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au dtriment de la prcision, mais elle permet ici un survol gnral de la rglementation en 50 thmes. Bien connatre cette Convention, cest comprendre les rgles qui simposent nous et nous protgent. Elle est le fruit dun travail et dun consensus international sur ce sujet sensible et propice aux contentieux, un peu comme le serait un mur de clture entre des voisins. qui appartient la mer ? Quels sont les droits et obligations de ceux qui la pratiquent ? Y circulent ? En exploitent les richesses ? Qui peut gendarmer les actes illicites commis en mer ? Qui peut juger les contrevenants ? Dans chaque page de ce livret, Armateurs de France vous prsente une dfinition ou une rgle prvue par la Convention de Montego Bay.
Le transport maritime est le bras arm du commerce international. Industrie mondialise avant mme linvention de la mondialisation, les transporteurs maritimes voluent dans un espace soumis au droit international. Ce droit est fondateur de lentente entre les peuples. La lutte pour la matrise des ocans et le bnfice de ses ressources a rendu indispensables des rgles de bonne conduite, acceptes par tous les usagers de la mer. Cest ainsi quest n un droit coutumier : le droit de la mer. Codifi dans des conventions et rglements internationaux, le droit de la mer est notre code de la route maritime. Adopte en 1982, la Convention des Nations Unies sur le Droit de la Mer (UNCLOS), dite Convention de Montego Bay , est notre bible. Armateurs de France a donc souhait vous en offrir une lecture simple et rapide. Certes, la simplification se fait parfois
Maritime transport is the armed wing of international trade, and was a globalised industry before even the concept was coined. The turf of ocean carriers is indeed a space subject to international law. This law is a cornerstone for peaceful relationships between peoples. The competition for supremacy over the oceans and their resources has made it vital to establish rules of good conduct agreed upon by all users of the sea. Thus was born this customary international law: the law of the sea. Later codified in the framework of international conventions and settlements, the law of the sea is now what you might call our maritime highway code. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) or Montego Bay Convention has since become our bible. Armateurs de France has therefore chosen to give you a quick and
simple insight into this Convention. Of course, simplification may sometimes be at the expense of detail but at least it allows you to have an overview of these regulations covered in 50 themes. Getting an insight into this convention gives everyone an understanding of the rules imposed on all and which protect everyone of us. It is the fruit of an international effort and consensus on this rather delicate issue, and certainly one prone to disputes, like the party fence wall can sometimes be a matter of contention between two neighbours. Who does the sea belong to? What are the rights and duties of those who use the sea? Of those who sail the oceans? Of those who exploit its resources? Who is entitled to police any unlawful actions committed at sea? And who to sue the offenders? On each page of this booklet, Armateurs de France introduces a definition or rule provided by the Montego Bay Convention.
The sea, is a little like a fence line dividing the countries of the world from one another. It focuses strategic, political, military and economic challenges, a space to be exploited for its riches and a means of communication between continents and people, the sea is also a space of freedom. It therefore soon proved crucial to regulate this space between neighbours. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, UNCLOS, more widely known as Montego Bay Convention sets out a number of practices, rules, rights and duties for users of the seas.
HISTORIQUE DE LA CONVENTION
LONU a initi des travaux sur le droit de la mer en 1973. Ils se sont achevs le 10 dcembre 1982 par la signature de la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer Montego Bay (en Jamaque). Les pays industrialiss, en dsaccord sur certaines dispositions importantes, ne parviennent un accord modificatif quen novembre 1994, date laquelle la Convention entre en vigueur. La France ratifiera lUNCLOS en 1996.
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In 1958, the Geneva Conference for the first time codified the international law of the sea into four conventions, which became effective respectively between 1962 and 1966: Territorial sea; High seas; Continental shelf; Fishing. Although France took part in the preparatory work of this Convention (with Lopold DOR as chairman), it only ratified the latter two.
The UN worked on the law of the sea from 1973 to 1982 until the Convention was signed in Montego Bay (Jamaica). Industrial countries, which disagreed on certain major provisions, only completed an amended version of the agreement in 1994, when the Convention actually became effective. France ratified UNCLOS in 1996.
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The Montego Bay Convention lays down a number of rules pertaining to: Freedom of navigation and transit between countries; Peaceful use of the seas; Fair and efficient exploitation of resources; Conservation of the marine environment.
The Montego Bay Convention outlines the various maritime zones bordering coastal states but also islands and archipelagic states. These delimitations structure and rationalize the marine space. Every strip of sea thus defined is subject to a specific legal regime whereby the coastal State has specific rights and duties towards ships flying its flag, foreign ships and marine resources.
STRUCTURE DE LA CONVENTION
La Convention de Montego Bay se divise en 17 parties et 9 annexes. On peut distinguer deux grands ensembles. Les 11 premires parties traitent des questions despace. Les suivantes concernent les relations entre les tats et lexploitation des ressources et des espaces marins.
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The Montego Bay Convention is structured into 17 Parts and 9 annexes. It basically comprises two major blocks. The first 11 Parts are about matters pertaining to ocean space. The following Parts concern the relationships between the States and the exploitation of marine resources and spaces.
Apart from the United States, most industrial countries have ratified the Convention. (France ratified it in 1996.) 20 signatory countries are yet to ratify: Afghanistan, Bhutan, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Salvador, Ethiopia, Iran, North Korea, Thailand, Libya, Liechtenstein, Malawi, Niger, Rwanda, Swaziland, United Arab Emirates, and United States 17 countries have not signed the Convention: Andorra, Azerbaijan, Ecuador, Eritrea, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Peru, Saint-Marin, Syria, Tajikistan, Timor oriental, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vatican, and Venezuela.
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The Montego Bay Convention defines maritime zones based on their distance from the coastal State. The zones closest to the coast are placed under the States territorial sovereignty (internal waters, territorial sea, archipelagic waters). The other, more remote, zones abide by the rules of international law (contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf).
Internal waters are waterways, ports, and the maritime space contained in the small embayments along the coastline. They may also include lakes or seas such as the Dead Sea. In terms of law, they are likened to terrestrial areas of which they form like a natural extension. The State there enjoys full sovereignty. Foreign ships have freedom of access to harbours and mooring, except for warships and merchant vessels deemed to be dangerous.
MARITIME ZONES
INTERNAL WATERS
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LA MER TERRITORIALE
La mer territoriale comprend un espace marin qui commence au niveau des lignes de base et qui stend jusqu 12 milles marins. Ltat ctier y est souverain (Art. 2). Cette souverainet permet notamment ltat ctier de disposer du monopole de la pche dans ces eaux.
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The territorial sea comprises a marine space which starts from the baselines and extends up to 12 nautical miles. The coastal State is there sovereign (Art.2). Such sovereignty will in particular allow the coastal State to enjoy exclusive fishing rights in these waters.
Nautical mile = 1.15 mile. Knot = 1 Nautical mile/h. Cable length = 0.115 mile (the tenth of a nautical mile).
TERRITORIAL SEA
MEASURING UNITS
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ARCHIPELAGIC WATERS
Certain States like the Seychelles, Philippines or Indonesia, are formed of a group of islands and as such are considered as Archipelagic States (Art.46). Archipelagic waters are those that are encompassed within the archipelagic polygon, formed by linking up the points of the coastline of those most remote islands. The archipelagic territorial sea therefore forms a 12-mile wide strip around archipelagic waters. The legal regime of archipelagic waters lies midway between that of internal waters and that of territorial waters. The Archipelagic State must therein provide for free transit of foreign ships but sets pre-defined navigation routes (Art.53-3).
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NAVIGABLE STRAITS
The legal regime applicable to straits concerns only those required to be passed through between two maritime spaces (high seas or EEZ). This would rule out any straits within internal waters, those that can be bypassed via an alternative and comparable route, or again those which are already governed by a convention. Foreign vessels enjoy unrestricted right of passage provided they abide by certain laws and regulations (Art.38 to 40). States bordering straits should jointly determine sea lanes and lay down relevant rules, in particular in terms of pollution and navigation safety.
LA ZONE CONTIGU
Dune largeur de 12 milles, la zone contigu commence l o finit la mer territoriale, 12 milles de la ligne de base. Ltat ctier y dispose du pouvoir de police : prvention et rpression des infractions ses lois et rglements. La zone contigu fait partie de la Zone conomique Exclusive (ZEE).
LA ZEE
La Zone conomique Exclusive est situe au-del de la mer territoriale et stend jusqu 200 milles marins de la ligne de base. La mer territoriale ayant une largeur de 12 milles marins, le rgime juridique de la ZEE stend sur une largeur relle de 188 milles marins. 99 % des ressources halieutiques se situent dans les ZEE, moins de 200 milles marins des ctes.
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The 12 nautical miles wide continuous zone starts where the territorial sea ends, 12 nautical miles from the baseline. In this stretch of sea, the coastal State enjoys law enforcement powers: prevention and law enforcement for any infringement upon its laws and regulations. The contiguous zone is contained within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) lies beyond the territorial sea and extends out to 200 nautical miles from the baseline. As the territorial sea is 12 nautical miles wide, in actual fact, the EEZs legal regime applies over an expanse of 188 nautical miles. 99% of fishing resources are located within the EEZ, i.e. within 200 nautical miles from the coastlines.
CONTIGUOUS ZONE
EEZ
LE PLATEAU CONTINENTAL
Le plateau continental est le prolongement sous-marin du territoire terrestre. Sa dfinition est assez loigne de sa ralit gologique. En effet, certains tats nen ont pas, dautres en ont un trs vaste. La zone maritime appele plateau continental stend des lignes de base jusqu 200 milles marins au minimum. Elle peut stendre au-del si le plateau continental naturel excde cette limite de 200 milles. Toutefois, elle ne peut pas dpasser 350 milles marins.
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The coastal State has sole exploitation rights over fishing, the building of facilities, marine research and conservation of the marine environment (Art.60) in the EEZ. Foreign States may however lay submarine pipes and cables in these waters (Art.58). Likewise, the surplus of allowable catch which the coastal State is not able to exploit may be made accessible to other States, subject to rules of fairness to the benefit land-locked States (Art.62).
The continental shelf is the natural prolongation under the sea of the land territory. Its definition is quite remote from its geological reality. In fact, some States do not have any continental shelf whereas others enjoy an extensive one. The maritime zone named continental shelf extends from the baselines to at least 200 nautical miles, but it may even reach further out if the natural continental shelf exceeds this limit by 200 miles. Whatever the case may be, it cannot go beyond 350 nautical miles.
CONTINENTAL SHELF
LA HAUTE MER
La Convention de Montego Bay nonce une dfinition par dfaut de la haute mer. Celle-ci comprend toutes les parties de la mer qui ne sont pas dfinies comme eaux intrieures ou archiplagiques, mer territoriale ou ZEE. La haute mer commence donc l o se termine la ZEE. Elle reprsente 64 % de la surface des ocans et constitue un espace maritime international.
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HIGH SEAS
The Montego Bay Convention lays down an implicit definition of the high Seas. The latter indeed comprise whatever parts of the sea are not defined as being internal or archipelagic waters, territorial sea or the EEZ. It follows that the high sea will commence where the EEZ terminates. These highs seas account for 64% of the total surface of oceans and form an international maritime space.
LA ZONE
La Zone est le nom donn par la Convention de Montego Bay aux fonds marins et aux sous-sols non soumis la juridiction des tats. Elle commence l o dclinent les plateaux continentaux. Les avantages tirs de la Zone sont partags entre tous de manire quitable. Les recherches scientifiques peuvent y tre menes des fins pacifiques (Art. 143).
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AREA
The Area is the name assigned by the Montego Bay Convention to the seabed and subsoil thereof not falling under the jurisdiction of States. It begins wherever the continental shelf starts declining. The benefits and/or resources of the Area are equitably shared among all. Scientific research can therein be conducted for peaceful purposes (Art.143).
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LA PIRATERIE
La Convention dfinit la piraterie comme tout acte de violence ou de dtention dirig contre un navire ou ses occupants (Art. 101). Quatre conditions exclusives caractrisent lacte de piraterie : Lacte doit tre commis en haute mer ; Lacte doit tre commis avec violence ; Le navire pirate doit tre un btiment civil ; Lattaque doit tre effectue des fins prives (vol, demande de ranon). Cette dfinition exclut les actes de terrorisme. Lincitation la piraterie et la complicit de piraterie sont soumises aux mmes rgles.
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PIRACY
The Convention defines piracy as any act of violence or detention against a ship or crew and passengers (Art.101). Acts of piracy are characterised by four exclusive conditions: Such actions must take place on the high seas; Such actions must involve violence; The pirate ship must be a civilian vessel; The assault must be conducted to private ends (theft, ransoming); This definition does not include terrorist attacks. Inciting or facilitating acts of piracy is subject to the same rules.
PIRATE SHIPS
In the Convention pirate ships refer to the ships used by persons committing acts of piracy or having such intentions (Art.103). A pirate ship may also be a war ship or state-owned ship in the event its crew has mutinied and taken over control of such ships (Art.102).
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As in the case of crimes against mankind, acts of piracy give rise to a universal competence for the States. All States are therefore entitled to sue and take action, seize the pirate ship, arrest the persons and seize the property on board.
The courts of the State which carried out the seizure and persons having taken control of the ship may decide upon the penalties to be imposed (Art.105 to 107). The interception operation must have been conducted according to the rules of the Convention. All States have an obligation to cooperate and as the case may be, extradite the wrongdoers back to the State whose courts are competent.
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War ships (or State-owned ships) may exercise their right of visit (Art.110). This right can be likened to an inspection of ships without a flag or suspected of flying a false flag, of piracy, transport of slaves or unauthorised broadcasting. If the ship has been unduly suspected it should be indemnified for any prejudice suffered.
When there is good reason to suspect that a ship has violated the laws and regulations of a coastal State, and such ship is within the territorial waters, the competent authorities may engage in its pursuit (Art.111). An order to stop must first of all be signalled to the suspected ship. If the pursuit is not interrupted, it may continue beyond territorial waters.
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Collision is an incident of navigation between two ships. When it takes place within the EEZ or at high seas, the competent jurisdiction for penal or disciplinary proceedings against the offender is the flag State of the boarding ship, or that of the State of which such person is a national (Art.97).
Under the Montego Bay Convention States are required to protect objects of archaeological or historical nature. Up until the outer limit of their contiguous zone, coastal States may control the removal of such objects from the seabed. Therefore, a State Party may consider that such removal without its prior consent forms an infringement upon its laws and regulations. The Montego Bay Convention does not prevent identifiable owners from reclaiming their wrecks nor does it oppose laws and practices in the field of cultural exchanges.
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LAND-LOCKED STATES
Certain so-called land-locked States are deprived of coastlines such as Switzerland or Bolivia. With a view to providing for fair and equal access to the sea for these States, the Convention has set a number of rules with sea-bordering States. Land-locked States are thus given freedom of transit via all means of transport across these transit States. During such transit, neither traffic nor the means of transport are subject to custom rights. Transit States must also help building and improving all transportation capabilities and facilities partaking of transit across their waters.
SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
States Parties are under the obligation of peacefully settling any disputes pertaining to the interpretation or enforcement of the Montego Bay Convention or other international maritime agreements. Failing such settlement, the Convention provides for dispute settlement procedures. Competent courts can only be resorted to after all means of internal recourse have been exhausted.
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LA PROCDURE DARBITRAGE
Une procdure darbitrage, distincte du Tribunal international du droit de la mer, est prvue lannexe VII de la Convention de Montego Bay. En principe, les tats ne peuvent se soustraire cette procdure. Larbitrage permet aux parties dopter pour une procdure plus souple. La dcision simpose nanmoins aux parties.
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ARBITRATION PROCEDURE
An arbitration procedure, other than via the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea has been provided for under Annex VII of the Montego Bay Convention. In principle, States cannot evade this procedure. Arbitration allows the respective Parties to opt for a more flexible procedure. The ruling, however, is binding upon the parties.
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quizz
q q q
q q q q q q
q q q q q
a b c d e
Lacte doit tre commis en haute mer Lacte doit tre commis avec violence Le commandant et son quipage doivent tre spars Le navire pirate doit tre un btiment civil Lattaque doit tre effectue des fins prives
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q q q
a Uniquement ltat du pavillon b Uniquement ltat dun pays limitrophe c Tous les tats sans distinction
Parmi les rgles fixes par la Convention de Montego Bay, cherchez lintrus :
q q q
a Ils doivent payer un droit daccs la mer aux pays de transit b Ils bnficient dune libert de transit c Ils doivent confier leurs intrts aux pays limitrophes
q q q q q
a b c d e
La libre communication et la circulation entre les pays Lutilisation pacifique des mers Lexploitation quitable et efficace des ressources La privatisation des plages La prservation du milieu marin
q q q
a Le Tribunal international du droit de la mer b La Cour europenne de justice c Le Tribunal pnal international
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q q q
a b c
Les tats nont aucune obligation Les tats sont invits rflchir la protection de lenvironnement Les tats ont lobligation dtablir des normes environnementales
q q q
10
q q q
a b c
Comme ayant plusieurs nationalits Comme nayant pas de nationalit Comme ayant la nationalit du dernier pavillon
q q q q q q
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Among the rules set out by the Montego Bay Convention, find below which one is a decoy:
q q q
a b c
q q q q q
a b c d e
Free communication and circulation between the countries Peaceful use of the seas Fair and effective exploitation of resources Privatisation of beaches Conservation of marine environment
q q q
a b c
Les fonds marins et sous-sols non soumis la juridiction des tats La Zone conomique Exclusive La haute mer
q q q q q
a b c d e
It must have been perpetrated on the high seas It must have involved violence The shipmaster and his crew must be separated The pirate ship should be a civilian vessel The assault must have been made for private purposes
q q q
a b c
States have no obligation States are invited to consider environmental protection States have an obligation to establish environmental standards
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q q q
a b c
As having several nationalities As having no nationality at all As having the nationality of the last flag
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q q q
a Only the relevant flag State b Only the authorities of a neighbouring State c All States without restriction
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q q q
a b c
The seabed and subsoil not subject to the jurisdiction of States The Exclusive Economic Zone The High Seas
q q q
a They must pay an access duty to the States they cross the seas of b They enjoy freedom of transit c They must entrust their interests/operations with neighbouring States
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q q q
a b c
q q q
a The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea b The European Court of Justice c The International Criminal Tribunal
Out of the four criteria that define an action of piracy, which one below is not a valid criterion?
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NOTES :
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