Introduction

The use of nonmedical drugs has been prevalent among young adults for the past two decades. The behaviors learned from close relationships have an influence of the use of drugs between juveniles. So far in 2012, Prince Georges County has experienced a high rate of deviant behavior due to the high use of nonmedical drugs. The vast majority of deviant behavior has been occurring between the hours of 8:00am and 2:00pm. This may suggest that these young adults are not attending school, are lacking parental control, and are being influenced by their peers. The contributing factors that lead to the use of nonmedical drugs in Prince Georges County are due to the Social Learning Theory. According to the Social Learning Theory, people learn to be aggressive by observing others acting aggressively to achieve some goal or being rewarded for violent acts. In addition, it suggests that people learn the techniques and attitudes of crime from close relationships with criminal peers. In todays society, juveniles result in the use of drugs because of the close relationships they formed with others who condone in the use of drugs and a coping mechanism. The process of human development are influenced by the five institutions of Socialization that we are surrounded by everyday; family, church, peers, school and the media. In this literature review, I will examine a number of articles that are linked with the development of deviant behavior among juvenile who use nonmedical drugs and how the five institutions of socialization are an influence. The research question that I proposed that connects with the use of drugs is, do the developmental changes in learning from the five institutions of socialization expose juveniles to delinquent behavior? Sibling Abuse Button and Gealt 2010 both examine social learning by measuring the independent variable as sibling abuse. The research question that I raised from this article was do the developmental changes in learning from the five institutions of socialization expose juveniles to delinquent behavior? The answer is yes. First (Button and Gealt 2010), using data from the 2007 Delaware Secondary School Student survey and measuring social learning and the use of nonmedical drugs examine the reasons stimulating abuse, the relationship between sibling violence and the behaviors that result in the use of drugs. The survey consisted of 8, 122 participants that viewed the risky behavior, aggression and depression. The trend showed that sibling abuse occurs more frequently than any other child abuse present in the home. In examining the relationship between social learning and drug use, there is a clear understanding on how to measure social learning. Researchers have employed numerous measurements of sibling abuse and how it results in aggression, drug use and delinquent behavior. First (Button and Gealt 2010) seek to answer the question of how the learned behavior of the socialization expose juveniles to delinquent behavior. Family is the first institution of socialization that behavior is learned from. Sibling abuse stimulates from jealously and lack of parental supervision. The results presented clarify the underlying measurements on the relationship between sibling abuse and social learning.

Human Reinforcement Brauer 2009 examined a similar approach to the relationship of social learning and the use of drug among juveniles by measuring the independent variable as parent and friend reinforcement. (Brauer 2009) answered my question of how the developmental changes in learning from the five institutions result in delinquent behavior. First (Brauer 2009), used the Self-reporting crimes data collection to analyze the relatively significant relationship of parent and friend reinforcement to offending rates and how these reinforcement-crime relationships are produced from the learned behaviors of reinforcement. The longitudinal data presented through the National Youth Survey measured the indirect parent and friend reinforcement of the expected consequences of the behavior and the expected influence of the reinforcement. There is a clear understanding how the lack of parent and friend reinforcement ties in with juveniles using drugs. The lack of parent and friend reinforcement resulted in juveniles engaging in theft and marijuana use. If parents reinforced rules and consequences to their children the issue of them condoning in substance abuse would not be an issue of the matter. Children, who have parents that establish rules and reinforce them, most likely grow up to do the right things in life. Those children who have parents that dont set those standards and guidelines usually result in some sort of substance abuse. When there is a lack of parental control and lack reinforcement, the likelihood of deviant behavior is high. TV Programming With the media having a huge influence on delinquent behavior, (Nabi and Clark 2008) complied a study that showed how TV schema programming influenced unsafe and risky behavior among college women. Social learning of risky behavior from TV programming shows how deviant behavior is learned. (Nabi and Clark 2008) used two studies; Study 1 examined the contents of serial TV programming and Study 2 examined the competing predictions from SCT and schema theory. 400 college women were exposed to various portrayals of sexual behavior that were edited to display more or less positive and negative outcomes. There was a relationship present from the TV schema programming that resulted in risky behavior among college women. (Nabi and Clark 2008) suggested that college women without direct experience of the promiscuous sexual behavior were more likely to expect future participation in the unsafe behavior regardless of reinforcement. These findings go back to the parent and friend reinforcement and how there should be expectations of what is wrong and right. Peer Relationship and the Use of alcohol In the research experience composed by (Borsari and Carey 2006) they examined social learning by measuring the influence of peers and the use of alcohol between college students. (Borsari and Carey 2006) research showed that the stronger the peer relationship was influenced the behavior for college alcohol drinking. The research included cross-sectional and self-reported surveys in homogenous population. Findings suggest that the quality of peer relationships influenced drinking in three ways such as the lack or breakdown of quality relationships, alcohol being apart of peer and close interactions, and if peers disapprove the use of alcohol or do not drink. There is a clear understanding on how to measure social learning based on peer relationships. The positive and negative influential behavior of peers is more common than any

other institution of socialization. When interacting with others such as peers, young adults want to feel sense of establishment, so by fitting in, young adults are pressured into participating in alcohol use. Due to differential association theory, behavior is learned through close personal interactions with others. In addition, if young adults are associating themselves with peers who do not drink then they are most likely not consuming alcohol. Young adults behavior is influenced by peer relationships. Church Attendance and Drug use Brenda 2000 examined social learning by measuring the independent variable as church attendance and the significant hard use of drugs such as heroin and cocaine. There were mixed results from the research. First, asking the question do the developmental changes in learning from the five institutions of socialization expose juveniles to delinquent behavior (Brenda 2000) conducted a study of 532 adolescents from three urban public high schools in United States that answered the question. The designed experiment of the 532 adolescents sought to examine religiosity and the significance only in ecological context, how religiosity is relevant only to behavior that is valuable to society and how religiosity ceases the use of drugs. In examining the relationship between church attendance and the use of drugs, there was no clear understanding on how to measure the church attendance and the use of drugs. In fact, (Brenda 2000) found that the measure of personal religiosity, rather than church attendance was a significant factor of the use of drugs. Church attendance has nothing to do with individuals partaking in drugs but family structure, parental control and parent reinforcement, self-esteem and peer association has a lot to do with the use of drugs. The religious belief of an individual has more so to do with the results of drug use than the church attendance.

Wordaski 2010, observed social learning through a series of activities and games to examine the violent behavior of targeted adolescents between the ages of 16-21 who experience high levels of anger who were victims of family abuse. Adolescents, who experienced family abuse, resulted in the use of drugs. Community centers in New York were used as the intervention sites over a seven-week period with the youth assessment staff as measurement to test the behavior of those abused adolescents. The participants were exposed to a two-pronged intervention, using a parental involvement cohort with approximately half of the study participants. The Teams, Games, and Tournaments strategy was the intervention method. Teams, Games, and Tournaments is a Social Learning Theory-based intervention with demonstrated empirical evidence of the model's effectiveness. The goals of the study were to help adolescents reduce their alcohol use, to increase productive family interaction, and ultimately to reduce the adolescents' aggression levels and subsequently reduce the possibility of their becoming victims or perpetrators of a violent crime. Consistent with Social Learning Theory, the Teams, Games, and Tournaments treatment intervention makes use of adolescents as peer counselors. The data provided support of my hypothesis how the developmental changes in the institutions of socialization affect delinquent behavior. Preston 2006, examined social learning by measuring the independent variable as After tobacco and alcohol, marijuana is the most frequently used and abused substance. Its use is particularly

prevalent among young adults, aged 18 to 25. This study examines the role strain plays in chronic (as opposed to recreational) marijuana use. Three theoretical perspectives are included in this analysis: General Strain Theory, Social Learning, and Self Control. Data from the 2001 National Household Survey of Drug Abuse are used to determine the relative effects of peers (social learning), strain (general strain theory), and favorable attitudes toward risk-taking (self control). Data is divided into subsamples on the basis of gender. Logistic Regression analysis suggests that males are more likely to be chronic users, and that psychological strain, social learning, and low self control are significant factors associated with chronic use. Furthermore, strain has a stronger effect on chronic use for minority group members, as does a propensity to risky behavior. Social learning has a stronger effect on nonminority group members. All factors have a stronger significant effect on female chronic marijuana use than on male marijuana use (except for the demographic variable education).