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Chapter 42 I. Circulatory Systems link exchange surfaces with cell throughout the body a.

Small nonpolar molecules such as O2 and CO2 can move between cells and their immediate surroundings by DIFFUSION. b. Diffusion is very slow for distances of more than a few millimeters. c. Body size and shape that keep all cells in direct contact with the environment. i. This allows for all the cells to exchange directly with the surrounding medium. ii. This body plan is only found in cnidarians and flatworms. d. A circulatory system that moves fluid between each cells immediate surroundings and the tissue where exchange with the environment occurs. Gastrovascular Cavities. a. Hydras, jellies and other cnidarians lack a distinct circulatory system. b. A central gastrovascular cavity functions in the distribution of substances throughout the body and in digestion. c. In hydra thin branches of the gastrovascular cavity extend into the tentacles. d. An opening at one end connects the cavity to the environment. e. In animals who have a gastrovascular cavity fluid bathes in both the inner and outer tissue layers, facilitation exchange of gases and cellular waster. f. ONLY CELLS LINING THE GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY HAVE DIRECT ACCESS TO THE NUTRIENTS RELEASED BY DIGESTION. g. Since the body wall is only 2 cells thick, nutrients need to diffuse only a short distance. h. Planarians and other flatworms survive without a circulatory system. i. The flat body increases surface area making the diffusion exchange diffuse short distances. Evolutionary Variation in Circulatory Systems a. A circulatory has three components: a circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels and a muscular pump, the HEART. b. The heart powers circulation by using metabolic energy to elevate the hydrostatic pressure of the circulatory fluid, which then flows through the vessels and then back to the heart. c. In mammals the O2 inhaled diffuses only two layers of cells in the lungs before reaching the blood. d. Circulatory systems are either opened or closed, vary with the number of circuits in the body and rely on pumps that differ in structure. Open and Closed Circulatory Systems a. Arthropods and mollusks have an open circulatory system. i. The circulatory fluid bathes the organs directly. ii. The circulatory system is called the hemolymph.

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iii. They may contain more than one heart pump. iv. Sinuses- spaces surrounding the organs. v. This is where the chemical exchange occurs between the hemolymph and body cells. vi. Body movements help circulate the hemolymph by periodically squeezing the sinuses. vii. In crustaceans there is a more extensive system of vessels as well as accessory pump. b. Closed Circulatory system. i. Blood is confined in vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. ii. Annelids, cephalopods and all vertebrates have a closed circulatory system. iii. The lower hydrostatic pressure associated with open circulatory systems makes them less costly than closed systems in terms of energy. iv. Closed Circulatory system= relatively high blood pressures which enable the effective delivery of O2 and nutrients to the cells of larger and more active animals. Organization of Vertebrate Circulatory Systems. a. Arteries, veins, and capillaries are the three main types of blood vessels. b. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the organs throughout the body. i. Within organs arteries branch out into arterioles, small vessels that convey blood to the capillaries c. Capillaries are microscopic vessels with very thin, porous walls. d. Veins carry blood back to the heart from all the organs. e. Portal veins carry blood between pairs of capillary beds. f. Hepatic portal vein carries blood from capillary beds in the digestive system to capillary beds in the liver. g. Chambers that receive blood are called Atria. h. The chambers responsible for pumping blood out of the heart are called Ventricles. Single Circulation a. In bony fish, rays and sharks the heart consists of two chambers an Atrium and ventricle. i. The blood passes through the heart once in each complete circuit an arrangement single circulation. ii. Blood entering the heart collects in the atrium before transfer to the ventricles. iii. Contraction of the ventricle pimps blood to the gills where there is a net diffusion of O2 into the blood and CO2 out of the blood. iv. When blood flows through a capillary bed blood pressure drops substantially.

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Double Circulation a. One pump, the right side of the heart delivers oxygen poor blood to the capillary beds of the gas exchange tissues where there is a net movement of O2 into the blood and CO2 out of the blood. i. The above describes the Pulmonary Circuit if the capillary beds involved are all in the lungs as in reptiles and mammals. ii. It is called a pulmocutaneous circuit if it includes capillaries in both the lungs and the skin as in many amphibians. iii. Blood pressure is often higher in the systemic circuit than in the gas exchange circuit. Mammalian Circulation a. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. The oxygen rich blood returns back via pulmonary veins to the left atrium of the heart. b. The oxygen rich blood then flows into the hearts left ventricle which pumps the oxygen rich blood out to the body tissues through the systemic circuit. c. Blood leaves the left ventricle via the aorta, which conveys blood to arteries leading throughout the body. d. The aorta provides blood to the heart muscles (coronary arteries), head and arms. The aorta then goes down to the abdomen supplying oxygen rich blood to arteries leading to capillary beds in the abdominal organs and legs. i. Within the capillaries there is a net diffusion of O2 from the blood to the tissues and of CO2 into the blood. ii. The oxygen poor blood from the head and arms in transported by the superior vena cava. The inferior vena cava drains the oxygen poor blood from the trunk and hind limbs into the right atrium and from there it flows back into the right ventricle. e. The two atria have relatively thin walls and serve as collection chambers for blood returning from the lungs and other tissues. f. The volume of blood each ventricle pumps per min is the Cardiac output. i. Two factors determine the cardiac output: 1. The rate of contraction: Heart Rate 2. And Stroke volume: the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a single contraction. ii. The atrioventricular valve (AV) lies between each atrium and ventricle. iii. Semilunar Valves are located at two exits of the heart where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and where the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle.

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