A STUDY ON ACID, BASE AND SALT

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An Experimental Report Presented to Teacher Merlyn A. Inandan High School Department STO. NIO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL Rosario, Batangas

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In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Subject Chemistry III

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JOHN CHRISTOPHER L. AUSTRIA III- St. James February 10, 2012

I.

Introduction Compounds, which is a combination of two or more elements joined together chemically

and can also be broken down into its simpler forms or which where it started. They have a unique and defined chemical structure. Chemical changes take place and energy is released when it is formed. The molecule is the basic unit of compounds There are plenty of compounds present these days. Some of which are the calcium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium oxide, ammonium sulfate and many others. Sugar, water and sodium chloride (salt) are also some examples of compounds which we commonly use in our daily lives. There are also some of them which play an important part or functions in our bodies just like the hemoglobin contained in our red blood cells and different hormones like thyroxin. There are two classifications of compounds: the organic and inorganic. These classifications are based on an experiment done by Friedrich Wohler. Organic compounds are any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. They have an explicit biological origin. Methane is the simplest form of an organic compound. Other examples are alcohols, vitamins, polymers and many others. Meanwhile, inorganic compounds have traditionally been considered to be non-living, non-biological origin. Unlike organic compounds, inorganic ones do not contain carbon though there are some carbon-containing compounds which are classified as inorganic like calcium carbide, sodium carbonate and others. These classifications of compounds can be further classified into acids, bases or salts. They maybe naturally produced or synthetically made. Acids, bases and salts are among the most important compound widely used and produced. But, whatever they are made of, we can say that they have a beneficial role in our

daily living. For instance, the foods we eat, the household cleansers, the cosmetic products and many more which all of us cant deny are a big part of our living. Without such compounds, these things wouldnt have existed. On the other hand, along with the said advantages, we couldnt also avoid the fact that there are some products made from these compounds that could bring us its disadvantages. Just for an example are the acids and bases which are corrosive. This means that they can damage the skin and even dissolve certain materials. But, with the knowledge that we have, people are the reason for the existence of these kinds of products, we should be responsible and careful when dealing with such beneficial yet, dangerous compounds. With the proper handling, we will be able to further use the said compounds to our advantages. II. Statement of the problem This study aims to classify compounds as acid, base or salt and to observe the color changes of some substances using different indicators through an experiment. Specifically, it aims to provide answers to the following: 1. What are the characteristics of acids, base and salt through some chemical systems in terms of their: 1.1 Color; 1.2 Odor and 1.3 Taste? 2. What are the color changes of acid, base and salt through some chemical systems using: 2.1Phenolphthalein; 2.2 Methyl Orange;

2.3 Bromthymol blue; 2.4 Red litmus paper and 2.5 Blue litmus paper? 3. Which of the chemical systems are acid, base and salt? 4. What are the names of the acids, bases or salts present in the chemical systems? 5. In totality, what are the differences between acid, base and salt? III. Materials To achieve the answers from the questions stated in the previous part of the paper, we used some materials needed for an experiment. The materials are: 30 bottle caps or gravy containers, a pair of scissors, transparent tape, 3 medicine droppers, tissue/ toilet paper, 3 pieces of (Philippine lemon) calamansi, toothpaste, 3 plastic glass, antacid, a sachet of shampoo, spot plate, 2 beakers, stirring rod, mortar and pestle, spatula, Petri dish, methyl orange, phenolphthalein, Bromthymol blue, red litmus paper, blue litmus paper, activity sheets and handouts. IV. Methodology To obtain accurate answers from the queries stated in the statement of the problem, the following procedures are done: First, place each sample in a bottle cap and then, label the caps A-J. Second, observe the materials by determining their color, odor and taste. Record your observations in the table given. Third, add 3 drops of phenolphthalein in each cap. Fourth, observe any color change and record your observation in the table given. Fifth, get another set of clean caps. Repeat steps 1, 3 and 4 using methyl orange indicator and then with Bromthymol blue indicator. Sixth, on a spot plate (Petri dish), dab each sample

using stirring rod on a small piece of red litmus paper. Note the color change in litmus paper. Seventh, repeat step 6 using blue litmus paper. Enter your observation in the table given. Lastly, classify the compound as acid, base or salt according to the information below:

Indicator Phenolphthalein Methyl Orange Bromthymol blue Red litmus paper Blue litmus paper

Acid Colorless Red/ Orange Red/ Yellow Red Red

Base Pink-red violet Yellow Green/ Blue Blue Blue

Salt Colorless Yellow Orange No Color change No Color change

VI. Analysis

Base from the presented data, chemical systems were observed and analyzed through the following: In terms of color, calamansi juice is yellow; vinegar is amber yellow; toothpaste, detergent powder, shampoo, table salt and cuticle remover are white; soft drinks and declogger are colorless and antacid is pink. In terms of odor, calamansi juice and vinegar are sour; toothpaste, detergent powder, shampoo and soft drinks are sweet and antacid, cuticle remover, declogger and table salt are odorless. In terms of taste, calamansi juice and vinegar taste sour; toothpaste is minty; detergent powder, antacid, shampoo and cuticle remover taste bitter; soft drinks is sweet and table salt is salty. Using Phenolphthalein, calamansi juice, toothpaste, vinegar, antacid, shampoo, soft drinks and table salt remained in their color; detergent powder and declogger turned red violet and cuticle remover turned pink. Using Methyl Orange, calamansi juice, vinegar and soft drinks turned red; toothpaste, detergent powder, antacid and cuticle remover turned yellow and shampoo, declogger and table salt turned orange. Using Bromthymol blue, calamansi juice, vinegar, shampoo, and soft drinks turned yellow; toothpaste and table salt turned green and detergent powder, antacid, cuticle remover and declogger turned blue.

In detergent powder, antacid, cuticle remover, declogger and table salt, red litmus paper turned into blue while in calamansi, toothpaste, vinegar, shampoo and soft drinks, red litmus paper remained in its color. In calamansi, toothpaste, vinegar, shampoo and soft drinks, blue litmus paper turned into red while in detergent powder, antacid, cuticle remover, declogger and table salt, blue litmus paper remained in its color. To sum up all the data gathered, calamansi, vinegar, shampoo and soft drinks were found out to be acids. Meanwhile, detergent powder, antacid, cuticle remover and declogger were found out to be bases. And lastly, toothpaste and table salt as salts. VII. Conclusion After the experiment, we found out that calamansi juice, vinegar, shampoo and soft drinks are examples of acids; detergent powder, antacid, cuticle remover and declogger are examples of bases and toothpaste and table salt are examples of salts. And, with all the data that were gathered, acids, bases and salts were defined base on their observed properties. First is the acid which has a sour taste, changes blue litmus paper into red, has pH less than 7, neutralizes base, reacts with metals such as Calcium and bases like Sodium Carbonate and can either be strong, moderate or weak. Some of them are corrosive. It also releases hydrogen ion when dissolved in water and is formed out of a nonmetallic oxide combined with water. Meanwhile, base which is the chemical opposite of acid has a bitter biting taste, has a soapy and slippery feeling and turns red litmus paper into blue. Also, base has a pH greater than 7, neutralizes acid and can either be strong, moderate or weak. It also releases hydroxide or hydroxyl ion when dissolved in water and is formed out of a metallic oxide

combined with water. And lastly is the salt which has a salty taste, is formed out of reacting acid and base and can either be neutral, basic or acidic. It is also said to be neutral along with water VIII. Application

Acids, bases, and salts are vitally involved with life processes, agriculture, industry, and the Environment. The most widely produced chemical is an acid, sulfuric acid. The secondranking chemical, lime is a base. Another base, ammonia, ranks fourth in annual chemical production. Among salts, sodium chloride is widely produced as an industrial chemical, potassium chloride is a source of essential potassium fertilizer, and sodium carbonate is used in huge quantities for glass and paper manufacture, and for water treatment. The salt content and the acidbase balance of blood must stay within very narrow limits to keep a person healthy, or even alive. Soil with too much acid or excessive base will not support good crop growth. Too much salt in irrigation water may prevent crops from growing. This is a major agricultural problem in arid regions of the world such as the mid-East and Californias Imperial Valley. The high salt content of irrigation water discharged to the Rio Grande River has been a source of dispute between the U.S. and Mexico that has been resolved to a degree by installation of a large desalination (salt removal) plant by the U.S.