DESIGN OF FIR DIGITAL FILTERS

Solution 17.1
Rectangular window:
N-1
WR (ej) n=-N+l 2N-2
e-jwn

=
n=O

e-j(n-N+l)

2N-2 e -jw(-N+l)
n=0

e-

jw(-N+l)

1-ejw(2N-l)
1-e~jW

WR ( e W)

sin ((2N-1),,)
2
WRW

sin

The width of the main lobe is 27. N

Bartlett window:

Define w R(n) = 1 = 0 Then w 0 < n < 'N

4
2N-1

which, for N>> 1 is approximately

otherwise 1) = 1~ w (n) * w R (n) R N (with N = M + 1).

-N

(n -

N +

From Eq. 7.76 of the text

WR(e

)=e

-j

(N-i)

sin si

sin

Therefore
(e) WB W W (e 1
N)

wN
sin
_K
__

(Sin -T

In this case the width of the main lobe is N

which is twice that for the rectangular window.

S17.1

Raised cosine window:

N-l

WH(e

)
-(N-l)
N-1

a + Cos (Tr)n

e-jon

N-1

N-1

jwn e c~2 +
-(N-l) -(N-l)

e-jn(w

) +

e -jn

(w-

N-1

sin

(o (2N-1
sin 2

2N-l

sin[

(-iTV

2N-l

sin

(w---)

Assuming that N >> 1, this can be rewritten as

sinwN
)=a_ WH(e WH~ec sin

T) sin (Nw +

sin (Nw-TV) sin (Nw-Tr)

+ 2

2N Lsin-(Nw+7)

This is the superposition of three terms as sketched in

Figure S17.1-l.

sin W N sin -

sin

(NO+-T)

2N1

s sin (NWsin

7T) (Nw-T)

TV

2TV

-N

Figure S17.1-1
which From this figure we observe that the first values of w for Consequently for this the superposition will be zero are w =
-.

window also, the width of the main lobe isN.

S17.2

Solution 17.2
(a) Since h1 (n) and h2 (n) are related by a circular shift, their

DFTs are related by

H2 (k) 2

W 4kH 1 ((k) 8 H

(-l)kH1 (k) k

Thus, their magnitudes are equal.

Since the DFT corresponds to samples of the Fourier transform,
the values of H1 (k) are the samples of H1 (ejW) indicated in
(b) Figure S17.2-1

H (e

)W

DFT values

-7T

7T

Figure S17.2-1
From (a), H2 (k)
=

(-1)kH (k).

Thus the values H2 (k) are as indicated

Since these alternate in polarity, the continuous frequency response of which these are samples, must go through zero in between these samples as indicated. in Figure S17.2-2.

S17.3

H2 (ejW

, '
\

-T

TI

Figure S17.2-2
Thus h2 (n) obviously does not correspond to a good low pass filter,
even though the magnitude of its DFT values are identical to those
of the low pass filter h (n).

Solution 17.3
H (eJW) d transform of E(e W),

(a) Since E(eJW)

H(e 3), and e(n) is the inverse Fourier

e(n) = hd(n)

h(n).

Tr (b) e2 1
-1?

JE(ejw)1 2 dw

7T +00

f[

n=-o

.i

+00

E e(n)e(k)ej wnejwk
k=-0

dw

Interchanging the order of integration and summation

+00 +00

e 2= 1

e (n) e (k) J

ejw (k-n) dw

=0
=27

k = n

S17.4

Thus, 2 2

e n=-co

(n)

(c)

From the results of parts (a) and (b),

E:=

+o 2 E [hd(n)-h(n)]
n=-o

or, since h(n) = 0, n < 0 and n > N,

2 2 N-1 E2 = EQ [hd(n)-h(n)]2
n=0

*O 2 E h d(n) + n=N n=-o

-l

h hd(n).

Clearly, the choice of h(n) cannot affect the last summations. first is non-negative and consequently its minimum value is zero which is achieved for h(n)
=

The

hd(n).

It should be stressed that although a rectangular window minimizes

the mean square error, it does not generally result in the best
frequency characteristic in terms, for example of passband or
stopband ripple.

SL7. 5

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Resource: Digital Signal Processing

Prof. Alan V. Oppenheim

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