CH 12 Geometry - Maths

C H A P T E R
MODULE 2
12
What are the properties of parallel lines? What are the basic properties of triangles? What are the basic properties of regular polygons?
How do we use and apply similarity and Pythagoras theorem in two dimensions? How do we explore ratios of areas of similar figures? How do we explore ratios of volumes of similar solids?
12.1
Properties of parallel lines: a review
Angles 4 and 6 are called alternate angles. l3 Angles 5 and 3 are called alternate angles. Angles 2 and 6 are called corresponding angles. 1 2 l1 4 3 Angles 1 and 5 are called corresponding angles. l2 Angles 4 and 8 are called corresponding angles. 56 Angles 3 and 7 are called corresponding angles. 8 7 Angles 3 and 6 are called cointerior angles. Lines l1 and l2 are cut by a transversal l3 . Angles 4 and 5 are called cointerior angles. Angles 1 and 3 are called vertically opposite angles and are of equal magnitude. Other pairs of vertically opposite angles are 2 and 4, 5 and 7, and 6 and 8. Angles 1 and 2 are supplementary; i.e. their magnitudes add to 180 . l3 When lines l1 and l2 are parallel, corresponding angles are of equal magnitude, alternate angles are of equal 1 2 magnitude and cointerior angles are supplementary. 4 3 l1 Converse results also hold: If corresponding angles are equal, then 5 6 l1 is parallel to l2 . 8 7 l2 If alternate angles are equal, then l1 is parallel to l2 . If cointerior angles are supplementary, then l1 is parallel to l2 .
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Uncorrected sample pages Cambridge University Press Jones, Evans, Lipson 2011 978-1-107-65590-4 Ph 03 8671 1400
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362
Geometry
Chapter 12 Geometry
363
Example 1
Parallel line properties
Find the values of the pronumerals. Solution
There are lots of ways of nding these values. One sequence of reasoning has been used here. Example 2 Parallel line properties
2x 50 = x + 10 (alternate angles) 2x x = 50 + 10 x = 60
Example 3 Parallel line properties
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Exercise 12A
A alternate D supplementary
x + 100 = 2x + 80 (alternate angles) 100 80 = 2x x x = 20 Also x + 100 + y + 60 = 180 (cointerior) and x = 20 y + 180 = 180 or y = 0
Questions 1 to 5 apply to the following diagram l1 d a b c l2 h e f g l3 1 Angles d and b are: B cointerior E vertically opposite C corresponding
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(2x 50)
E
(x + 10)
(x + 100) (2x + 80) (y + 60)
a = 65 d = 65 b = 115 e = 115 c = 115
(corresponding) (alternate with a) (cointerior with d) (corresponding with b) (vertically opposite e)
e 65 d c b a
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Essential Further Mathematics Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry
2 Angles d and a are: A alternate D supplementary 3 Angles c and h are: A alternate D supplementary 4 Angles b and f are: A alternate D supplementary 5 Angles c and e are: A alternate D supplementary B cointerior E vertically opposite B cointerior E vertically opposite C corresponding B cointerior E vertically opposite C corresponding
6 Find the values of the pronumerals in each of the following: a

z y 70 x
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d
z x y 50 y x
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12.2
a , b and c are the magnitudes of the interior angles of the triangle ABC. B d is the magnitude of an exterior angle at C. The sum of the magnitudes of the interior angles of b a triangle is equal to 180: a + b + c = 180 . b + a = d . The magnitude of an exterior angle is a equal to the sum of the magnitudes of the two A opposite interior angles. B A triangle is said to be equilateral if all its sides are of the same length: AB = BC = CA. The angles of an equilateral triangle are all of magnitude 60 .
60 A 60
Properties of triangles: a review
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b
z
B cointerior E vertically opposite
x y
40
120
E
C corresponding C corresponding c
(2z) y 80
(2x 40) (x + 40)
c C
60 C
Chapter 12 Geometry
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The bisector of each of the angles of an equilateral triangle meets the opposite side at right angles and passes through the midpoint of that side.
A
O C
B
A triangle is said to be isosceles if it has two sides of equal length. If a triangle is isosceles, the angles opposite each of the equal sides are equal.
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A
The sum of the magnitudes of the exterior angles of a triangle is equal to 360: e + d + f = 360 A triangle is said to be a right-angled triangle if it has one angle of magnitude 90 . Example 4 Angle sum of a triangle
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Example 5 Find the values of the pronumerals. Solution
20 + 22 + x 42 + x 138 + y y
= 180 = 180 = 180 = 42
(sum angles = 180 ) or x = 138 (sum angles = 180 )
Or, to find x: Two of the angles sum to 42 and therefore the third angle is 138 . To find y . The two angles sum to 180 . Therefore the second is 42
Angle sum of an isosceles triangle
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100 + 2x = 80 2x = 80
(sum angles = 180 ) or x = 40

A x
Or, observe the two unknown numbers are the same and must sum to 80 , therefore each of them has size 40 .
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A C
B e
B 22 x y C
20
B 100 x C
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Exercise 12B
1 Find the values of the pronumerals in each of the following: a
50
B
80 x
b
y C
Q 30
x A
d
50 30 C X y x
70 y
e
z
f
b c y w C x a 75
40 A
12.3
Properties of regular polygons: a review
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Equilateral triangle Square
A regular polygon has all sides of equal length and all angles of equal magnitude. A polygon with n sides can be divided into n triangles. The rst three polygons below are regular polygons.
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O
The angle sum of the interior angles of an n-sided convex polygon is given by the formula: S = [180(n 2)] = (180n 360) The result holds for any convex polygon. Convex means that a line you draw from any vertex to another vertex lies inside the polygon. The magnitude of each of the interior angles of an n-sided polygon is given by: x= (180n 360) n
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40 y E A
Regular pentagon
E
Z
g B
Regular hexagon
Regular octagon
Chapter 12 Geometry
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The angle bisectors of a regular polygon meet at a point O. For a regular polygon, a circle can be drawn with centre O on which all the vertices lie.
The sum of the angles at O of a regular polygon is 360 . The sum of the exterior angles of a regular polygon is 360 . Example 6 Angle properties of an octagon
The diagram opposite shows a regular octagon. a Show that x = 45. b Find the size of angle y. Solution
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H A G O x F E D
Angle sum of an octagon
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Solution
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Example 7 1 Use the rule for the sum of the interior angles of an n-sided polygon: S = (180n 360) 2 In this example, n = 8. Substitute and evaluate. 3 Write down your answer.
a 8x = 360 (sum angles at O = 360 ) 360 x = = 45 8 x = 45 b y + y + 45 = 180 ( OBC isosceles) 2y = 135 or y = 67.5
Find the sum of the interior angles of an 8-sided convex polygon (octagon).
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B y C
S = (180n 360)
n=8 S = (180 8 360) = 1080 The sum of the interior angles is 1080 .
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Exercise 12C
1 Name each of the following regular polygons. a b c d e
3 ABCDE is a regular pentagon.
a Find the value of: i x ii y b Find the sum of the interior angles of the regular pentagon ABCDE. 4 ABCDEF is a regular hexagon. Find the value of: a x b y
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A E F E x D
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5 State the sum of the interior angles of: a a 7-sided regular polygon
b a hexagon
6 The angle sum of a regular polygon is 1260 . How many sides does the polygon have?
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7 A circle is circumscribed about a hexagon ABCDEF. a Find the area of the circle if OA = 2 cm. b Find the area of the shaded region.
8 The diagram shows a tessellation of regular hexagons and equilateral triangles. State the values of a and b and use these to explain the existence of the tessellation.
9 If the magnitude of each angle of a regular polygon is 135 , how many sides does the polygon have?
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O A D B y x O C D A y O B
2 ABCD is a square. BD and AC are diagonals that meet at O. a Find the size of each of the angles at O. b What type of triangle is: i BAD? ii AOB?
c an octagon
A F O E D b a C B
Chapter 12 Geometry
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12.4
Pythagoras theorem
Pythagoras theorem Pythagoras theorem states that for a right-angled triangle ABC with side lengths a, b and c, as shown in the diagram, a 2 + b2 = c2 .
B c A a C
There are many different proofs of Pythagoras theorem. A proof due to the 20th President of the United States, James A. Gareld, is produced using the following diagram.
Y b E a c Z
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Pythagorean triads
Example 8
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a c X b W
A triple of natural numbers (a, b, c) is called a Pythagorean triad if c2 = a 2 + b2 . The table presents the rst six such primitive triples. The adjective primitive indicates that the highest common factor of the three numbers is 1.
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a cm
Area of trapezium WXYZ = 1 (a + b)(a + b) 2 EYZ + area of EWX + area of

1 ab 2
Area of
= ab a2 b2 1 + ab + = ab + c2 2 2 2 a 2 + b2 = c2
Pythagoras theorem
Find the value, correct to two decimal places, of the unknown length for the triangle opposite.
E
area = c2 cm2
cc m b cm
Pythagoras theorem can be illustrated by the diagram shown here. The sum of the areas of the two smaller squares is equal to the area of the square on the longest side (hypotenuse).
area = b2 cm2
area = a2 cm2
EWZ
+ 1 c2 2 1 2 + 2c
1 ab 2
a b c
3 4 5
5 12 13
7 24 25
8 15 17
9 40 41
11 60 61
x cm 6.1 cm 5.3 cm
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Solution 1 Using Pythagoras theorem, write down an expression for x in terms of the two other sides of the right-angled triangle. Solve for x. x2 = 5.32 + 6.12 (Pythagoras)
x =
5.32 + 6.12 = 8.080 . . .
2 Write down your answer for the length, correct to two decimal places. Example 9 Pythagoras theorem
Find the value, correct to two decimal places, of the unknown length for the triangle opposite. Solution
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8.6 cm y cm
1 Using Pythagoras theorem, write down an expression for y in terms of the two other sides of the right-angled triangle. Solve for y.
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Example 10 Pythagoras theorem Solution
2 Write down your answer for the length, correct to two decimal places.
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The diagonal of a soccer ground is 130 m and the long side of the ground measures 100 m. Find the length of the short side, correct to the nearest cm.
1 Draw a diagram. Let x be the length of the short side.
2 Using Pythagoras theorem, write down an expression for x in terms of the two other sides of the right-angled triangle. Solve for x. 3 Write down your answer, correct to the nearest cm.
E
The length is 8.08 cm, correct to two decimal places.
5.6 cm
5.62 + y 2 = 8.62 (Pythagoras) y 2 = 8.62 5.62
y=
8.62 5.62 = 6.526 . . .
The length is 6.53 cm, correct to two decimal places.
130 m 100 m
xm
Let x m be the length of the shorter side.

x 2 + 1002 = 1302 (Pythagoras) x 2 = 1302 1002 = 6900
x=
1302 1002 = 83.066 . . .
Correct to the nearest centimetre, the length of the short side is 83.07 m.
Chapter 12 Geometry
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Exercise 12D
1 Find the length of the unknown side for each of the following: a
6 cm 10 cm
b
5 cm 11 cm
10 cm
3 cm
d
9 cm
7 cm
44 cm
2 In each of the following nd the value of x, correct to two decimal places. a

4.8 cm
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A
2.8 cm
x cm
6.2 cm
3.2 cm
x cm
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a x 2 = 62 + 42 5 Find AD, the height of the triangle.
3 Find the value of x for each of the following (x > 0). Give your answers correct to two decimal places. b 52 + x 2 = 92
4 In triangle VWX, there is a right angle at X. VX = 2.4 cm and XW = 4.6 cm. Find VW.
A 32 cm 32 cm
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6 An 18 m ladder is 7 m away from the bottom of a vertical wall. How far up the wall does it reach? 7 Find the length of the diagonal of a rectangle with dimensions 40 m 9 m. 8 Triangle ABC is isosceles. Find the length of CB.
A 8 C 14 B
E
15 cm 12 cm
33 cm
x cm
9.8 cm
x cm
4 cm 3 cm
5.2 cm
3.5 cm
c 4.62 + 6.12 = x 2
C D 20 cm
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9 In a circle of centre O, a chord AB is of length 4 cm. The radius of the circle is 14 cm. Find the distance of the chord from O.
O x cm A B
10 Find the value of x.

18 cm
11 How high is the kite above the ground?
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17 0m
12 A square has an area of 169 cm2 . What is the length of the diagonal? 13 Find the area of a square with a diagonal of length: a 8 2 cm b 8 cm 14 Find the length of AB.
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15 ABCD is a square of side length 2 cm. If CA = CE, nd the length of DE.
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16 The midpoints of a square of side length 2 cm are joined to form a new square. Find the area of the new square.
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x cm X Y 90 m 20 cm D 8 cm A B A 12 cm B C C D E
x cm
Chapter 12 Geometry
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12.5
Similar figures
Similarity In this section we informally dene two objects to be similar if they have the same shape but not the same size.
Examples Any two circles are similar to each other.
Any two squares are similar to each other.
C1 3 cm
C2 4 cm
It is not true that any rectangle is similar to any other rectangle. For example, rectangle 1 is not similar to rectangle 2.
4 cm R1 1 cm 8 cm R2 1 cm
A rectangle similar to R1 is:
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B 100 A 45
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Similar triangles
35 C A'
So, for two rectangles to be similar, their corresponding sides must be in the same 8 4 ratio = . 2 1
Two triangles are similar if one of the following conditions holds: corresponding angles in the triangles are equal
B' 100 45 35 C'
corresponding sides are in the same ratio
AB BC AC = = =k AB BC AC k is the scale factor.
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8 cm R3 2 cm
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3 cm S1 4 cm S2
374
two pairs of corresponding sides have the same ratio and the included angles are equal. B B'
45
A'
45
C'
Example 11
Similar triangles ABC,
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B 5 cm 20 3 cm A x cm C A'
Find the value of length of side AC in correct to two decimal places.
Solution
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Example 12 Solution
1 Triangle ABC is similar to triangle A B C : two pairs of corresponding sides have the same 6.25 5 = and included angles (20 ). ratio 3 3.75 2 For similar triangles, the ratios of corresponding AC AB sides are equal; for example, = . AC AB Use this fact to write down an expression involving x. Solve for x. 3 Write down your answer, correct to two decimal places.
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Similar triangles Find the value of length of side AB in 1 Triangle ABC is similar to triangle AXY (corresponding angles are equal).
ABC.
B
E
B' 6.25 cm 20 3.75 cm 3.013 cm C'
AB AC = AB AC If triangle ABC is similar to triangle XYZ this can be written symbolically as ABC XYZ. The triangles are named so that angles of equal magnitude hold the same position; i.e. A corresponds to X, B corresponds to Y, C corresponds to Z.
Triangles similar
5 x = 3.013 6.25 5 x= 3.013 6.25 = 2.4104
The length of side AC is 2.41 cm, correct to two decimal places.
6c
x
A
cm
C Y 2.5 cm
3 cm
Triangles similar
Chapter 12 Geometry
375
2 For similar triangles, the ratios of corresponding AB AC sides are equal (for example, = ). AX AY Use this fact to write down an expression involving x. Solve for x. Note that if AB = x, then AX = x + 6. 3 Write down your answer.
3 x = x +6 5.5 5.5x = 3(x + 6) = 3x + 18 18 = 7.2 2.5
2.5x = 18 or x =
The length of side AB is 7.2 cm.
1 Find the value of x for each of the following pairs of similar triangles. a
A 4 cm 82 5 cm 56 B C 9 cm A' 82
b
18 B 10 cm
135
C Y
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13 cm B X 8 cm 12 cm A
x cm 13 cm
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A 10 cm
C
x cm B
6 cm
x cm
D 2 cm A 3 cm E C 2 cm 6 cm 8 cm P Q A
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x cm B' 56 C' C 135 Z 6 cm 18 A X x cm 5 cm Y
14 cm
x cm
8 cm
6 cm R
g
12 cm P x cm B
2 cm
D 4 cm
i
2 cm
A x cm
E
D 10 cm C 12 cm x cm
Exercise 12E
A 16 cm Q 8 cm C
j
1.5 P
x cm 10 cm
cm B
Q 2 cm
376
2 Given that AD = 14, ED = 12, BC = 15 and EB = 4, nd AC, AE and AB.

14
D 12
C 15 4 E B
3 A tree casts a shadow of 33 m and at the same time a stick 30 cm long casts a shadow 24 cm long. How high is the tree?
33 m
0.24 m
5 A hill has a gradient of 1 in 20; i.e. for every 20 m horizontally there is a 1 m increase in height. If you go 300 m horizontally, how high up will you be? 6 A man stands at A and looks at point Y across the river. He gets a friend to place a stone at X so that A, X and Y are collinear. He then measures AB, BX and XC to be 15 m, 30 m and 45 m, respectively. Find CY, the distance across the river.
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A
4 A 20 metre high neon sign is supported by a 40 m steel cable as shown. An ant crawls along the cable starting at A. How high is the ant when it is 15 m from A?
7 Find the height, h m, of a tree that casts a shadow 32 m long at the same time that a vertical straight stick 2 m long casts a shadow 6.2 m long. 8 A plank is placed straight up stairs that are 20 cm wide and 12 cm deep. Find x, where x cm is the width of the widest rectangular box of height 8 cm that can be placed on a stair under the plank. 9 The sloping edge of a technical drawing table is 1 m from front to back. Calculate the height above the ground of a point A, which is 30 cm from the front edge.
pla nk
SA
E
0.3 m
40
20 m
A
15 m
45 m
30 m
river
8 cm 20 cm
x cm 12 cm
1m
30 cm
A 92 cm 80 cm
Chapter 12 Geometry
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10 Two similar rods 1.3 m long have to be hinged together to support a table 1.5 m wide. The rods have been xed to the oor 0.8 m apart. Find the position of the hinge by nding the value of x.
1.5 m
xm
(1.3 x) m 0.8 m
11 A man whose eye is 1.7 m from the ground when standing 3.5 m in front of a wall 3 m high can just see the top of a tower that is 100 m away from the wall. Find the height of the tower.
12 A man is 8 m up a 10 m ladder, the top of which leans against a vertical wall and touches it at a height of 9 m above the ground. Find the height of the man above the ground. 13 A spotlight is at a height of 0.6 m above ground level. A vertical post 1.1 m high stands 3 m away, and 5 m further away there is a vertical wall. How high up the wall does the shadow reach?
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spotlight 0.6 m 1.1 m vertical post
12.6
Volumes and surface areas
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Example 13 Solution
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Volume of a cylinder 1 Find the cross-sectional area of the prism.
Volume of a prism
A prism is a solid that has a constant cross-section. Examples are cubes, cylinders, rectangular prisms and triangular prisms.
The volume of a prism can be found by using its cross-sectional area. volume = area of cross-section height (or length) V = Ah
Answers will be in cubic units; i.e. mm3 , cm3 , m3 etc.
Find the volume of this cylinder, which has radius 3 cm and height 4 cm, correct to two decimal places.
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wall
3 cm 4 cm
Area of cross-section = r 2 = 32 = 28.27 cm 2
378
2 Multiply by the height. 3 Make sure that accuracy is given to the correct number of decimal places.
Volume = 28.27 4 = 113.10 cm 3 (correct to two decimal places)
The formulas for determining the volumes of some standard prisms are given here. Solid Cylinder (radius r cm, height h cm)
r cm h cm
Formula V = r 2h
Cube (all edges x cm)
Rectangular prism (length l cm, width w cm, height h cm)

h cm w cm
l cm
Triangular prism
h cm
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V = 1 x2 h 3
Example 14 Solution
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Volume of a pyramid
Volume of pyramid =
1 3
b cm
The formula for nding the volume of a right pyramid can be stated as: base area perpendicular height
h
For the square pyramid shown:

x
The term right in this context means that the apex of the pyramid is directly over the centre of the base. Volume of a pyramid
Find the volume of this hexagonal pyramid with a base area of 40 cm2 and a height of 20 cm. Give the answer correct to one decimal place.
20 cm
1 3 1 3
V = =
A h 40 20
= 266.7 cm3 (correct to one decimal place)

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V = lwh
l cm
The triangular prism shown has a right-angled triangle base but the following formula holds for all triangular prisms V = 1 bhl 2
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V = x3
Chapter 12 Geometry
379
Example 15
Volume of a pyramid
Find the volume of this square pyramid with a square base with each edge 10 cm and a height of 27 cm. Solution
27 cm
1 2 x h 3 1 10 3 3
V = =
10 27
10 cm
10 cm
Volume of a cone
Volume of cone = V =
1 3 1 3
Volume and surface area of a sphere

V =
4 3
The formulas for the volume and the surface area of a sphere are: r3 S = 4 r2 where r is the radius of the sphere. Example 16
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Solution
Find the volume of a sphere with radius 4 cm and a cone with radius 4 cm and height 10 cm.
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Example 17 Solution
4 Volume of sphere = r 3 3 4 = 43 3
= 268.08 cm3 (two d.p.)

Surface area of a sphere
Find the surface area of a sphere with radius 10 cm.
Surface area of sphere = 4r 2 = 4 102 = 1256.64 cm2 (2 d.p.)
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base area height r 2h
r
The formula for nding the volume of a cone can be stated as:
Volume of a sphere and a cone
1 Volume of cone = r 2h 3 1 = 42 10 3 = 167.55 cm3 (two d.p.)
= 900 cm
380
Composite shapes
Using the shapes above, composite shapes can be made. The volumes of these can be found by summing the volumes of the component shapes. Example 18 Volume of a composite shape
Solution
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4 Add the two together. 5 Write down your answer.
l r
1 The composite shape is made up from a cylindrical base plus a hemispherical top. The volume of the composite shape is the = + volume of the cylinder plus the volume of the hemisphere (half a sphere) 2 Use the formula V = r 2 h to nd the The volume of the cylinder volume of the cylinder. Vcyl. = 52 5 = 392.699 . . . mm3 3 Find the volume of hemisphere noting The volume of the hemisphere 1 4 that the volume of a hemisphere is Vhem. = 2 3 53 = 261.799 . . . mm3 V = 1 4 r 3 = 2 r 3. 2 3 3
Surface area of three-dimensional shapes

The surface area of a solid can be found by calculating and totalling the area of each of its surfaces. The net of the cylinder in the diagram demonstrates how this can be done.
l r r
SA
PL
A = r2 A = 2rl 2r
The volume of the composite = 654.50 mm3 (correct to two decimal places)
The surface area of the cylinder = area of ends + area of curved surface = area of two circles + area of rectangle = 2 r 2 + 2 r l = 2 r 2 + 2 rl
The formulas for the surface areas of some common three-dimensional shapes follow.
E
A = r2
A hemisphere is placed on top of a cylinder to form a capsule. The radius of both the hemisphere and the cylinder is 5 mm. The height of the cylinder is also 5 mm. What is the volume of the composite solid in cubic millimeters, correct to two decimal places?
Chapter 12 Geometry
381
Solid Cylinder (radius r cm, height h cm)

r cm h cm
Formula
S = 2 r2 + 2 rh
Cube (all edges x cm) S = 6x 2
Rectangular prism (length l cm, width w cm, height h cm)

h cm l cm w cm
S = 2(lw + lh + w h)
Triangular prism
h cm b cm
Example 19
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Solution 1 Draw the net of the pyramid. 2 First determine the area of the square. 3 Determine the area of one of the isosceles triangles. 4 Find the sum of the areas of the four triangles and add to the area of the square.
Find the surface of the right square pyramid shown if the square base has each edge 10 cm in length and the isosceles triangles each have height 15 cm.
PL
S = bh + bl + hl + l b2 + h 2
l cm
Surface area of a right square pyramid
Area of the square = 102 = 100 cm2 The area of one triangle 1 = 10 15 = 75 cm2 2 The surface area of the solid = 100 + 4 75 = 100 + 300 = 400 cm2
382
Exercise 12F
1 Find the volume in cm3 of each of the following shapes, correct to two decimal places. a b
radius 6.3 cm and height 2.1 cm c
dimensions 2.1 cm, 8.3 cm and 12.2 cm d
area of cross section = 2.8 cm2 height = 6.2 cm
2 Each side of the square base of one of the great Egyptian pyramids is 275 m long. It has a perpendicular height of 175 m. Calculate the volume of this pyramid, correct to the nearest cubic metre.
PL
radius 2.3 cm and length 4.8 cm
2m 3m
SA
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a sphere with radius 1.5 m c hemisphere of diameter 3.8 mm
3 Find the volume, correct to one decimal place, of a:
b cone with radius 6 cm and height 15 cm d cone with diameter 15 mm and height 10 mm
4 The diagram shows a capsule, which consists of two hemispheres, each of radius 2 cm, and a cylinder of length 5 cm and radius 2 cm. Find the volume of the capsule correct to the nearest cm3 .
5 The diagram shows a composite shape made from a cylinder and two cones. Both the cylinder and the two cones have a radius of 12 cm. The length of the cylinder is 8 cm and height of the cones is 10 cm. Find the volume of the composite shape. Give your answer correct to the nearest cm3 . 6 Find the total surface areas of shapes a and b of question 1. Give answers correct to the nearest cm2 .
7 For the triangular prism shown, nd a the volume in m3 b the total surface area in m2 , correct to one decimal place
E
175 m 275 m 275 m
0.5 m
Chapter 12 Geometry
383
8 A hemispherical dome tent has a diameter of 2.5 m, as shown. a Determine the volume enclosed by the tent, correct to the nearest m3 . b Determine the total surface area of the tent (including its oor), correct to the nearest m2 . 9 Find, correct to two decimal places, the surface area and volume of the solid shown given that the cross-section is a right-angled isosceles triangle. 10 Find: a the surface area b the volume of the object shown.
3m
4 cm 4 cm 12 cm
2.5 m
11 The diagram opposite shows a right pyramid on a cube. Each edge of the cube is 14 cm. The height of the pyramid is 24 cm. Find: a the volume of the solid b the surface area of the solid
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12 Find: a the surface b the volume of the solid shown opposite.
7 cm 4 cm 4 cm
SA
13 The solid opposite consists of a half cylinder on a rectangular prism. Find, correct to two decimal places: a the surface area b the volume
PL
24 cm 14 cm 10 cm 5 cm 10 cm 20 cm
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4m 2m 10 m 5m
384
12.7
Areas, volumes and similarity

Areas
Some examples of similar shapes and the ratio of their areas are considered in the following. Similar circles
3 cm
Scale factor = k = 3
2
4 radius circle 2 = radius circle 1 3 42 42 = 2 = 32 3 4 3

2
4 cm
Area =
Ratio of areas =
Similar rectangles
2 cm
PL
Scale factor = k = 6 length rectangle 2 = =2 length rectangle 1 3 24 Ratio of areas = = 4 = (2)2 = k 2 6 Scale factor = k = height triangle 2 9 = =3 height triangle 1 3 Ratio of areas = 54 = 9 = (3)2 = k 2 6 Using area scale factors with similarity
40 cm2 10 cm
Area = 3 2 = 6 cm2 Similar triangles
3 cm
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5 cm 3 cm 4 cm
Area = 4 3 = 6 cm2
1 2
SA
Example 20
A similar pattern emerges for other shapes. Scaling the linear dimension of a shape by a factor of k scales the area by a factor of k 2 . Scaling areas If two shapes are similar and the scale factor is k, then the area of the similar shape = k2 area of the original shape.
The two triangles shown are similar. The base of the smaller triangle has a length of 10 cm. Its area is 40 cm2 . The base of the larger triangle has a length of 25 cm. Determine its area.
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= k2 Area = 42
4 cm 6 cm
Area = 6 4 = 24 cm2
15 cm
9 cm
12 cm
Area = 1 12 9 2 = 54 cm2
25 cm
Chapter 12 Geometry
385
Solution 1 Determine the scale factor k. 2 Write down the area of the small triangle. 3 Area of larger triangle = k 2 area of smaller triangle. Substitute the appropriate values and evaluate. 4 Write down your answer. Example 21 Scale factors and area
25 = 2.5 10 Area of small triangle = 40 cm2 Area of larger triangle = 2.52 40 = 250 k=
The area of the larger triangle is 250 cm2.
Solution
M
Substitute the appropriate values and evaluate. 4 Write down your answer.
1 Determine the scale factor k. Note we are scaling down. 2 Write down the area of the larger heart. 3 Area of smaller heart = k 2 area of larger heart.
SA
Similar spheres
3 cm
Volumes
Two solids are considered to be similar if they have the same shape and the ratio of their corresponding linear dimensions is equal. Some examples of similar volume and the ratio of their areas are considered in the following.
PL
k= 12 = 0.2 60
Scale factor = k = radius sphere 2 4 = radius sphere 1 3 256 Ratio of volumes = 3 = 36 64 = = 27 256 108 4 3 = k3 3 Volume =
The two hearts shown are similar shapes. The width of the larger heart is 60 cm. Its area is 100 cm2 . The width of the smaller heart is 12 cm. Determine its area.
Area of larger heart = 100 cm2 Area of smaller heart = 0.22 100 =4
The area of the smaller heart is 4 cm2.
Volume = 4 33 3 = 36 cm3
E
12 cm 60 cm Area = 100 cm2
4 cm
43 256 = cm3 3
4 3
386
Similar cubes
2 cm 2 cm 2 cm
4 cm
Scale factor = k =
side length 2 4 = =2 side length 1 2
4 cm
Volume = 2 2 2 = 8 cm3 Similar cylinders

1 cm 2 cm
Ratio of volumes =
64 =8 8 = (2)3 = k 3
4 cm
Volume = 4 4 4 = 64 cm3
3 radius 2 = =3 Scale factor = k = radius 1 1
54 Volume = 12 2 Ratio of volumes = 2 = 2 cm3
A similar pattern emerges for other solids. Scaling the linear dimension of a solid by a factor of k scales the volume by a factor of k 3 .
SA
Solution
M
Example 22 Similar solids The two cuboids shown are similar solids. The height of the larger cuboid is 6 cm. Its volume is 120 cm3 . The height of the smaller cuboid is 1.5 cm. Determine its volume.
Scaling volumes If two solids are similar and the scale factor is k, then the volume of the similar solid = k3 volume of the original solid.
PL
= 27 = (3)3 = k 3
1.5 cm
1 Determine the scale factor k. Note that we are scaling down. 2 Write down the volume of the larger cuboid. 3 Volume smaller cuboid = k 3 volume larger cuboid.
Substitute the appropriate values and evaluate. 4 Write down your answer. The volume of the smaller cuboid is
E
3 cm 6 cm
Volume = 32 6 = 54 cm3
6 cm volume = 120 cm3
k=
1.5 = 0.25 6
Volume larger cuboid = 120 cm3 Volume smaller cuboid = 0.253 120
= 1.875
1.875 cm3.
Chapter 12 Geometry
387
Example 23
Similar solids
V V'
The two square pyramids shown are similar with a base dimensions 4 and 5 cm, respectively. The height of the rst pyramid is 9 cm and its volume is 48 cm3 . Find the height and volume of the second pyramid. A
9 cm B O D
C 4 cm A'
B' O' D'
C' 5 cm
Pyramid 1
Pyramid 2
Solution 1 Determine the scale factor, k. Use the base measurements. Height 2 Write down the height of Pyramid 1. 3 Height Pyramid 2 = k height Pyramid 1. Substitute the appropriate values and evaluate. 4 Write down your answer.
Volume 5 Volume Pyramid 2 = k 3 volume Pyramid 1. Substitute the appropriate values and evaluate.
M
Exercise 12G
2 Triangle ABC is similar to triangle XYZ. The length scale factor k = 2. The area of triangle ABC is 6 cm2 . Find the area of triangle XYZ. 3 The two rectangles are similar. The area of rectangle ABCD is 20 cm2 . Find the area of rectangle A B C D .
6 Write down your answer.
SA
1 Two regular hexagons are shown. The side length of the smaller hexagon is 2.4 cm. The side length of the larger hexagon is 7.2 cm. a Determine the length scale factor k for scaling up. b The area of the smaller hexagon is 15 cm2 . Determine the area of the larger hexagon.
PL
Volume 1 = 48 cm3
15 cm2 2.4 cm
4 The two shapes shown are similar. The length scale factor for scaling down is 2 . The area 3 of the shape to the right is 30 cm2 . What is the area of the shape to the left?
E
k= 5 = 1.25 4 Height 1 = 9 cm Height 2 = 1.25 9 = 11.25 The height of Pyramid 2 is 11.25 cm.
Volume2 = 1.253 48 = 93.75
The volume of Pyramid 2 is 93.75 cm3.
7.2 cm
B
6 cm2
Y 2 C X B' 5 cm A' D' Z C'
B C 3 cm 20 cm2 A D
30 cm2
388
5 The octagonal prisms are similar. The height of the smaller prism is 2 m. The height of the larger prism is 3 m. The surface area of the smaller prism is 18 m2 . Determine the surface area of the larger prism in m2 . 6 The radius of the larger sphere is 2.5 times the radius of the smaller sphere. The volume of the smaller sphere is 24 mm3 . a Write down the length scale factor k for scaling up. b Determine the volume of the larger sphere in mm3 .
2m
3m
2.5r
8 The two cones shown are similar. The smaller cone has a diameter of 10 cm. The larger cone has a diameter of 30 cm.
SA
M
10 Triangles XBY and ABC are similar. The area of triangle XBY is 1.8 cm2 . Determine the area of triangle ABC. 11 Triangles XQY and PQR are similar. The area of triangle PQR is 7.5 cm2 .
a Determine the length scale factor k for scaling up. b What is the length scale factor k for scaling down? c The height of the larger cone is 45 cm. Determine 10 cm the height of the smaller cone. 30 cm d The surface area of the smaller cone is 326.9 cm2 . Determine 2 the surface area of the larger cone correct to the nearest cm . e The volume of the smaller cone is 392.7 cm3 . What is the volume of the larger cone, correct to the nearest cm3 ?
9 An inverted right circular cone of capacity 100 m3 is lled with water to half its depth. Find the volume of water.
PL
B X A 3 cm 7 cm
X 2 cm P
7 The two rectangular prisms are similar. The length of the smaller prism is 10 cm. The length of the larger prism is 15 cm. The volume of the larger prism is 3375 cm3 . Determine the volume of the smaller prism in cm3 .
a Determine k, the length scale factor for scaling down. b Determine the area of triangle XQY.
E
10 cm 3375 cm3 15 cm
Y C
Q 3 cm Y R
Chapter 12 Geometry
389
Review
Key ideas and chapter summary

Alternate, corresponding, cointerior and vertically opposite angles Angles 4 and 6 are examples of alternate angles. Angles 2 and 6 are examples of corresponding angles. Angles 3 and 6 are examples of cointerior angles. l3 Angles 1 and 3 are examples 1 2 l1 of vertically opposite angles 4 3 l2 and are of equal magnitude. 5 6
8
Angles associated with parallel lines crossed by a transversal line
When lines l1 and l2 are parallel corresponding angles of equal magnitude, alternate angles are of equal magnitude and cointerior angles are supplementary.
Corresponding
Equilateral triangle
M
4 sides: 5 sides: 6 sides:
Angle sum of triangle
PL
Corresponding Alternate
Converse results also hold: If corresponding angles are equal, then l1 is parallel to l2 . If alternate angles are equal, then l1 is parallel to l2 . If cointerior angles are supplementary, then l1 is parallel to l2 . The sum of the magnitudes of the interior angles of a triangle is equal to 180: a + b + c = 180 . A triangle is said to be equilateral if all of its sides are of the same length. The angles of an equilateral triangle are all of magnitude 60 .
SA
Isosceles triangle Polygon
A triangle is said to be isosceles if it has two sides of equal length. 5 cm 5 cm If a triangle is isosceles, the angles opposite each of the equal sides are equal. A polygon is a closed geometric shape with sides that are segments of straight lines. Examples are: 3 sides: Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon
Hexagon
E
Alternate
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
390
Review
Convex polygon Regular polygon Sum of the interior angles Pythagoras theorem
A polygon is said to be convex if any diagonal lies inside the polygon. A regular polygon has all sides of equal length and all angles of equal magnitude. The angle sum of the interior angles of an n-sided polygon is given by the formula: S = (180n 360) .
Similar gures
PL
AB BC AC = = =k AB BC AC where k is the scale factor ratio and the included angles are equal. Cylinder: V = r 2h
x
We informally dene two objects to be similar if they have the same shape but not the same size. Conditions for similarity of triangles r Corresponding angles in the triangles are equal. r Corresponding sides are in the same ratio.
r Two pairs of corresponding sides have the same

r cm h cm
Volumes of solids
SA
Surface area of solids
M
Cube: V = x3
Rectangular prism: V = lw h
Right-angled triangular prism V = 1 bhl 2
Cylinder: S = 2 r2 + 2 rh
E
h cm w cm l cm
Pythagoras theorem states that for a right-angled triangle ABC with side lengths a, b and c, a 2 + b2 = c2 , where c is the longest side.
h cm b cm l cm
r cm h cm
Chapter 12 Geometry
x
391
Review
Cube: S = 6x 2
h cm
Rectangular prism: S = 2 (lw + lh + w h)
w cm l cm
Right-angled triangular prism S = bh + bl + hl + l b2 + h 2 Scaling, areas and volumes
r If two shapes are similar and the scale factor is k,
M
Skills check
SA
Having completed this chapter you should be able to: apply the properties of parallel lines and triangles and regular polygons to nd the size of an angle, given suitable information nd the size of each interior angle of a regular polygon with a given number of sides use the denition of objects such as triangles, quadrilaterals, squares, pentagons, hexagons, equilateral triangles, isosceles triangles to determine angles recognise when two objects are similar determine unknown lengths and angles through use of similar triangles nd surface areas and volumes of solids use Pythagoras theorem to nd unknown lengths in right-angled triangles use similarity of two- and three-dimensional shapes to determine areas and volumes.
PL
k = 3 2 k2 = 9 4
then the area of the similar shape = k 2 area of the original shape.
r If two solids are similar and the scale factor
is k, then the volume of the similar solid = k 3 volume of the original solid.
k= 3 2 27 8
E
h cm b cm l cm
k3 =
392
Review
Multiple-choice questions
Questions 1 to 3 relate to the diagram 1 Angle PRS = B 40 C 50 D 60 A 20 2 Angle RPS = B 40 A 20 C 50 D 60
E 110 E 110
120
70 S Q
Questions 4 to 6 relate to the diagram Lines m and l are parallel and cut by a transversal, q. 4 The value of x is: A 65 B 125 5 The value of y is: A 65 B 125 6 The value of z is: A 65 B 125
PL
C 62.5 C 62.5 C 62.5 D 60 D 60 D 60 E 55 E 55 E 55
x q C 6 cm A C 7 cm A A 3 cm B
1 Y 2 2
7 The triangle ABC has a right angle at A. The length of side BC, in cm, is: A 10 B 14 C 9 D 9. 8 E 11
SA
8 The triangle ABC has a right angle at A. The length of side BC, to the nearest cm, is: A 10 B 14 C 9 D 12 E 11
9 Triangles ABC and XYZ are similar isosceles triangles. The length of XY is: C A 4 cm B 5 cm C 4.2 cm D 8.5 cm E 7.2 cm 5 cm 5 cm
X. 10 YZ is parallel to Y Z and Y Y = The area of triangle XYZ is 60 cm . The area of triangle X Y Z is: B 30 cm2 C 15 cm2 A 20 cm2 80 20 cm2 cm2 E D 3 3
Y
E
125 m l z y 8 cm B 9 cm Z B 12 cm 12 cm X X Y' Z' Z Y
3 Given that PS bisects angle QPR, the size of angle PQS is: B 35 C 40 D 50 E 60 A 20
Chapter 12 Geometry
393
Review
11 The value of x is: A 12 B 27 D 20.8 E 13.81
1.2 cm
C 2.16
1.8 m xm 18 m
12 A regular convex polygon has 12 sides. The magnitude of each of its interior angles is: B 45 C 60 D 150 E 120 A 30 13 Triangles ABC and XYZ are similar isosceles triangles. The length of XY, correct to one decimal place, is: A 4.8 cm B 5.7 cm C 4.2 cm D 8.5 cm E 8.2 cm
PL
D A
7 cm 20 cm
14 The rectangular prism shown has a volume of 12.8 cm3 . A second rectangular prism is made with half the length, four times the height and double the width. The volume of the second prism (in cm3 ) is: A 6.4 B 12.8 C 51.2 D 102.4 E 204.8
15 Each side length of a square is 10 cm. The length of the diagonal is: C 10 2 D 8 E 1.4 A 10 B 5 2
SA
16 To the nearest mm2 , the surface area of a sphere of radius of radius 8 mm is: B 268 mm2 C 804 mm2 A 202 mm2 D 808 mm2 E 2145 mm2 17 An equilateral triangle of side length 7 cm is cut from a circular sheet of metal of diameter 20 cm. The area of the resulting shape (in cm2 ) is closest to: A 21 B 293 C 314 D 335 E 921 18 The diagram shows a composite shape that consists of a hemisphere of radius 6 cm placed on top of a cylinder of height 8 cm and radius 6 cm. The total surface area of the composite shape (including the base) is closest to: B 452 cm2 C 528 cm2 A 302 cm2 2 2 D 641 cm E 754 cm
E
C 7 cm A 7 cm B 10 cm X 10 cm Y 4 cm
length height width
10 cm

CH 12 Geometry - Maths

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C H A P T E R

Properties of parallel lines: a review

Parallel line properties

Find the values of the pronumerals. Solution

Find the values of the pronumerals. Solution

a = 65 d = 65 b = 115 e = 115 c = 115

(corresponding) (alternate with a) (cointerior with d) (corresponding with b) (vertically opposite e)

Essential Further Mathematics Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry

6 Find the values of the pronumerals in each of the following: a

Properties of triangles: a review

B cointerior E vertically opposite

(2x 40) (x + 40)

Find the values of the pronumerals. Solution

= 180 = 180 = 180 = 42

(sum angles = 180 ) or x = 138 (sum angles = 180 )

(sum angles = 180 ) or x = 40

Essential Further Mathematics Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry

Properties of regular polygons: a review

Essential Further Mathematics Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry

3 ABCDE is a regular pentagon.

Area of trapezium WXYZ = 1 (a + b)(a + b) 2 EYZ + area of EWX + area of

Essential Further Mathematics Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry

5.32 + 6.12 = 8.080 . . .

1 Draw a diagram. Let x be the length of the short side.

5.62 + y 2 = 8.62 (Pythagoras) y 2 = 8.62 5.62

8.62 5.62 = 6.526 . . .

The length is 6.53 cm, correct to two decimal places.

Let x m be the length of the shorter side.

1302 1002 = 83.066 . . .

2 In each of the following nd the value of x, correct to two decimal places. a

Essential Further Mathematics Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry

10 Find the value of x.

11 How high is the kite above the ground?

Examples Any two circles are similar to each other.

Any two squares are similar to each other.

A rectangle similar to R1 is:

corresponding sides are in the same ratio

AB BC AC = = =k AB BC AC k is the scale factor.

Essential Further Mathematics Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry

Similar triangles ABC,

Find the value of length of side AC in correct to two decimal places.

5 x = 3.013 6.25 5 x= 3.013 6.25 = 2.4104

The length of side AC is 2.41 cm, correct to two decimal places.

3 x = x +6 5.5 5.5x = 3(x + 6) = 3x + 18 18 = 7.2 2.5

The length of side AB is 7.2 cm.

Essential Further Mathematics Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry

2 Given that AD = 14, ED = 12, BC = 15 and EB = 4, nd AC, AE and AB.

Volumes and surface areas

Answers will be in cubic units; i.e. mm3 , cm3 , m3 etc.

Area of cross-section = r 2 = 32 = 28.27 cm 2

Essential Further Mathematics Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry

Volume = 28.27 4 = 113.10 cm 3 (correct to two decimal places)

Cube (all edges x cm)

Rectangular prism (length l cm, width w cm, height h cm)

For the square pyramid shown:

= 266.7 cm3 (correct to one decimal place)

Volume and surface area of a sphere

= 268.08 cm3 (two d.p.)

Find the surface area of a sphere with radius 10 cm.

Surface area of sphere = 4r 2 = 4 102 = 1256.64 cm2 (2 d.p.)

Volume of a sphere and a cone

1 Volume of cone = r 2h 3 1 = 42 10 3 = 167.55 cm3 (two d.p.)