PR 1 Dinsis MS FTMD ITB, 15/02/2012

Ahmad Fathy 13110071

1. Obtain two linear approximation s of the function f() = sin , one valid near = /4 rad and the other valid near = 3/4 rad. = /4 = 3/4

2. The population data for a certain country are given here. Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Population (millions) 10 10.5 11.1 11.6 12.2 12.8 Plot the data and obtain a function that describes the data. Estimate when the population will be double its 1990 size. x = additional years x = y 1990 describe data is semilog (exponential function) y = b(10)mx y = 9.98 (10)0.035x 0.035x if y = 20 , then log 20 = log 9.98 + log(10) 0.035x = (log 20 log 9.98)/ log 10 x = 8.63 3. The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes to decay by half. The half-life of carbon- 14, which is used for dating previously living things, is 5500 years. When an organism dies, it stops accumulating carbon-14. The carbon- 14 present at the time of death decays with time. Let C(t)/C(0) be the fraction of carbon-14 remaining at time t. In radioactive carbon dating, it is usually assumed that the remaining fraction decays exponentially according to the formula
C t e bt C 0

a. Use the half-life of carbon-14 to find the value of the parameter b and plot the function.
C(t)/C(0) = 0.5 -> t = 500 years 0.5 = e5500b b = ln(0.5)/5500 = 1.2603 104

b. Suppose we estimate that 90% of the original carbon-14 remains. Estimate how long ago the organism died.
t = ln[C(t)/C(0)]/b ; C(t)/C(0) = 0.9 b = 1.2603104 The answer is 836 years. Thus the organism died 836 years ago.

c. Suppose our estimate of b is off by 1 %. How does this affect the age estimate in part (b)?
b = 1.1(1.2603 104) ; t = ln(0.9)/b = 760 b = 0.9(1.2603 104) ; t = ln(0.9)/b = 928

4. Quenching is the process of immersing a hot metal object in a bath for a specified time to improve properties such as hardness. A copper sphere 25 mm in diameter, initially at 300C, is immersed in a bath at 0C. Measurements of the spheres temperature versus time are shown here. Plot the data and find a functional description of the data. Time (s) Temperature(C) 0 0.1 300 150 0.2 75 0.3 35 0.4 12 0.5 0.6 5 0

semilog plot of the data gives something close to a straight line, exponential function y = b(10)mx ; m = 3.67 , b = 356 y = be(m ln 10)x = 356e8.451x time constant is 1 / 8.451 = 0.1183 s. least squares method are y = 356.0199(10)3.6709x

5. Use the least-squares method to fit the power function y = bxm to the data given in the following table. Evaluate the quality of the fit by computing J, S and r2. x 0 y 1 1 2 3 4 8 50 178 490

Plot the data on a loglog plot. The power function delete the first data point to avoid taking the logarithm of 0. approximately y = 7x3 ; m = 2.9448, b = 7.4053 J = 2.7494 103 ; S = 1.1218 105 ; r2 = 0.9755