Universitt Konstanz Fachbereich Literaturwissenschaft Anglistik/Amerikanistik

www.uni-konstanz.de/ang-ame 07/2007

CITATION-GUIDE
The following instructions are based on the MLA-conventions (Modern Language Association) and are applicable to both primary and secondary literature. Contents
I. How to Write a Bibliography 1. General 2. Monographs 3. Collections of Essays/Articles; [Anthologies] 4. Essays/Articles; [Poems/Short Stories] 5. Web Sources II. How to Format Footnotes and Bibliographical References in the Text 1. Footnotes 2. Bibliographical References in the Text

I. How to Write a Bibliography

1. General
Bibliographies contain all (or, as the case may be, the most important) of the titles consulted and absolutely ALL of the titles quoted from (directly and indirectly). Titles are listed alphabetically by the authors'/editors' surnames; if several titles by the same author/editor appear, they are sorted in alphabetical order (ignoring articles "a"/"an" and "the," i.e. Brown, John. "The Critical Reception of " would come before Brown, John. "Modernist Poetry ..."). Each entry ends with a period.

Examples: Monograph: Edited collection: Journal article: 2 authors + 2 editors +

Surname, first name [initial]. Title. Place: Publisher, Year. Surname, first name [initial] (ed.) Title. Place: Publisher, Year. Surname, first name [initial]. "Title." Journal Title Volume.Number (Year): page-page. Surname1, first name1/first name2 surname2. Title. / "Title." Surname1, first name1/first name2 surname2 (eds.) Title. / "Title."

1.1 Name of Author/Editor only one period after initial. Baker, Houston A. Modernism (NOT: Baker, Houston A.. Modernism ) if there is more than one author/editor: list by slash (alphabetically, unless the book's title page gives a different order). Gilbert, Sandra M./Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic 1.2 Titles ! in English titles, all words are capitalized. Exceptions: lower case for short prepositions, articles, and conjunctions (unless they appear at the beginning of a title or subtitle). [German or French titles, in contrast, appear in regular upper and lower case.] ! titles of monographs, essay collections, journals, and films appear in italics. ! titles of essays/articles, book chapters, short stories, poems, and songs appear "in quotation marks". colon between title and subtitle. Stam, Robert (ed.) Literature and Film: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Film Adaptation. Malden: if the title cites another book title, the latter does not appear in italics. Jenkins, Sarah. The Women in Ulysses. New York: ... 1.3 Place, Publisher, Miscellaneous names of publishers without "Press," "Publishers," "Books" etc. except for university publishing houses! Coach House, 1999 (not: Coach House Press, 1999) but!: University of New Mexico Press, 1995 if more than one place and/or publisher: list by slash. New York/London: Scribner's, 1991 number of edition or volume after title. Riesman, David. The Lonely Crowd. 2nd ed. New Haven: C.F. Klinck (ed.) Literary History of Canada. Vol. 2. Toronto: if a book has appeared within a series: name of series (here: Reappraisal: Canadian Writers) and number of volume (here: 30) after title. Moss, John/Tobi Kozakewich (eds.) Margaret Atwood: The Open Eye. Reappraisals: Canadian Writers 30. Ottawa:

2. Monographs (i.e. books that have, usually, a single author)

Surname, first name. Title. Place: Publisher, Year. e.g.: Mergenthal, Silvia. A Fast-Forward Version of England:Constructions of Englishness in Contemporary Fiction. Heidelberg: Winter, 2003. e.g.: Byatt, A.S. The Biographer's Tale. London: Chatto & Windus, 2000. e.g.: Assmann, Aleida. Der lange Schatten der Vergangenheit: Erinnerungskultur und Geschichtspolitik. Mnchen: C.H. Beck, 2006.

Please note: if someone other than the author has edited the book: name of editor after the title. Hurston, Zora Neale. The Complete Stories. Ed. Henry Louis Gates. New York: ...

3. Collections of Essays/Articles (i.e. books that collect different authors under the name of one or more editors)
Surname, first name (ed.) Title. Place: Publisher, Year. e.g.: Nischik, Reingard M. (ed.) The Canadian Short Story: Interpretations. Rochester, N.Y.: Camden House, 2007. e.g.: Bryant, Marsha (ed.) Photo-Textualities: Reading Photographs and Literature. Newark/London: University of Delaware Press/Associated University Presses, 1996. Surname1, first name1/first name2 surname2 (eds.) Title. Place, Publisher, Year. e.g.: Rive, Philip/Patricia Waugh (eds.) Modern Literary Theory: A Reader. London: Arnold, 1996.

Please note: after "(ed.)" no second period. Hansom, Paul (ed.) Literary Modernism and Photography (not: Hansom, Paul (ed.). Literary ) if several editors, use plural form "(eds.)" and list by slash (alphabetically, unless the book's title page gives a different order). Ahrens, Rdiger/Laurenz Volkmann (eds.) Why Literature Matters: Theories and Functions of Literature. Heidelberg: more than three editors: Smith, Peter et al. (eds.) Essays on

German titles use "(Hg.)" (one editor) and "(Hgg.)" (several editors). [If the German title appears within a bibliography dominated by English titles, a consistent use of "(ed.)" and "(eds.)" also for German titles is preferable, though.] Gro, Konrad/Wolfgang Kloo/Reingard M. Nischik (Hgg.) Kanadische Literaturgeschichte. Stuttgart/Weimar: Metzler, 2005. apart from secondary literature in the form of essays or articles, collections may also gather short literary texts by different authors, e.g. poems or short stories (in this case, one speaks of anthologies). Stavans, Ilan (ed.) The Oxford Book of Jewish Stories. New York:

4. Essays/Articles (i.e. texts that are published in journals or collections alongside other texts by other authors)
4.1 Articles in journals Surname, first name. "Title." Journal Title Volume.Issue ([Month] Year): page-page. e.g.: Abley, Mark. "Quiet Desperation." Books in Canada 12.10 (December 1983): 18-23. e.g.: Gruber, Eva. "Humour in Contemporary Native Canadian Literature Reimagining Nativeness." Zeitschrift fr Kanada-Studien 47.2 (2005): 103-113. e.g.: Bal, Mieke. "The Narrating and the Focalizing: A Theory of the Agents in Narrative." Style 17 (1983): 234-269.

4.2 Articles in collections Surname, first name. "Title." In Editor (ed.) Title of Collection/Anthology. Place: Publisher, Year: page-page. e.g.: Rosenthal, Caroline. "Comparing Mythologies: The Canadian North versus the American West." In Lothar Hnnighausen et al. (eds.) Regionalism in the Age of Globalism. Vol 2.: Forms of Regionalism. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2005: 283-291. [*]

[*] If the title of the book (in which the article appears) is also listed separately in the bibliography, an abbreviated reference suffices, indicating only the editor's surname, the year of publication, and the page numbers. Rosenthal, Caroline. "Comparing Mythologies: The Canadian North versus the American West." In Hnnighausen 2005: 283-291.

Please note: period at the end of the title comes before quotation mark. Bhabha, Homi K. "Of Mimicry and Men: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse." In Philip Rive/Patricia Waugh (eds.) Modern Literary Theory: A Reader. London: Arnold, 1996: 360-367. colon before page number(s). if a title contains a quote, the latter appears in single quotation marks. Nestvold-Mack, Ruth. "'Lies Will Flow from My Lips': On the Relationship between Women's Writing and Women's Experience." American Studies if a title contains a book title, the latter appears in italics. Banerjee, Chinmoy. "Alice in Disneyland: Criticism as Commodity in The Handmaid's Tale." Essays on Canadian Writing analogues to essays/articles in collections: - chapters in books by one and the same author Brooker, Peter. "City of Modernity." In New York Fictions: Modernity, Postmodernism, The New Modern. Studies in Twentieth-Century Literature. London/New York: Longman, 1996: 27-79. - (shorter) literary texts in anthologies (poems, short stories, etc.) Hughes, Langston. "The Negro Speaks of Rivers." In Nina Baym (ed.) The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 6th ed. Vol. D. New York/London: Norton, 2003: 1982.

5. Web Sources (i.e. an article/text passage on a web site, an article in an online journal, or e-mail-communication)
Please also consult MLA-homepage: <http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/557/01/> 5.1 Complete Web site Name of Site. Date of posting/revision. Name of institution/organization affiliated with site. Date of access <electronic address>. e.g.: The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. 26 Aug. 2005. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. 17 July 2007 <http://owl.english.purdue.edu>.

5.2 Article on a web site Surname, first name. "Title." Name of web site. Date of posting/revision. Name of institution/organization affiliated with site. Date of access <electronic address>. e.g.: Poland, Dave. "The Hot Button." Roughcut. 26 Oct. 1998. Turner Network Television. 28 Oct. 1998 <www.roughcut.com>.

5.3 Article in an online journal Surname, first name. "Title." Journal Title Volume.Issue (Year): Pages/Paragraphs. Date of access <electronic address>. 5.4 E-mail communication Surname, first name. "Title [if any]." E-mail to person's name. Date of message. e.g. Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist Literature." E-mail to the author. 15 Nov. 2000. e.g. Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist Literature." E-mail to John Barbato. 1 Dec. 2000.

Please note: It is absolutely necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated or deleted. Put angled bracket (< >) around the electronic address. Wikipedia is NOT an acceptable web source for writing academic papers! Please only consult and quote from web sources that provide verifiable and reliable information.

II. How to Format Footnotes and Bibliographical References in the Text

1. Footnotes
Footnotes supplement the main text: - they are used to provide additional information on a given topic, sketch a wider context, or to underline one's argument with the help of secondary literature - they might contain only bibliographical references or form a longer text themselves. Monographs: Belsey, Caroline, Culture and the Real: Theorizing Cultural Criticism, London/New York: Routledge, 2005: 145. abbreviated as: Belsey 2005: 145. Articles: Abley, Mark, "Quiet Desperation," Books in Canada 12.10 (December 1983): 18-23, here 19. abbreviated as: Abley 1983: 19.

Articles in edited collections:

Bhabha, Homi K., "Of Mimicry and Men: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse," In Philip Rive/Patricia Waugh (eds.) Modern Literary Theory: A Reader, London: Arnold, 1996: 360-367. abbreviated as : Bhabha in Rive/Waugh 1996: 360-367.

Please note: in general, footnotes follow the same rules as bibliographies (see I.); one basic difference, however, is the use of commas between author's name, title, and place. footnote: Belsey, Caroline, Culture and the Real: Theorizing Cultural Criticism, London/New York: Routledge, 2005. bibliography: Belsey, Caroline. Culture and the Real: Theorizing Cutural Criticism. London/New York: Routledge, 2005. footnotes are often introduced by "see" or "see also." footnotes start with a capital letter and end with a period. See also Baym 2003: 156. For further information on this argument, consult Fowler 2005: 28. footnotes either refer to a whole book or article (a) or to specific excerpt indicated by page number(s) (b+c). (a) Belsey, Caroline, Culture and the Real: Theorizing Cultural Criticism, London/New York: Routledge, 2005. (b) Belsey, Caroline, Culture and the Real: Theorizing Cultural Criticism, London/New York: Routledge, 2005: 145. (c) Abley, Mark, "Quiet Desperation," Books in Canada 12.10 (December 1983): 18-23, here 19. if a title is referred to for the first time, give complete bibliographical information; if the same title is referred to thereafter, an abbreviated reference suffices (indicating only the author's surname, the year of publication, and the page numbers). See Abley 1983: 18-23. See Abley 1983: 19. when citing an article from a collection, also indicate the editor. Bhabha in Rive/Waugh 1996: 363.

2. Bibliographical References in the Text

Please note: bibliographical references in the main text indicate the source of a (direct or indirect) quotation [*] - they consist of an abbreviated version of the complete biographical data given in the paper's bibliography. - they are inserted in the main text itself in parentheses.

as has been argued by several critics (see Brown 1996: 67), literature by ethnic minorities has had a major impact in recent years. Hughes's poem closes on the line "My soul has grown deep like the rivers" (Hughes in Baym 2003: 1892). bibliographical references in the text are preferable to footnotes when working with a lot of direct quotations (to avoid an excessive number of footnotes). it is also possible, when working with a lot of quotations from one and the same text, to give from the second quotation onwards just the page number in parentheses directly after the quote. The narrator "was looking at the windows" (Byatt 2000: 1), wondering "whether to tell him about the dirty window" (4).

[*] note: shorter quotations are integrated into the main text and appear in quotation marks; longer quotations (> 5 lines) are usually indented ("Blockzitat") and appear without quotation marks.
If in doubt and regarding cases not covered here consult the MLA-website at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/557/01/ or: Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1999. [eng 310:uk/g41(5)]