Lecture 1-The Human

The Human
Human Computer Interaction -Dix, Finlay, Abowd, BeatleAbowd, Beatle(Lecture Notes) Notes)
Vu, Thi Hong Nhan (vthnhan@vnu.edu.vn) Faculty of Information Technology Vietnam National University, Hanoi
Contents
1. Introduction 2. Input-output channels Input3. Human Memory 4. Thinking: reasoning & problem solving 5. Emotion 6. Individual difference 7. Psychology and the design of interactive systems
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Introduction
Information i/o
visual, auditory, haptic, movement
Information stored in memory
sensory, short-term, long-term
Information processed and applied
reasoning, problem solving, skill, error
Emotion influences human capabilities Each person is different
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Input-output channels
In interaction with a computer

The human input is the data output by the computer and vice verse In humans, input mainly occurs through the senses and output through the motor controls of the effectors
Input Humans Input Output Computer Output
The most important senses in HCI
Vision, hearing, and touch
The primary effectors
Eyes, ears, fingers, head and body position

Physical reception of the stimulus from the outside world The processing and interpretation of that stimulus
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Visual perception can be divided into 2 stages

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Vision
Eye: is a mechanism for receiving light and transforming it into electrical energy
Light is reflected from objects in the visual field and their image is focused on the back of the eye, where it is transformed into an electrical signal and passed to the brain
The most important components are the cornea (gic mc) and lens (thy tinh th/n t) and the retina (vng mc) with the blind spot and photoreceptors(cc t bo nhn kch thch nh sng): rods, cones located on the fovea (h vng mc)
Rods are highly sensitive to light and are usable under low illumination Cones are less sensitive to light and can distinguish color
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Input-output channels Vision: The signal interpretation

Size and depth
Visual angle indicates how much of view an object occupies

(relates to size and distance from eye)
Visual acuity (th lc) is ability to perceive detail Familiar objects perceived as constant size
(in spite of changes in visual angle when far away)
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Input-output channels Vision: The signal interpretation (contd)

Perception of brightness

is a subjective reaction to levels of light emitted by an object affected by luminance of object
Colour
The eye perceive color because the cones are sensitive to light of different wavelengths
3-4% of the fovea is sensitive to blue, making blue acuity lower In reality, about 8% males and 1% females are colour blind
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Input-output channels Vision: The signal interpretation (contd)

The visual system compensates for

Movements Changes in luminance
the human mind judges an object's size based on its
The context in which an object appears allows us to clearly disambiguate the interpretation of the object Optical illusions sometimes occur due to over compensation
background
the Ponzo illusion
the Muller Lyer illusion
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Input-output channels Vision: Reading

Consists of several stages

The visual patterns of the words are perceived Decoded with reference to an internal representation of language
The word is processed as part of the sentence or phrase using syntactic and semantic analysis
Reading involves saccades(c ng git git ca mt) and fixations
Perception occurs during fixation
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Hearing
Provide information about environment: distances, directions, objects, etc. The ear receives vibrations in the air and transmits them through various stages to the auditory nerves Physical sections

Outer ear: protects inner ear and amplifies sound Middle ear: transmit sound waves like vibrations to inner ear Inner ear: chemical transmitters are released and cause impulses in the auditory nerves (thn kinh thnh gic )
Amplitude
Features of sound

Pitch( cao thp): frequency of the sound Loudness(cng ): amplitude of the sound Timbre(m sc): type/quality of the sound Frequency
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Hearing (cont.)
Humans can hear sound at frequencies from 20Hz to 15kHz Can perceive changes at low frequency about 1.5Hz The higher the frequency, the more difficult to distinguish Human auditory system has a filtering system which filter out the distracting noise to concentrate on important sounds
Cocktail party effect we still can concentrate on the conversation
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Hearing withHCI
Currently sounds are still mainly used to inform some thing, e.g.,

When pressing a wrong button Welcoming to Windows when booting Low battery status
Sound research has been carried out
Synthesize speech: Listening to an audio material instead of reading, which is especially beneficial to blind people & those who have weak visual acuity
Use sounds to create effect in content displaying
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Touch
Provides important feedback about environment Stimuli are received via the receptors (c quan nhn cm) in the skin

Thermoreceptors: hot and cold Nociceptors: pain Mechanoreceptors (c quan cm th c hc): pressure
Kinesthesis (cm gic v s vn ng ca t chi & c th)

Second aspect of haptic perception Awareness of the position of the body and limbs due to receptors in the joints
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Touch with HCI

E.g., we can perceive when a button is being pressed New devices: haptic
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Memory
There are three types of memory function: Sensory memories Short-term memory or working memory
Long-term memory Selection of stimuli governed by level of arousal
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Memory
Sensory memory
Act as buffers for stimuli received via each of senses

iconic memory: visual stimuli echoic memory: aural stimuli haptic memory: tactile stimuli
These memories are constantly overwritten by new information coming in on these channels Information is passed to sensory memory into short-term memory by attention
Memory
ShortShort-term memory
Is used to store information which is only required fleetingly Can be accessed rapidly: ~ 70ms Also decay rapidly: ~ 200ms Has a limited capacity

Humans can store 7 2 chunks of information E.g., 212348278493202 0121 414 2626 HEC ATR ANU PTH ETR EET
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Memory
LongLong-term memory
Has an unlimited capacity, a slow access time and forgetting occurs more slowly or not at all Information is stored here from the STM through rehearsal 2 types of LTM
Episodic (tnh tit) memory represents our memory of event & experiences in a serial form Semantic memory is a structured record of facts, concepts, skills that we have acquired, derived from the episodic memory
Semantic memory is structured as a network
The more general the information is, the higher is the level on which it is stored allows us to generalize about specific cases
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Memory LTM: example of semantic network model
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Memory LTM: Frames

Other models about the organization of LTM Frames

Information is organized in data structures Have slots to add attribute values

DOG
Fixed legs: 4 Default diet: carniverous sound: bark Variable size: colour
COLLIE
Fixed breed of: DOG type: sheepdog Default size: 65 cm Variable colour
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Memory LTM: Scripts

Comprise a number of elements (like slots) which can be filled with appropriate information
Script for a visit to the vet
Entry conditions: dog ill vet open owner has money Result: dog better owner poorer vet richer examination table medicine instruments Scenes: Roles: vet examines diagnoses treats owner brings dog in pays takes dog out arriving at reception waiting in room examination paying dog needs medicine dog needs operation
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Props:
Tracks:
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Memory LTM: Production rules

IF-THEN rules If information coming into the STM matches one of the condition in the LTM, the appropriate action is executed
IF a dog is wagging tail THEN pat the dog
IF a dog is growling THEN run away
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Memory LTM: 3 main activities

Storage of information

Rehearsal of a piece of information from the STM (moved to LTM) Total time hypothesis (Ebbinghaus 1885)
If the total learning time is increased, information is remembered better (amount retained is proportional to rehearsal time)
Distribution of practice effect (Baddeley & Longman 1978)
Optimization: the learning time should be well spread over time
Repetition alone is enough?
To help learn efficiently, information should be meaningful & familiar

So that, it can be related to existing structures more easily incorporated into memory
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Forgetting: 2 main theories of forgetting
Decay
information held in the LTM is gradually lost but slowly
Inference

New information replaces old one (retroactive interference) The older information interferes with the newly acquired information (proactive inhibition)
Forgetting is affected by emotional factors too
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Retrieval: 2 types of retrieval
Recall
information reproduced from memory can be assisted by cues (e.g., the category in which information can be placed)
Recognition

information gives knowledge that it has been seen before Less complex than Recall
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Thinking
Require different amount of knowledge
Some thinking are very directed and the knowledge required is constrained
Others require vast amounts of knowledge from different domains
Thinking can be divided in
Reasoning : deductive(din dch), inductive(quy np), aductive(Truy kch)
Problem solving
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Thinking
Reasoning
Is the process in which we use the knowledge to draw conclusion or infer something new about the domain of interest Deductive reasoning
Derive the logically necessary conclusion from the given premises E.g. If it is Friday then she will go to work It is Friday Therefore she will go to work Logical conclusion not necessarily true E.g. If it is raining then the ground is dry It is raining Therefore the ground is dry When the truth and logical validity clash E.g.Some people are babies Some babies cry Inference - Some people cry
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Thinking
Reasoning
Inductive reasoning
generalizing from cases we have seen to infer information about cases we have not seen
E.g., all elephants weve been have trunks, therefore all elephants have trunks
Unbelievable
Can only prove False not True
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Thinking
Reasoning
Adduction

Reasons from event to cause E.g., Sam drives fast when drunk
If I see him driving fast, assume drunk
Unbelievable
Can lead to false explanation But still useful
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Thinking
Problem solving
Is the process of finding a solution to unfamiliar task, using the knowledge we have There are different views on problem solving Gestalt theory

problem solving is both productive and reproductive productive draws on insight and restructuring of problem attractive but not enough evidence to explain `insight' etc. move away from behaviourism and lead towards information processing theories
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Thinking
Problem solving (cont.)

Problem space theory

problem space comprises problem states problem solving involves generating states using legal operators People use these operators to move from the initial state to the goal state heuristics may be employed to select operators
Use of analogy
Problems solved by mapping knowledge relating to a similar known problem domain to the new problem
Analogical mapping
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Thinking
Skill acquisition
Information structure is fine tuned at a deep level to enable efficient and accurate retrieval Skills acquired via 3 levels
The learners uses general-purpose rules to interpret facts about a problem
Develop rules specific to the task using proceduralization The rules are tuned to speed up performance, using generalization
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Thinking Errors & mental models

Types of errors slips

Right intention, but failed to do it right Causes: poor physical skill, inattention etc. Changes in context of skilled behaviour can cause error
Mistakes wrong intention
An incorrect understanding of a situation can cause errors because humans tend to create mental models , based on experience, which may differ from the actual situation
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Emotion
Various theories of how emotion works
James-Lange: emotion is our interpretation of a physiological response to a stimuli
Cannon: emotion is a psychological response to a stimuli Schacter-Singer: emotion is the result of our evaluation of our physiological responses, in the light of the whole situation we are in
Emotion clearly involves both cognitive and physical responses to stimuli

Emotion (cont.)
The biological response to physical stimuli is called affect Affect influences how we respond to situations

positive creative problem solving negative narrow thinking
Negative affect can make it harder to do even easy tasks; positive affect can make it easier to do difficult tasks
(Donald Norman)
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Emotion (cont.)
Implications for interface design
stress will increase the difficulty of problem solving relaxed users will be more forgiving of shortcomings in design
aesthetically pleasing and rewarding interfaces will increase positive affect
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Individual differences
The principles and properties discussed apply to the majority of people But humans are NOT the same at all Differences should be taken into account in the design
E.g., Divide the users into the target groups
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Psychology & the design of interactive systems

Some direct applications
e.g.
blue acuity is poor blue should not be used for important detail
However, correct application generally requires understanding of context in psychology, and an understanding of particular experimental conditions A lot of knowledge has been distilled in

guidelines (chap 7) cognitive models (chap 12) experimental and analytic evaluation techniques (chap 9)
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Summary
Input-output channels Input Human Memory Thinking Emotion Individual difference Psychology and the design of interactive systems
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Lecture 1-The Human

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Lecture 1-The Human

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The Human

visual, auditory, haptic, movement

Information stored in memory

sensory, short-term, long-term

Information processed and applied

reasoning, problem solving, skill, error

Emotion influences human capabilities Each person is different

The most important senses in HCI

Vision, hearing, and touch

The primary effectors

Eyes, ears, fingers, head and body position

Visual perception can be divided into 2 stages

Input-output channels Vision: The signal interpretation

Visual angle indicates how much of view an object occupies

Input-output channels Vision: The signal interpretation (contd)

is a subjective reaction to levels of light emitted by an object affected by luminance of object

Input-output channels Vision: The signal interpretation (contd)

Movements Changes in luminance

the human mind judges an object's size based on its

the Ponzo illusion

the Muller Lyer illusion

Input-output channels Vision: Reading

Reading involves saccades(c ng git git ca mt) and fixations

Perception occurs during fixation

Cocktail party effect we still can concentrate on the conversation

Sound research has been carried out

Use sounds to create effect in content displaying

Kinesthesis (cm gic v s vn ng ca t chi & c th)

Touch with HCI

Long-term memory Selection of stimuli governed by level of arousal

Semantic memory is structured as a network

Memory LTM: example of semantic network model

Memory LTM: Frames

Information is organized in data structures Have slots to add attribute values

Memory LTM: Scripts

Memory LTM: Production rules

IF a dog is growling THEN run away

Memory LTM: 3 main activities

Distribution of practice effect (Baddeley & Longman 1978)

Optimization: the learning time should be well spread over time

Repetition alone is enough?

To help learn efficiently, information should be meaningful & familiar

Memory LTM: 3 main activities

information held in the LTM is gradually lost but slowly

Forgetting is affected by emotional factors too

Memory LTM: 3 main activities

Others require vast amounts of knowledge from different domains

Thinking can be divided in

Reasoning : deductive(din dch), inductive(quy np), aductive(Truy kch)

Can only prove False not True

If I see him driving fast, assume drunk

Can lead to false explanation But still useful

Problem solving (cont.)

The learners uses general-purpose rules to interpret facts about a problem

Thinking Errors & mental models

Mistakes wrong intention

James-Lange: emotion is our interpretation of a physiological response to a stimuli

Emotion clearly involves both cognitive and physical responses to stimuli

positive creative problem solving negative narrow thinking

aesthetically pleasing and rewarding interfaces will increase positive affect

E.g., Divide the users into the target groups

Psychology & the design of interactive systems

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