4.0 Mathematical reasoning 4.1. Y or N 2 + 3 = 5 is a statement because it is true , a true statement 2 + 3 = 6 is a statement because it is false , a false statement.

2 + 3 = x is a not a statement because it cant identify as true of false. 4.2. Front All prime numbers are odd number - false because 2 is an even prime number(one contradiction) All pentagons has 5 sides - true Some quadrilateral are rhombus Some triangles have 3 sides 4.3.Middle 3>2 1 (9 + 4) = 9+4 0 -7 > -5 0 x+3>x3 1 or + or + and x and x 42 = 8 0 32 = 9 1 3-2 = 1/9 1 42 + 52 > (4 + 5)2 0 0 false 1 true 1 true - true - false

false x=2

x + 5 = 7 if and only if x = 2

: Implication 1 : If x + 5 = 7 then Implication 2 : If x = 2

then x + 5 = 7

P U Q = P if and only if Q P : Implication 1 : If P U Q = P then Q P Implication 2 : If Q P 4.4. Converse ( 2nd implication ) If x > 10 Converse If x > 5 4.5. Argument. 4.5.1 Premise 1 Premise 2 : Conclusion : 4.5.2 Premise 1 Premise 2 : Conclusion : 4.5.3a : All even number is divisible by 2. 16 is an even number 16 is divisible by 2. : If a number x is divisible by 6 then x is divisible by 3 24 is divisible by 6 24 is divisible by 3 then then x > 5 x > 10 then P U Q = P

( False )

Premise 1 : If x is an even number then x2 is even number Premise 2 : 52 is not even number. Conclusion : 5 is not an even number. 4.5.3b Premise 1 : If p > q then p + 2 > q + 2 Premise 2 : p+2<q+2 Conclusion : p<q 4.5.3c. Premise 1 : If a point P lies on y axis then the x-coordinate is = 0 Premise 2 : the x-ordinate of point M 0 Conclusion : Point M do not lies on y-axis

Exercise 4.6. (1) Premise 1 : If m is a factor of 12 then m is a factor of 36. Premise 2 : Conclusion : (2) 4 is a factor of 12.

Premise 1 : If perimeter of a square is 12 cm, then its area is 16 cm2 Premises 2 : .. Conclusion : Area of the square PQRS is 16 cm2.

(3) Premise 1 : If x = y , then y 2 = x Premise 2 : Conclusion : 4 2 = 16

(4) Premise 1 : If the product of the gradients of two lines is 1, then they are perpendicular to each other. Premise 2 : Conclusion : (5) Premise 1 : If Premises 2 : Conclusion : (6) Premise 1 : If Premises 2 : Conclusion : (7) Premise 1 : Premises 2 : Conclusion : (8) Premise 1 : Premise 2 : Conclusion : The average of 4 number is not 25. The sum of the 4 numbers is not 100. The area of the circle R is not 25 cm2. The radius of circle R is not 5 cm. m is not a negative number. p <q m is a negative number then 2 m < 0. p > q , then p + 4 > q + 4 Line PQ and RS are not perpendicular to each other.

4.7 Deduction and Induction. 9. Make a general conclusion by induction for the following sequences. (e1) 5 = ( 0 ) + 5 6 =(1) + 5 7 =(2) + 5 8= (3) + 5 .............. ( )+5 (n)+5 n+5 n = 0,1,2 . . .
(a) 3 = 1= 5= 9= 4(0) 4(1) 4(2) 4(3)

(e2)

3=2( 2 ) 1 5=2( 3 ) 1 7=2( 4 ) 1 9=2( 5 ) 1 .............. 2( ) 1 2( n) 1 2n 1 n = 2,3,4 . . .

(e3) 3 4 7 12

=(0)2 + 3 =(1)2 +3 =(2)2 + 3 =(3)2 + 3 ( )2+3 (n)2 +3 (Identify the trend) Copy the unchanged terms. Replace changed term ( the sequence) as n. state the values of n (3 # + 3 ..)

..............

n2 + 3

n = 0,1,2 . . .

3
3 3 3

(b) 6 = 2 (1 )2 + 4
12 = 2 (2 ) + 4 22 = 2 (3 )2 + 4 36 = 2 (4 )2 + 4
2

..............

.............

(c) 12 = 2 ( 3 ) 2 6 (d) 1 = 7 (2) 3 20 = 7 (3) 3 26 = 2 (4 ) 2 6 57 = 7 (4) 3 44 = 2 (5 ) 2 6 128 = 7 (5) 3 66 = 2 (6 ) 2 6 .............. ..............

(e) 35 = 4 ( 3 ) 2 1 63 = 4 (4 ) 2 1 99 = 4 (5 ) 2 1 143 = 4 (6 ) 2 1 ..............

(f) 1 = 2 1 1 3 = 22 1 7 = 23 1 15 = 2 4 1 ..............

(g) 10 = 13 = 19 = 31 =

3x20+7 3x21+7 3x22+7 3x23+7

(h) 19 = 42 + 3 67 = 43 + 3 259 = 44 + 3 1028 = 45 + 3

..............

..............

(i) 4 = 3 x 1 + 1
13 = 3 x 4 + 1 28 = 3 x 9 + 1 49 = 3 x 16 + 1

(j)

6= 12 = 20 = 30 =

3 4 5 6

x x x x

2 3 4 5

..............

..............

4.8 Deduction and Induction. Deduction All triangles has the sum of the interior angles of 180o Induction The sum of the interior angles of triangle ABC = 180. The sum of the interior angles of triangle DEF = 180. The sum of the interior angles of triangle GHI = 180. All triangles has the sum of the interior angles of 180o

PQR is a triangle The sum of the interior angle of triangle PQR is 180o 10.

The number of subsets in a set with 2 elements is 22. The number of subsets in a set with 2 elements is 23. The number of subsets in a set with 2 elements is 24. Based on the information above , make a general conclusion by induction regarding the number of subsets in a set with k elements ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11. It is given that the interior angle of a regular polygon of n sides is (1 ) 180 . Make one conclusion by deduction on the size of the interior angle of a regular hexagon. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12. The nth term of an arithmetic progression is given by 3n + n2. Make conclusion by deduction the value of 10th term. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 n

Answer 1 4 is a factor of 36 2 Perimeter of square PQRS is 12 cm 3 16 = 4. 4 The product of gradients of line PQ and RS is not 1 . 5 p + 4 < q + 4. 6 2m > 0 7 If the radius of a circle is 5 cm, then its area is 25 cm2 8 If the sum of 4 numbers is 100 then its average is 25. 9a 4n 3 , n = 0,1,2, . . . 9b 2n2 + 4 , n = 1,2,3, . . . 9c 2n2 6 , n = 3,4,5, . . . 9d 7 n3 , n = 2, 3 ,4 , . . . 9e 4n2 1 , n = 3,4,5, . . . 9f 2n 1, n = 1,2,3 , . . . 9g 3(2n) + 7 , n = 0,1,2, . . . 9h 4n + 3 , n = 2,3,4, . . . 9i 3n2 + 1 , n = 1,2,3, . . . 9j ( n + 1 ) n or n2 + n , n = 2,3,4, . . . Or( n) ( n 1 ) or n2 n , n = 3,4,5, . . . 10. The number of subsets in a set with k elements is 2k. 11. The interior angle of a regular hexagon is 120 12. 130.
2 2 0 o (1 ) 180 = 1 (6) 180 = 120 n