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What is a sensor?
What is a biosensor?
A sensor in which the receptor is a biomolecule A sensor in which the analyte is a biomolecule A sensor in which the signal is produced by biological interactions
Optical Biosensors
homepages.wmich.edu/~rossbach/bios312
What is the receptor? What is the analyte? How is the signal transduced? Is this a true sensor?
http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_germlinegenomics
http://probes.invitrogen.com/media/pis/mp36207.pdf
Electrical Biosensors
Sandwich Immunoassay
Stable
Physiological
conditions
oxides
Gold
Organic
Voltammetric aptamer-biosensor
Why not a sandwich assay? How to achieve selectivity? How is signal generated?
Zhao, G-C. et al, Electrochem. Commun. 2010
http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/38201/
Resource-limited settings
Lack
Why bioengineering?
Signal amplification
Liquid handling
Does it work?
Nanopipettes as sensors
A renewable nanosensor
Reporter dye trapped in pipette tip Fluorescence increases in presence of sodium Imaged with confocal microscope
1.1 1.0
+VEGF
I, normalized
Anti-VEGF Anti-ferritin
Time [min]
Major affector of cellular events Indicator of cytotoxycity/apoptosis Single-cell arrays used to monitor cellular events by monitoring cytosolic [Ca2+] 1,2
Li, 2009
Change bath
buffer (pH 7)
buffer
Ca2+
Ca2+
buffer
buffer
buffer
And selective
Summary
Nanopipettes modified with Calmodulin as a recepter Reversible calcium signal Selective over magnesium Detection limit 2x10-5 M Ca2+. Further work: improve surface chemistry, sensitivity, shelf life. Test with biological systems
Summary
Biosensors: form and function Bioconjugation: making biomolecules behave Biosensor case studies
Optical
sandwich immunoassay Electrical aptamer sensor mCHIP immunoassay STING bioelectrical sensor