.
3.4.1.

Effect of enzyme treatment on moisture management properties Effect of change of Enzyme concentration on moisture management properties of cotton Moisture management testing results for C1sample which was treated at 2% enzyme concentration. Table 3.4Moisture management testing results for C1

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec) Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed one-way transport Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 15.152 24.916 16.3504 10.9624 5 5 0.3265 0.1994 89.0186 F-2 0.43 12.438 3.786 15.4082 5 10 8.4602 0.4929 194.512 F-3 13.95 20.599 17.9386 9.0606 10 10 0.4302 0.3378 61.9659 F-4 13.79 6.43 18.0217 4.6026 10 10 0.4152 0.8126 230.4188 Mean 10.8305 16.0958 14.0242 10.0084 7.5 8.75 2.408 0.4607 143.9788 S.Deviation 6.9603 8.264 6.8687 4.4792 2.8868 2.5 4.0351 0.2635 81.1834 CV 0.6427 0.5134 0.4898 0.4475 0.3849 0.2857 1.6757 0.572 0.5639

OMMC 0.1571 0.2867 0.1244 0.3116 0.22 0.093 0.4226

Graph 3.3Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of C1 This shows that on the application of enzyme overall moisture management properties have improved from poor to fair. Absorption rate has increased on the application of enzyme on cotton fabric. Enzyme treatment has removed protruding and loose fibres also this treatment has removed remaining motes and impurities which have skipped from previous processes. And also it has removed dead cellulose. All these factors have added in improvement of absorption rate and to some extent overall moisture management capabilities.
35

 Moisture management testing results for C2 sample which was treated at 3% enzyme Table 3.5Moisture management testing results for C2

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Top(sec) Bottom(sec) Absorption Rate(%/sec) F-1 17.635 17.716 26.0486 F-2 11.316 11.957 18.4214 F-3 10.355 14.511 36.9927 Mean 13.102 14.728 27.1542 S.Deviation 3.955 2.8856 9.3349 CV 0.3019 0.1959 0.3438
concentration

Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed one-way transport Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) 18.6834 15 15 0.452 0.5421 106.0415 19.6972 15 15 1.491 1.5925 -0.7991 9.7599 10 10 0.6366 0.5075 19.7767 16.0468 13.3333 13.3333 0.8599 0.8807 41.673 5.4682 2.8868 2.8868 0.5543 0.6167 56.6861 0.3408 0.2165 0.2165 0.6447 0.7002 1.3603

OMMC 0.1975 0.131 0.0775 0.1353 0.0601 0.4441

Moisture management testing results for C2

Graph 3.4 Finger Print of Moisture Management properties ofC2 By increasing the enzyme concentration wetting radius and absorption rate further improved which mean there is increase in absorption abilities.But no remarkable effect on OMMC
36

3.4.2.

Effect of change of Enzyme concentration on moisture management properties of Polyester-cotton

Moisture management testing results for P1C1 sample which was treated at 2% enzyme concentration Table 3.6Moisture management testing results for P1C1
Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec) Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed one-way transport Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 8.913 9.474 5.3953 7.2926 5 5 0.5511 0.519 2.8791 F-2 3.635 3.555 8.1091 7.3292 20 20 4.019 4.0598 0.9104 F-3 3.555 3.716 8.0346 7.197 20 20 4.0882 4.0863 -1.6177 F-4 12.918 16.994 47.5854 8.3141 10 15 0.5219 0.6418 -43.5731 F-5 3.314 3.314 7.854 6.9564 20 20 4.1927 4.138 3.3796 Mean 6.467 7.4106 15.3957 7.4178 15 16 2.6746 2.689 -7.6043 S.Deviation 4.3023 5.9455 18.0302 0.5217 7.0711 6.5192 1.9528 1.9255 20.203 CV 0.6653 0.8023 1.1711 0.0703 0.4714 0.4075 0.7301 0.7161 2.6568 OMMC 0.0588 0.3066 0.3038 0.0071 0.3093 0.1971 0.151 0.766

Graph 3.5Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of P1C1 As clear from the graph on the application of enzyme to PC fabric its spreading speed and wetted radius improved and showed fair OMM.As this is blended fabric with up to 35% cotton content so on the application of cellulase enzyme due to surface modification and removal of protruding and loose fibres wetting and absorption rate has improved remarkably as compared to untreated fabric.
37

 Moisture management testing results for P2C2sample which was treated at 2% enzyme concentration

Table 3.7Moisture management testing results for P2C2

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec) Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed one-way transport Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 4.276 4.757 15.5551 7.3114 20 20 3.6434 3.5124 350.8223 F-2 5.158 5.719 8.9657 3.3535 10 10 1.9023 1.7566 405.9215 F-3 15.473 20.68 27.3766 15.7311 5 10 0.3198 0.6681 320.441 F-4 4.116 4.677 14.9219 7.7806 20 20 3.7706 3.6722 337.8231 Mean 7.2557 8.9583 16.7048 8.5442 13.75 15 2.409 2.4023 353.752 S.Deviation 5.4973 7.8288 7.7089 5.1865 7.5 5.7735 1.6329 1.4456 36.9396 CV 0.7576 0.8739 0.4615 0.607 0.5455 0.3849 0.6778 0.6017 0.1044 OMMC 0.6547 0.5631 0.4275 0.6536 0.5747 0.1071 0.1864

Graph 3.6Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of P2C2

By increasing the enzyme concentration for PC its moisture management properties improve from fair to very-good. Its absorption rate and one way transport capability has improved and it has showed very good OMMC.

38

3.4.3.

Effect of change of Enzyme PH on moisture management properties of cotton Moisture management testing results for C3 sample which has been treated at PH 4.5 with enzyme. Table 3.8Moisture management testing results for C3

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Top(sec) Bottom(sec) Absorption Rate(%/sec) F-1 12.198 11.957 5.6435 F-2 14.671 119.952 22.1965 F-3 1.873 3.635 6.2586 F-4 20.51 6.76 26.4654 F-5 18.116 8.592 31.5856 F-6 19.558 3.395 25.1267 Mean 14.4877 25.7152 19.546 S.Deviation 6.9217 46.2776 10.9621 CV 0.4778 1.7996 0.5608

Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed one-way transport Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) 10.4447 5 5 0.4046 0.4126 188.1347 0 5 0 0.3371 0 -147.0938 11.2667 5 5 2.4474 1.3175 177.6283 8.4875 5 5 0.2418 0.7236 109.0959 4.1265 5 5 0.2736 0.5713 -96.7159 6.8874 5 5 0.2536 1.4065 222.5025 6.8688 5 4.1667 0.6597 0.7386 75.592 4.2296 0 2.0412 0.8779 0.5406 158.1527 0.6158 0 0.4899 1.3308 0.7319 2.0922

OMMC 0.2658 0 0.2829 0.1768 0 0.3367 0.177 0.1465 0.8273

Graph 3.7Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of C3

At low PH OMM properties are fair.At PH 4.5 results are fair but no remarkable improvement on decreasing PH.
39

 Moisture management testing results for C4 sample which was treated at PH 6 with enzyme. Table 3.9Moisture management testing results for C4
Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Top(sec) Bottom(sec) Absorption Rate(%/sec) F-1 6.279 51.314 36.4017 F-2 0.111 24.916 3.7039 F-3 15.632 7.791 47.4305 F-4 11.717 11.797 17.1163 F-5 13.87 10.675 15.5592 Mean 9.5218 21.2986 24.0423 S.Deviation 6.3273 18.025 17.5595 CV 0.6645 0.8463 0.7304 Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed one-way transport Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) 11.8914 5 5 0.7776 0.0971 -8.0781 3.047 5 5 26.178 0.1994 341.2212 3.6513 5 5 0.3166 0.6289 248.9667 13.1025 15 15 0.853 0.9457 37.9511 8.8083 5 5 0.3564 0.4614 83.5575 8.1001 7 7 5.6963 0.4665 140.7237 4.6159 4.4721 4.4721 11.4522 0.3405 148.2295 0.5699 0.6389 0.6389 2.0105 0.7299 1.0533 OMMC 0.0518 0.4347 0.3322 0.1063 0.1484 0.2147 0.1619 0.7542

Graph 3.8Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of C4 On increasing PH OMM properties of cotton are poor. It means optimum PH range for good moisture management properties is between 4.5-5.5

40

3.4.4.

Effect of change of Enzyme PH on moisture management properties of PC

Moisture management testing results for P3C3which was treated at PH 4.5 with enzyme Table 3.10Moisture management testing results for P3C3

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Top(sec) Bottom(sec) Absorption Rate(%/sec) F-1 4.597 4.917 16.2079 F-2 19.157 17.795 26.7797 F-3 15.713 119.953 24.7858 F-4 119.952 119.952 0 Mean 39.8548 65.6543 16.9434 S.Deviation 53.7584 62.9183 12.1912 CV 1.3489 0.9583 0.7195

Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed one-way transport Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) 8.7274 20 20 3.474 3.5148 317.6114 5.6669 5 5 0.2588 0.2785 245.1805 0 5 0 0.315 0 305.2608 0 0 0 0 0 426.6404 3.5986 7.5 6.25 1.012 0.9483 323.6732 4.3391 8.6603 9.4648 1.6471 1.716 75.5847 1.2058 1.1547 1.5144 1.6276 1.8095 0.2335

OMMC 0.618 0.328 0.3947 0.5 0.4602 0.1268 0.2756

Graph 3.9Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of P3C3 At low PH of enzyme treatment OMM result for PC are fair to good. As there is small proportion of cotton in this sample so no remarkable effect of change of PH of cellulase enzyme which only attack cellulose.
41

 Moisture management testing results for P4C4sample which was treated at PH 6 with enzyme. Table 3.11Moisture management testing results for P4C4

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Top(sec) Bottom(sec) Absorption Rate(%/sec) F-1 11.076 9.714 17.714 F-2 6.038 9.714 11.0049 F-3 5.157 5.558 14.833 Mean 7.4237 8.3287 14.5173 S.Deviation 3.1935 2.3995 3.3657 CV 0.4302 0.2881 0.2318

Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed one-way transport Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) 7.7155 5 10 0.445 0.8285 361.5797 5.4563 10 10 1.7295 1.4685 404.7361 7.0309 20 20 3.6241 3.5102 374.3347 6.7342 11.6667 13.3333 1.9329 1.9357 380.2168 1.1584 7.6376 5.7735 1.5993 1.4006 22.1713 0.172 0.6547 0.433 0.8274 0.7235 0.0583

OMMC 0.4573 0.539 0.6807 0.559 0.113 0.2022

Graph 3.10Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of P4C4 There is no remarkable change on OMM properties of PC on increasing PH of enzyme. As there is small proportion of cotton in this sample so no remarkable effect of change of PH of cellulase enzyme which only attack cellulose.

42

3.4.5.

Effect of increase in Temperature of enzyme on moisture management properties

Moisture management testing results for C5 Table 3.12Moisture management testing results for C5

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec) Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed one-way transport Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 31.475 4.276 19.462 4.7479 5 5 0.1581 1.1271 471.4828 F-2 14.271 46.036 18.0331 2.9042 5 5 0.3465 0.1082 -33.2548 F-3 18.277 9.554 28.881 4.4455 5 5 0.2712 0.5147 31.3628 F-4 18.998 5.959 27.7378 5.7143 5 5 0.261 1.2639 403.3049 Mean 20.7553 16.4563 23.5285 4.453 5 5 0.2592 0.7535 218.2239 S.Deviation 7.4429 19.8423 5.5708 1.1657 0 0 0.0774 0.5396 255.9646 CV 0.3586 1.2058 0.2368 0.2618 0 0 0.2988 0.7161 1.1729

OMMC 0.5106 0.0186 0.0904 0.522 0.2854 0.2683 0.94

Graph 3.11Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of C5

At low temperature moisture management properties of cotton are fair. As enzyme always require a specific temperature usually in low range to perform optimal.
43

 Moisture management testing results for C6 sample which was treated at 55co with enzyme. Table 3.13Moisture management testing results for C6
Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max (mm) 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 Top Bottom Accumulative

Top(sec) Bottom(sec)Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed transport one-way OMMC Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 Mean CV 29 12.271 18.277 16.998 14.7553 0.3486 5.276 43.036 8.554 6.959 16.4563 16.8423 1.2058 19.462 18.0331 28.881 27.7378 23.5285 5.5708 0.2368 4.7479 2.9042 4.4455 5.7143 4.453 1.1657 0.2618 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) 0.181 0.365 0.2622 0.261 0.2592 0.0774 0.1988 1.1271 0.1382 0.5147 1.2539 0.6535 0.5396 0.7261 471.4828 -33.2548 31.3628 403.3049 218.2239 255.9646 1.1729 0.5133 0.0185 0.09 0.511 0.2853 0.2222 0.93

S.Deviation 5.4429

Graph 3.12Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of C6 By increasing temperature in small range there is no remarkable effect on OMM properties of cotton.
44

3.4.6.

Effect of increase in Temperature of enzyme on moisture management properties of PC

Moisture management testing results for P5C5sample which was treated at 45cowith enzyme. Table 3.14Moisture management testing results for P5C5

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec) Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed one-way transport Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 6.76 7.311 17.7738 9.248 15 20 2.2944 2.9313 363.0042 F-2 5.638 6.359 16.4237 9.5436 15 20 2.9191 3.7701 369.1612 F-3 5.798 6.439 17.3026 8.8007 15 15 2.4166 2.3926 355.0852 Mean 6.0653 6.703 17.1667 9.1974 15 18.3333 2.5434 3.0314 362.4169 S.Deviation 0.6069 0.5281 0.6852 0.374 0 2.8868 0.331 0.6942 7.0563 CV 0.1001 0.0788 0.0399 0.0407 0 0.1575 0.1302 0.229 0.0195

OMMC 0.6198 0.6966 0.5661 0.6275 0.0656 0.1045

Graph 3.13Finger Print of Moisture Management properties ofP5C5

At low temperature moisture management properties of PC are between good to very good

45

 Moisture management testing results for P6C6 sample which was treated at 55co with enzyme. Table 3.15Moisture management testing results for P6C6
Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec) Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed one-way transport Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 24.996 44.835 8.8968 4.0792 10 0 0.4147 0 -130.2558 F-2 3.395 3.395 8.0953 7.0838 20 20 4.2353 4.1129 -0.7796 F-3 3.635 3.715 7.8966 6.9476 20 20 3.812 3.8843 0.8986 F-4 3.635 3.795 7.8677 7.0919 20 20 4.0368 3.9748 0.3198 F-5 3.394 3.715 8.7073 7.5887 20 20 4.1555 4.0009 -1.7231 Mean 7.811 11.891 8.2927 6.5582 18 16 3.3308 3.1946 -26.308 S.Deviation 9.6075 18.4169 0.4778 1.4071 4.4721 8.9443 1.638 1.7877 58.1173 CV 1.23 1.5488 0.0576 0.2146 0.2485 0.559 0.4918 0.5596 2.2091 OMMC 0 0.3047 0.2969 0.3038 0.3036 0.2418 0.1352 0.5592

Graph 3.14Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of P6C6 At high temperature of enzyme treatment spreading speed of PC increased but no remarkable effect on OMM properties.

46

3.4.7.

Effect of different enzyme treatment parameters on OMMC of cotton

0.3

0.25

0.2 O M 0.15 M C 0.1

0.05

0 2% 3% Enzyme 4.5 Concentration 6 pH 45C 55C Temperature

Graph 3.15Enzyme parameters and OMMC of cotton

As clear from this graph on varying enzyme treatment parameters like concentration, PH and temperature there is only a slight increase or decrease in moisture management properties of cotton fabrics. By increasing PH moisture management properties are not improved same is true for PH by increasing temperature in small rangebetween 45-55oC no change occurred but on very high temperature enzymes deactivate.

47

3.4.8.

Effect of different enzyme treatment parameters on OMMC of polyester

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 2% 3% Enzyme concentration 4.5 6 PH 45C 55C temperature

Graph 3.16Enzyme parameters and OMMC of PC

As clear from this graph on varying enzyme treatment parameters like concentration, PH and temperature there is remarkable improvement in OMMC on increasing concentration of enzyme for enzyme treatment. By increasing PH also there is improvement in OMMC of PC fabric.

48

3.5.

Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of fabric already treated with enzyme.

3.5.1.

Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated cotton (CA) Moisture management testing results for CA sample which is already treated with enzyme at 2% enzyme concentration

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec)Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed transport one-way OMMC Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 3.556 3.876 9.6118 6.9109 15 20 3.0923 3.5397 75.4383 0.351 F-2 3.875 3.234 10.5129 6.9834 15 20 2.9934 3.5603 94.6394 0.3741 F-3 4.116 4.436 11.5418 8.2014 20 20 3.7896 3.665 80.6741 0.3673 F-4 6.439 4.596 6.258 5.9403 10 10 1.8449 1.9195 72.5794 0.2128 F-5 3.555 3.876 10.2575 7.995 15 15 3.041 3.0383 58.7644 0.2907 Mean 4.3082 4.0036 9.6364 7.2062 15 17 2.9523 3.1446 76.4191 0.3192 S.Deviation 1.2143 0.5392 2.0124 0.9154 3.5355 4.4721 0.6994 0.7266 13.0142 0.0679 CV 0.2819 0.1347 0.2088 0.127 0.2357 0.2631 0.2369 0.2311 0.1703 0.2128

Table 3.16Moisture management testing results for CA

Graph 3.17 Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of CA On the application of caustic after enzyme treatment the OMM has improved from fair to good.
49

3.6.

Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated Cotton CB. Moisture management testing results for CB sample which is already treated with enzyme at 3% enzyme concentration Table 3.17Moisture management testing results for CB

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec)Absorption AbsorptionWetted Radius Radius Wetted Spreading Speed Spreading Speed transportOMMC one-way Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 17.635 17.716 26.0486 18.6834 15 15 0.452 0.5421 106.0415 0.1975 F-2 11.316 11.957 18.4214 19.6972 15 15 1.491 1.5925 -0.7991 0.131 F-3 10.355 14.511 36.9927 9.7599 10 10 0.6366 0.5075 19.7767 0.0775 Mean 13.102 14.728 27.1542 16.0468 13.3333 13.3333 0.8599 0.8807 41.673 0.1353 S.Deviation 3.955 2.8856 9.3349 5.4682 2.8868 2.8868 0.5543 0.6167 56.6861 0.0601 CV 0.3019 0.1959 0.3438 0.3408 0.2165 0.2165 0.6447 0.7002 1.3603 0.4441

Graph 3.18Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of CB

The OMM properties have improved from poor to fair on the application of caustic after enzyme treatment. On the application of causticto enzyme treated sample its OMMC has further improved.
50

3.7.

Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated PC (PACA) Moisture management testing results for PACAsample which is already treated with enzyme at 2% enzyme concentration. Table 3.18Moisture management testing results for PACA

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec)Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed transport one-way OMMC Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 2.354 2.274 7.5684 6.896 20 20 4.476 4.6134 2.3465 0.3082 F-2 17.875 17.475 24.3613 8.4144 10 10 0.589 0.6023 -6.595 0.0482 F-3 17.635 19.237 27.8443 12.546 15 15 0.8199 0.8465 -20.0297 0.0404 F-4 15.072 16.674 17.9884 11.1899 15 15 0.8388 0.8841 -21.3905 0.0351 F-5 10.515 11.396 22.7799 12.9676 20 15 1.9242 1.3286 -15.2572 0.0742 Mean 12.6902 13.4112 20.1085 10.4028 16 15 1.7296 1.655 -12.1852 0.1012 S.Deviation 6.4918 6.8775 7.8552 2.6478 4.1833 3.5355 1.6204 1.6744 9.9766 0.1167 CV 0.5116 0.5128 0.3906 0.2545 0.2615 0.2357 0.9369 1.0117 0.8187 1.1526

Graph 3.19Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of PACA

No remarkable effect on moisture management properties on the application of caustic after enzyme treatment. In this case as fabric is first treated with enzyme and then with caustic so in this case no further improvement in wickability, wettability and air permeability. Although absorption rate has increased

51

3.8.

Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated PC (PBCB). Moisture management testing results for PBCBsample which is already treated with enzyme at 3% enzyme concentration Table 3.19Moisture management testing results for PBCB

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec)Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed transportOMMC one-way Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 4.276 4.757 15.5551 7.3114 20 20 3.6434 3.5124 350.8223 0.6547 F-2 5.158 5.719 8.9657 3.3535 10 10 1.9023 1.7566 405.9215 0.5631 F-3 15.473 20.68 27.3766 15.7311 5 10 0.3198 0.6681 320.441 0.4275 F-4 4.116 4.677 14.9219 7.7806 20 20 3.7706 3.6722 337.8231 0.6536 Mean 7.2557 8.9583 16.7048 8.5442 13.75 15 2.409 2.4023 353.752 0.5747 S.Deviation 5.4973 7.8288 7.7089 5.1865 7.5 5.7735 1.6329 1.4456 36.9396 0.1071 CV 0.7576 0.8739 0.4615 0.607 0.5455 0.3849 0.6778 0.6017 0.1044 0.1864

Graph 3.20Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of PBCB No remarkable effect on OMM properties on the application of caustic after enzyme treatment.
52

3.9.

Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated cotton CC. Table 3.20Moisture management testing results for CC

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec)Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed transport one-way OMMC Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 4.676 4.917 5.6611 6.4884 10 10 2.0264 2.1433 33.9908 0.1886 F-2 3.876 4.036 9.1296 7.9707 20 20 3.5345 3.3937 22.2117 0.2797 F-3 3.955 4.276 9.1526 8.1311 20 20 3.5431 3.3444 17.2764 0.2701 F-4 4.036 4.196 9.0624 8.077 15 20 3.082 3.3622 17.2655 0.2716 F-5 22.512 5.958 6.0894 5.6869 5 5 0.2198 0.8171 35.8335 0.0954 Mean 7.811 4.6766 7.819 7.2708 14 15 2.4811 2.6121 25.3156 0.2211 S.Deviation 8.2242 0.7908 1.7812 1.1181 6.5192 7.0711 1.407 1.1348 9.0132 0.0795 CV 1.0529 0.1691 0.2278 0.1538 0.4657 0.4714 0.5671 0.4344 0.356 0.3594

Graph 3.21Finger Print of Moisture Management properties of CC After the application of caustic after enzyme treatment the OMM has improved from fair to good.
53

3.10.

Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated cotton (CD) Table 3.21Moisture management testing results for CD

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec)Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed transport one-way OMMC Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 4.516 4.757 4.9238 6.3897 15 15 2.4258 2.5118 21.1093 0.205 F-2 3.636 3.796 8.5789 7.7426 15 20 3.0949 3.598 9.9482 0.2831 F-3 3.715 3.715 11.9552 12.8588 15 15 2.9269 2.6399 10.2356 0.2115 F-4 3.715 3.635 8.9336 8.1046 15 20 3.0387 3.6134 9.52 0.2839 F-5 3.635 3.635 11.0912 10.4943 20 15 3.5735 3.0866 7.5291 0.2392 Mean 3.8434 3.9076 9.0965 9.118 16 17 3.0119 3.0899 11.6684 0.2445 S.Deviation 0.3781 0.4795 2.7321 2.5617 2.2361 2.7386 0.4104 0.5169 5.3827 0.0378 CV 0.0984 0.1227 0.3003 0.281 0.1398 0.1611 0.1363 0.1673 0.4613 0.1546

Graph 3.22Finger Print of Moisture Management properties ofCD

On the application of caustic after enzyme treatment OMM moisture management properties have improve from poor to fair.
54

3.11.

Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated PC (PCCC) Table 3.22Moisture management testing results for PCCC

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec)Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed transport one-way OMMC Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 3.075 3.075 8.7789 7.9216 20 20 4.6302 4.5726 1.8294 0.3076 F-2 8.592 6.359 5.428 6.575 10 5 1.2844 0.767 0.4775 0.0561 F-3 3.234 3.074 8.8831 8.1684 20 25 4.6532 5.2489 3.558 0.3095 F-4 119.952 9.153 0 7.2212 0 5 0 0.5369 5.1703 0.0613 F-5 2.914 2.994 10.2204 9.0909 20 20 4.5764 4.5879 2.432 0.3083 Mean 27.5534 4.931 6.6621 7.7954 14 15 3.0288 3.1427 2.6935 0.2085 S.Deviation 51.7077 2.7618 4.1226 0.9556 8.9443 9.3541 2.2257 2.2915 1.7754 0.1368 CV 1.8766 0.5601 0.6188 0.1226 0.6389 0.6236 0.7348 0.7292 0.6591 0.656

Graph 3.23Finger Print of Moisture Management properties ofPCCC

Overall moisture management properties become worse on the application of caustic after enzyme treatment.
55

3.12.

Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated PC (PDCD) Table 3.23Moisture management testing results for PDCD

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec)Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed transport one-way OMMC Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 9.234 119.953 5.2319 0 5 0 0.5233 0 -3.8382 0.0513 F-2 2.994 3.235 8.9548 8.2233 20 20 4.6356 4.5777 2.2544 0.3081 F-3 3.314 3.395 8.9677 8.0136 20 20 4.4122 4.3998 -0.9754 0.3045 F-4 3.635 3.715 8.5953 7.6046 20 20 4.1979 4.026 0.6209 0.3062 F-5 3.154 3.315 9.067 8.0139 20 20 4.4683 4.4569 -1.5635 0.3038 Mean 4.4662 26.7226 8.1634 6.3711 17 16 3.6475 3.4921 -0.7004 0.2548 S.Deviation 2.6758 52.1177 1.6485 3.5686 6.7082 8.9443 1.7534 1.963 2.2991 0.1138 CV 0.5991 1.9503 0.2019 0.5601 0.3946 0.559 0.4807 0.5621 3.2826 0.4465

Graph 3.24Finger Print of Moisture Management properties ofPDCD Overall moisture management properties become worse on the application of caustic after enzyme treatment.
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3.13.

Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated cotton (CE) Table 3.24Moisture management testing results for CE

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec)Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed transport one-way OMMC Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 3.555 3.555 8.1751 9.114 20 20 3.5258 3.4548 1.6612 0.262 F-2 4.116 4.276 10.6184 10.3958 15 15 2.6344 2.5365 4.4213 0.1896 F-3 4.837 5.077 8.6192 8.2498 20 15 3.2245 2.6501 5.3291 0.199 F-4 119.953 119.953 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0556 F-5 9.153 119.952 3.1151 0 5 0 0.5369 0 -1.0797 0.0544 Mean 28.3228 50.5626 6.1056 5.5519 12 10 1.9843 1.7283 2.0664 0.1521 S.Deviation 51.2703 63.3463 4.3928 5.1254 9.083 9.3541 1.6101 1.6169 2.7624 0.0929 CV 1.8102 1.2528 0.7195 0.9232 0.7569 0.9354 0.8114 0.9356 1.3368 0.6111

Graph 3.25Finger Print of Moisture Management properties ofCE

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3.14.

Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated cotton (CF)

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec)Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed transport one-way OMMC Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 3.315 3.315 9.1071 8.1666 20 20 4.2967 4.3776 1.14 0.3068 F-2 3.315 3.315 9.0755 8.098 20 20 4.5601 4.4387 0.8486 0.3065 F-3 3.155 3.155 8.5991 7.733 20 20 4.4285 4.3346 0.393 0.306 F-4 13.71 7.711 4.3101 5.1118 5 5 0.5511 0.6352 4.5818 0.0606 F-5 3.234 3.395 8.879 8.1483 20 20 4.34 4.2494 0.3813 0.306 Mean 5.3458 4.1782 7.9941 7.4516 17 17 3.6353 3.6071 1.469 0.2572 S.Deviation 4.6762 Table 3.25Moisture1.3199 1.9768 2.0694 6.7082 6.7082 1.7271 management testing results for CF 1.6628 1.7694 0.1099 CV 0.8747 0.4731 0.2589 0.1771 0.3946 0.3946 0.4751 0.461 1.2045 0.4272

Graph 3.26Finger Print of Moisture Management properties ofCF

On the application of caustic on enzyme treated cotton overall moisture management properties have improve from fair to good. No remarkable effect of caustic treatment on OMM properties of PC fabric.
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3.15.

Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated PC (PECE)

Moisture management testing results for PECE was treated at 45Cotemperature

Table 3.26Moisture management testing results for PECE

Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec)Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed transport one-way OMMC Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 3.315 3.315 9.1071 8.1666 20 20 4.2967 4.3776 1.14 0.3068 F-2 3.315 3.315 9.0755 8.098 20 20 4.5601 4.4387 0.8486 0.3065 F-3 3.155 3.155 8.5991 7.733 20 20 4.4285 4.3346 0.393 0.306 F-4 13.71 7.711 4.3101 5.1118 5 5 0.5511 0.6352 4.5818 0.0606 F-5 3.234 3.395 8.879 8.1483 20 20 4.34 4.2494 0.3813 0.306 Mean 5.3458 4.1782 7.9941 7.4516 17 17 3.6353 3.6071 1.469 0.2572 S.Deviation 4.6762 1.9768 2.0694 1.3199 6.7082 6.7082 1.7271 1.6628 1.7694 0.1099 CV 0.8747 0.4731 0.2589 0.1771 0.3946 0.3946 0.4751 0.461 1.2045 0.4272

Graph 3.27Finger Print of Moisture Management properties ofPECE Overall moisture management properties of enzyme treated PC become worse on the application of caustic.

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3.16.

Effect of Mercerization on moisture management properties of enzyme treated PC (PFCF)

Moisture management testing results for PFCFsample which was treated at 55Co Table 3.27 Moisture management testing results for PFCF
Wetting Time Wetting Time Top Bottom Top Max Bottom Max Top Bottom Accumulative Top(sec) Bottom(sec)Absorption Absorption Wetted Radius Wetted Radius Spreading Speed Spreading Speed transport one-way OMMC Rate(%/sec) Rate(%/sec) (mm) (mm) (mm/sec) (mm/sec) index(%) F-1 8.432 8.352 21.3811 19.2863 20 20 2.5764 2.5201 -6.7652 0.2005 F-2 6.119 6.83 17.24 14.9429 20 20 4.0273 4.8072 -3.9446 0.3149 F-3 12.518 12.438 31.7354 21.0391 20 20 1.799 2.217 -10.6056 0.1759 F-4 10.835 10.996 22.0174 16.0645 25 25 2.6779 3.3218 -11.236 0.2534 F-5 119.953 4.437 0 6.1819 0 10 0 1.4273 10.9918 0.1034 Mean 31.5714 8.6106 18.4748 15.5029 17 19 2.2161 2.8587 -4.3119 0.2096 S.Deviation 49.4661 3.2014 11.6156 5.7549 9.7468 5.4772 1.4755 1.2832 9.0542 0.0799 CV 1.5668 0.3718 0.6287 0.3712 0.5733 0.2883 0.6658 0.4489 2.0998 0.381

Graph 3.28Finger Print of Moisture Management properties ofPFCF

Overall moisture management properties become worse on the application of caustic on enzyme treated PC.

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3.17.

Comparison of moisture management properties of enzyme and caustic treated cotton sample

0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 C1 CA C2 CB C3 Cc C4 CD C5 CE C6 CF OMMC of Enzyme treated cotton

Graph 3.29OMMC of Enzyme and caustic treated cotton

This graph clearly shows that when caustic treatment of already enzyme treated cotton samples was done there was increase in OMMC of 100% cotton.

3.18.

Comparison of moisture management properties of enzyme and caustic treated PC sample

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 P1C1 PACB P2C2 PBCB P3C3 PCCCP4C4 PDCD P5C5 PECE P6C6 PFCF OMMC of enzyme treated PC OMMC of enzyme and caustic treated PC

Graph 3.30OMMC of Enzyme and caustic treated PC This graph clearly shows that when caustic treatment of already enzyme treated PC samples was done there was

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Chapter 4 4. Summary and future work

4.1. Key findings of the Project

In this work an effort was made to enhance the Moisture management capabilities of fabric by the application of Cellosoft L enzyme and caustic treatment. Experiments carried out show that there was an increase in moisture management capabilities of 100% cotton and PC on the application of enzyme. During the application of enzyme on cotton and polyester parameters of enzyme, temperature, PH and concentration of enzyme were changed and it was found that Cellosoft L gives optimum results for moisture management at 45co temperature, 5 PH and at 3% of enzyme (O.W.F) for 30 minutes. On the application of same concentration of enzyme Polyester-cotton blend has showed better moisture management properties than 100% cotton. After the enzyme treatment of the samples mercerization was done and the results of moisture management were noted. It was found that on the application of caustic moisture management properties of 100% cotton have showed remarkable improvement in moisture management properties up to one grade improvement had occurred in moisture management properties. On the other hand there was a decline in moisture management properties of Polyester-cotton. Up to one grade decrease in moisture management properties of PC occurred on the application of caustic on the enzyme treated PC samples. 4.2. Implications of the Findings

The results of this research work can be used in textile processing industry for the production of work wear fabric with better comfort properties. Moreover enzyme applications also reduce the hairiness of the fabric and give newer look to the fabric. There is no need to use of additional moisture management finishes in order to improve moisture management properties. Moreover enzymes are eco-friendly there is no problem with effluent.
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4.3.

Future work

In this work it has been tried to increase the moisture management properties of 100% and Polyester-cotton. In the future same work could be done on the polyester-viscose blended fabric. A comparative study of effect of Cellosoft L enzyme and moisture management finish could be done on cotton. In the future work could also be done on knitted fabrics to check the effect of enzyme treatment on moisture management properties. It could also be checked how the moisture management properties of these fabrics behave after dyeing.

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5. References
1. Internet: www.drpetry.de, [Jan. 23, 2011]. 2. Internet: kiosk.thewalkingcompany.com,[Feb. 26, 2011]. 3. P.Kandhavadivu and T.Ramachandran.Moisture Transmission Behavior of Microfiber Blended Fabrics. Journal of Textile Association,vol.71,pp.311-315, March-April 2011. 4. Huantian Cao,Donna H.Barrson, Semra P,Jinhee and C.A.Farr. Fabric selection for a Liquid Cool Garment. Textile Research Journal, vol.76,pp.587-595, 2006. 5. R K Nayaka, S K Punj and K. N. Chatterjee.Comfort properties of suiting fabrics. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, vol. 34, pp. 122-128, Jun. 2009. 6. Internet: www.tri-sis.ca, [Feb. 13, 2011]. 7. Ferruccio Bonetti Pietro Bellini.A Reference Book of Textile Technologies, Italy: ACIMIT Foundation, 2002. 8. G K Tyagi, G Krishna. S Bhattacharya and P Kumar.Comfort aspects of finished polyester-cotton and MJS yarn fabrics. Textile Research Journal, Vol.34, pp.137143, Feb. 2008, 9. Shinjung Yoo and Roger L.Barker.Moisture management properties of heat resistant work wear fabrics and effect of Hydrophilic finishes and hygroscopic fibre blend. Textile Research Journal, Vol.74, pp.995-1000, Nov.2004. 10. Gbitz A. Cavaco-Paulo. "Textile processing with enzymes. England: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2003. 11. W. D. Schindler and P. J. Hauser. Chemical finishing of Textiles. England: Woodhead publishing Limited, 2004. 12. Dr. Charles Tomasino. Chemistry and Technology of Fabric Preparation & Finishing.USA: North Carolina State University, 1992. 13. Chenghongli and Chrisit M.Ladisch. Pore characterization of Cellulase Enzyme treated cotton fabric.Textile Research Journal, Vol.71, pp. 407-414, May 2001. 14. Karthik Aruniuger and Suetlana Verenich. Preatreatment of Bleached cotton Fibers with whole and Mono component cellulases for nonwoven applications.Textile Research Journal, vol. 77, pp. 734-742,Oct. 2007. 15. Marie-Alice Rouesselle and Noelie R.Bertoniere. Effect of whole Cellulase on the supramolecular structure of Cotton Cellulose. Textile Research Journal, vol.72, pp. 963-972, Nov.2002, 16. Ramkum and Gus Abd.Fibers and Textiles in Easteen Europe, vol. 4, Nov.2003, pp. 58-62. 17. Joao M Cortaz, John Ellis and David P bishop. Using Cellulases to Improve the Dimensional Stability of Cellulosic Fabrics. Textile Research Journal, Vol. 14,August 2002, pp. 673-680.
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18. Koo H, Ueda M, Wakida T, Yoshimura Y and Idrashi T. Intermediate Filament Packing in -Keratin of Echidna Quill.Textile Research Journal, Vol. 68,March 1998, pp. 167-170. 19. G.Bedek et al.Evaluation of thermal and moisture management properties on knitted fabrics and comparison with a physiological model in warm conditions.Applied Ergonomics ,Jan. 2011,pp. 1-9 20. Ching-Luan Su. Moisture absorption and release of profiled polyester and cotton composite knitted fabrics. Textile Research Journal,Vol. 77, September 2007,pp. 764-769

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