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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
OMTEX - CLASSES
SCIENCE
OMTEX - CLASSES
“THE HO ME OF TEXT”
SCIENCE
NAM E
Std . Di v.
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“ROME WAS NOT BUILD IN A DAY”
S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
INDEX
CHAPTER NAME NO
1. FUELS 3
2. HEAT 16
3. MODERN PHYSISCS 21
1. DIETARY DEFICIENCY DISEASES 28
2. DISEASES DUE TO OVERINTAKE OF SOME NUTRIENTS. 36
3. FOOD WASTAGE 40
4. FACTORS CAUSING FOOD SPOILAGE 46
5. HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES 53
6. BIOSPHERE 61
7. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 66
8. RECYCLING OF WASTE MATERIALS 78
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S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
FUELS
Q1. Define
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“ROME WAS NOT BUILD IN A DAY”
S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
FUELS
5. A nuclear reactor has thicker cover. (or)
A thick coat of radiation absorbent materials is used around the
atomic reactor.
Ans.
1. Nuclear energy production in an atomic reactor is accompanied by release
of radioactive pollutants and harmful radiation’s
2. These pollutants also produce harmful radiation, which are highly
penetrating.
3. This radiation’s cause irreparable damage to the body cells. They cause
hereditary changes.
4. This radiation’s should be prevented from leaking out. Hence, a nuclear
reactor has a thicker cover.
7. Hydrogen is not used as domestic fuel, even though it has high calorific
value.
Ans.
1. Hydrogen gas us explosive.
2. It forms explosive mixture with air. It is very difficult to handle hydrogen.
Hence, hydrogen is not used as domestic fuel, even though it has high calorific
value.
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S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
FUELS
9. Petroleum is a fossil fuel.
Ans.
1. Petroleum is formed from the remains of micro – organisms living under the
sea.
2. When these organisms die, they sunk to the bottom of the sea and are
gradually covered by sand and clay.
3. Due to the action of heat, pressure and certain catalytic actions taking place
over millions of years, these remains are converted into a mixture of
hydrocarbons called petroleum. Such remains are called fossil fuels. Hence,
petroleum is a fossil fuel.
10. Gaseous fuels are superior to the solid and liquid fuels.
Ans.
1. They are extremely clean and convenient to use.
2. The burn almost instantaneously to provide heat energy.
3. The combustion of gaseous fuels can be easily controlled.
4. They have high calorific value.
5. They do not produce any solid waste products.
6. They can be transported easily and can be supplied through pipes at any
distant place. Hence, Gaseous fuels are superior to the solid and liquid fuels.
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S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
FUELS
13. L.P.G is an ideal fuel.
Ans.
1. L.P.G is liquefied petroleum gas. It contains butane and isobutene. The mixture
is liquefied and filled in cylinders.
2. Hence, it is easy to handle and transport.
3. When the valve of the cylinder is opened the gaseous state and can be burned
in the stove. Thus the supply of the gas can be controlled. Hence, L.P>G is an
ideal fuel.
15. The calorific value of water gas is greater than that of producer gas.
Ans.
1. Water gas contains carbon monoxide (45%), hydrogen (45%) and other gases
(10%). Producer gas contains carbon monoxide (30%), nitrogen (60%), and other
gases (10%).
2. In water gas both the components are combustible.
3. In producer gas carbon monoxide is combustible, but nitrogen is non –
combustible. The percentage of carbon monoxide in producer gas is lower than
that in water gas. Hence, the calorific value of water gas is greater than that of
producer gas.
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S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
FUELS
Q3. Answer the following:-
1. What is a fuel?
Ans. The substance which on combustion produce energy in the form of heat,
which can be used for various processes is called a fuel.
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S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
FUELS
6. What are the effects of an explosion of an atom bomb?
Ans.
1. The principle of uncontrolled chain reaction of U – 235 is used in atom
bomb.
2. When it is exploded huge amount of energy and radiation s are emitted in
short time.
3. AT place of explosions temperature shoots upto a few million – degree
Celsius.
4. The energy produced under pressure is equal to several times
atmospheric pressure.
5. The high temperature, high pressure and harmful intense radiation destroy
all animals and plants in the surrounding area.
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S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
FUELS
11. What are the safety precautions to be taken while handling gaseous
fuels? Why?
Ans.
1. All gaseous fuels are readily combustible.
2. They may contain carbon monoxide, which is poisonous.
3. If a gaseous fuel contains hydrogen, we have to be very careful, as
hydrogen forms an explosive mixture with air.
4. An explosion may occur if such a gas leaks and there is an accidental
sparking or lighting of a match. Hence, it is essential that there should not
be any leakage of a gaseous fuel. When the gas is not required, it should
be completely turned off.
12. What precautions one should take while handling L.P.G safely?
Ans. While handling L.P.G following precautions should be taken
1. The gas should be turn off by closing the valve when the gas is not
required.
2. If L.P.G leaks out of the cylinder no matchstick should be struck in the
house or any spark is allowed to strike.
3. The cylinder should be kept away from heat in a secured place.
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S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
FUELS
Q4. Write short notes on
1. Coal
Ans.
1. Coal is fossil fuels. It has been formed over millions of years by the burial
of plants.
2. Coal contains free amorphous carbon and complex carbon compounds
formed from the parent plant matter.
3. Coal is classified into four types on the basis of its free carbon content.
i. Peat (11%)
ii. lignite (22%)
iii. Bituminous(60%)
iv. Anthracite (80%)
4. Destructive distillation of coal gives coke, coal, tar and coal gas.
2. Coke
Ans.
1. Coke is obtained when coal is heated in the absence of air.
2. Coke contains about 90 -95% carbon. It does not contain any volatile
matter.
3. It is hard and burns without producing smoke. It produces more heat than
coal.
3. Petroleum
Ans.
1. The dark oily liquid formed from the microorganism living under the sea
and which occurs in the pores of sedimentary rocks is called petroleum.
2. It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons.
3. It is formed from the remains of microorganisms due to the action of high
pressure, heat and certain catalytic action over a period of millions of
years.
4. On fractional distillation, petroleum gives useful products like, fuel oil,
diesel, kerosene, petrol and petroleum gas.
4. Natural gas
Ans.
1. The gas, which is found in the form of underground reservoirs in the
region of coal and petroleum oil is called natural gas.
2. It contains hydrocarbons: methane (80 – 90%), ethane (6 – 10%),
Propane (3 – 5%) and butane ( 1 – 2%)
3. Butanes (L.P.G) and other gases can be separated by cooling the natural
gas and fractionally distilling the liquid.
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S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
FUELS
5. L.P.G.
Ans.
1. L.P.G is liquefied petroleum gas.
2. It mainly contains liquefied butane and isobutene.
3. It is obtained by cooling natural gas and fractionally distilling the liquid or
by the fractional distillation of petroleum.
4. It is supplied in steel cylinders for cooking or industrial use.
6. Fossil fuels
Ans.
1. Fossil fuels are formed over millions for years by the burial of plants and
animals.
2. They contain energy rich molecules of carbon compounds originally made
by plants.
3. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels. About 80%
of the energy consumed in the world is obtained by burning these fuels.
8. Liquid fuels.
Ans.
1. Liquid fuels are hydrocarbons.
2. Various hydrocarbons are present in petroleum.
3. When petroleum is fractionally distilled, it separates into various fractions
of hydrocarbons.
4. The fractional distillation of petroleum yields three liquid fuels: gasoline or
petrol, kerosene and fuel oil. Gasoline or petrol is used as motor fuel,
kerosene as a domestic fuel and fuel oil is used for oil furnaces.
9. Water gas
Ans.
1. Water gas is prepared by passing steam over while hot coke at about
14000 C.
2. It contains carbon monoxide (45%), hydrogen (45%) and other gases
(10%)
3. It is used as a fuel and also a source of hydrogen.
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S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
FUELS
10. Producer gas.
Ans.
1. Producer gas is prepared by blowing insufficient quantity of air through a
layer of red hot coal.
2. It contains carbon monoxide (30%), nitrogen (60%) and other gases
(10%).
3. It is used for glass and metallurgical furnaces. It is also used as a source
of nitrogen for preparation of ammonia.
3. As the mass of the original nucleus is always greater than the total mass of the
fission products, the difference in the mass is converted into energy. A large
amount of energy is liberated in the process of nuclear fission.
4. In a nuclear fission is allowed to continue uninterrupted, extremely large
amount of energy is liberated in a short time. It is called uncontrolled chain
reaction, which is the basis of an atom bomb. If most of the neutrons in the
reactions are absorbed, using boron steel or cadmium rods, and only a few
neutrons are allowed to carry on the chain reaction, the reaction is called a
controlled chain reaction. It is the principle of working of a nuclear reactor.
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S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
FUELS
13. Chain reaction
Ans.
1. The self – multiplying process in which the neutrons ejected during the nuclear
fission strike the neighbouring nuclei and bring about their fission is called chain
reaction.
2. When U – 235 is bombarded with the neutrons, each nucleus of U – 235 splits
into one nucleus each of Ba – 141 and Kr – 92, and three neutrons are set free.
These neutrons bring about nuclear fission of three more U – 235 nuclei.
3. If a chain reaction is not controlled, a large amount of energy is liberated in an
extremely short time. This principle is used in an atom bomb.
4. Using boron steel or cadmium rods, most of the neutrons liberated in the chain
reactions are absorbed and only a few neutrons are allowed to carry on the
reaction. It is called a controlled chair reaction. The working of a nuclear reactor
is based on a controlled chain reaction.
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S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
FUELS
16. Nuclear reactor.
Ans.
1. Uranium – 235 is used as a fuel in a nuclear reactor.
2. The nuclear fission of U – 235 is carried out by bombarding it with slow
neutrons.
3. Boron steel or cadmium rods control the nuclear chain reaction set in.
Thus, the liberation of energy in the fission process is controlled.
4. The energy released is used to vaporize water and the steam formed is
used to run turbines. Thus, electricity is generated. Useful radioactive
isotopes are also produced in a nuclear reactor.
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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
FUELS
3. Solid Fuels and Gaseous Fuels.
Coal Coke
1. Coal is a fossil fuel formed by the burial 1. Coke is obtained by the
of plants. destructive distillation of coal.
2. It contains free amorphous carbon and 2. It contains about 90 – 95%
complex carbon compounds. carbon.
3. It contains some volatile matter. 3. It does not contain any volatile
4. It burns with smoke. matter.
5. It produces less heat than coke. 4. It burns without producing smoke.
5. It produces more heat than coal.
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S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
HEAT
Q1. Define the following
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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
HEAT
3. In cold countries during winter even through the lakes are frozen, fish
and other aquatic animals and plants can survive in it.
Ans.
1. In cold countries, during winter, the temperature of the atmosphere falls
well below 00 C.
2. As the temperature decreases, the water at the surfaces of lakes and
ponds starts contracting.
3. Hence, its density increases and it sinks to the bottom. This process
continues till the temperature of all the water in the lake falls to 40 C.
4. As the water at the surface cools further, its temperature falls below 40 C, it
starts expanding instead of contracting.
5. Therefore, its density decreases and it remains at the surface. The
temperature of the water at the surface continues to fall to 00 C.
6. Finally, the water at the surface is converted into ice, but the water below
the layer of ice is at 40 C.
7. Ice is a bad conductor of heat. Hence, the layer of the ice at the surface
does not allow transfer of heat from the water to the atmosphere.
8. As the water below the layer of ice remains at 40 C, fish and other aquatic
animals and plants can survive in it.
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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
HEAT
9. As the water at the surface cools further, its temperature falls below 40 C, it
starts expanding instead of contracting.
10. Therefore, its density decreases and it remains at the surface. The
temperature of the water at the surface continues to fall to 00 C.
11. Finally, the water at the surface is converted into ice, but the water below
the layer of ice is at 40 C.
12. Ice is a bad conductor of heat. Hence, the layer of the ice at the surface
does not allow transfer of heat from the water to the atmosphere.
13. As the water below the layer of ice remains at 40 C, fish and other aquatic
animals and plants can survive in it.
4. Explain Hope’s apparatus with the help of neat and labeled diagram.
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S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
HEAT
Ans.
1. Initially, the cylindrical vessel in Hope’s apparatus is filled with water at about
100C and the trough is filled with a freezing mixture of ice and salt.
2. Initially, both the thermometers show the same temperature. In a short time, the
temperature shown by the lower thermometer starts decreasing, while the
temperature shown by the upper thermometer remains almost unchanged.
3. This process continues till the temperature shown by the lower thermometer
shown by the lower thermometer falls to 40C and remains constant thereafter.
This shows that in the temperature range 10 0C to 40C, the density of the water in
the central part of the vessel goes on increasing and hence the water sinks to the
bottom. It means that water contracts as its temperature falls from 100C to 40C.
4. As the temperature of the water in the central part of the vessel becomes less
than 40C, the temperature shown by the upper thermometer begins to fall rapidly
to 0 0C. After some time, a thin layer of ice is formed at the surface of the water in
the vessel. But the temperature shown by the lower thermometer remains
constant (i.e. 40C)
5. In the temperature range 40C to 0 0C, the water moves upward. This shows that
the density of water goes on decreasing in this range. It means that water
expands as its temperature falls from 40C to 00C.
6. Thus the volume of a given mass of water is minimum at 40C, the density of
water is maximum at 40C.
5. A piece of ice is melted by heating it, what will be the effects on its mass,
volume, density and molecular structure.
Ans.
Mass Remains the same
Volume Increases
Density Decreases
Molecular structure Regular arrangement of the molecule is broken
and molecule are free to move inside the liquid.
i.e. Ice is converted into (liquid) water.
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S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
HEAT
7. Give two examples of the anomalous behaviour of water with
explanation. (or)
State two effects of anomalous behaviour of water observed in
nature.
Ans.
1. Some times water enters into crevices of the rocks. When the temperature of
the atmosphere falls below 40C, water expands. As there is no room for
expansion, it exerts a tremendous pressure on the rocks, which breaks up into
small pieces.
2. In cold countries, in winter, when the water of lakes freezes, the ice formed
floats on the surface of water. Hence, the aquatic animals and plants in the water
below the layer of ice are protected from being frozen to death.
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S.S.C OMTEX CLASSES S.S.C
SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
MODERN PHYSICS
Q1. Define
Radioactivity:- The property possessed by heavy elements like uranium,
thorium, radium etc, of spontaneously emitting highly penetrating and invisible
rays is called radioactivity.
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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
MODERN PHYSICS
3. State the nature of α – particle, β – particle and Y – radiation.
Ans.
1. An α – particle is the nucleus of helium.
2. A β – particle is an electron.
3. Y – radiation consists of electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength of
the order of 10-10m.
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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
MODERN PHYSICS
7. State the four properties of Y – radiations.
Ans.
1. Y – Radiations are electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength of the
order of 10-10m.
2. Being electromagnetic waves, their velocity is the same as the velocity of light.
3. Their ionizing power is very small compared to the other two particles.
4. Their penetrating power is very high compared to the other two particles.
5. They affect photographic plates.
6. They produce fluorescence in fluorescent substance like zinc sulphide.
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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
MODERN PHYSICS
11. State the uses of X – rays
Ans. Uses of X – rays are _
1. To detect fracture of bones.
2. To detect the presence of foreign materials in a human body.
3. To detect diseases of lungs, kidneys etc.
4. To cure skin diseases and malignant tumor hidden deep within the body.
5. To distinguish real diamonds from artificial ones.
6. To detect explosives and drugs hidden in bags or packages.
7. To study the structure of crystals.
12. Describe in brief the experiment to show that cathode rays are emitted
in a direction normal to the surface of the cathode and this direction is
independent of the position of the anode.
Ans. In a discharge tube, even if the anode is fitted on one side, the fluorescent
spot is observed in front of the cathode as shown in the figure. This shows that
cathode rays are emitted in a direction normal to the position of the anode.
13. Describe in brief the experiment to show that cathode rays travel in a
straight line.
Ans. If an object is placed in front of the cathode in a discharge tube, a sharp
shadow of the object if formed in the fluorescent region of the tube as shown in
figure. This shows that cathode rays travel in a straight line.
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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
MODERN PHYSICS
14. Describe in brief the experiment to show that cathode rays exert
mechanical force on an object in their path.
Ans. A paddle wheel free to roll on horizontal rails is kept inside the discharge
tube in such a way that the cathode rays are incident only on the upper part of
the wheel. When tube is operated by switching on the D.C. supply, the cathode
rays fall on the wheel and hence, the wheel rolls away from the cathode. This
shows that cathode rays exert mechanical force on an object in their path.
15. Describe in brief the experiment to show that cathode rays are deflected
in an electric field.
Ans. A uniform electric field is produced in the region between the plated P1 and
P2. When the cathode rays pass through the electric field, they are deflected
towards the positive plate indicating that the cathode particles are negatively
charged as shown in the figure.
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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
MODERN PHYSICS
16. Describe in brief the experiment to show that cathode rays are effected
in a magnetic field.
Ans. The experimental arrangement used to study the effect of a magnetic field
on cathode rays. A strong horse shoe magnet is used to produce a magnetic field
at right angles to the plane of the paper and directed inward. When the cathode
rays pass through the magnetic field, they are deflected downward. Hence, the
fluorescent sport is displaced downward. The direction of the deflections shows
that the cathode particles are negatively charged.
2. While using X – rays for curing skin diseases or other diseases, long
exposure to the X- rays should be avoided.
Ans.
1. X rays kill living cells.
2. They kill healthy tissues in the part exposed to X – rays. Hence, while using X
– rays for curing skin diseases or other diseases, long exposure to X – rays
should be avoided.
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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
MODERN PHYSICS
4. X – rays are used to detect smuggling of gold and silver.
Ans.
1. X – rays cannot penetrate through gold and silver.
2. X – rays photograph reveals the presence of hidden metal in bags and
packages of the passengers. Hence, X- rays are used to detect smuggling of
gold and silver.
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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
Q 2 .Give reasons
1. Malnutrition is hazardous.
Ans. malnutrition is hazardous because.
1. It effects the physical and physiological well – being of an individual.
2. The physical, mental and social performance of a malnourished individual
becomes abnormal.
3. Malnourished children become prone to diseases like marasmus, rickets and
anemia.
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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
3. Babies should not be weaned from breast milk to other diets deficient in
proteins and energy.
Ans.
1. Breast milk contains carbohydrates, proteins and fats, which can be easily
digested and absorbed.
2. If proteins are not provided in sufficient quantities, the baby may suffer from
protein energy malnutrition leading to Kwashiorker and marasmus. Therefore,
babied should not be weaned from breast milk to other diets deficient in protein
and energy.
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Ans. Night blindness is a deficiency disease of the eye caused due to the
deficiency of
vitamin A in diet.
Symptoms of night blindness:
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Symptoms of anaemia:-
1. Pale appearance of the skin, fingernails and mucous membrane.
2. Frequent headache.
3. Breathlessness and palpitation.
4. Constant feeling of tiredness and giddiness.
5. Insomnia.
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16. The following report is observed in the school health inspection. Name
the diseases.
a. Vasu cannot see in dim light.
b. Bleeding gums of pritesh. (March 2001)
Ans. a. Night blindness
b. Scurvy
Ans.
Marasmus -------- Protein, energy and other nutrients.
Pellagra -------- Niacin (B3)
Anaemia -------- Iron
Rickets -------- Calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D
Night Blindness -------- Vitamin A
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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
Ans.
1. Dietary causes of high blood pressure.
a. Excessive intake of saturated fats.
b. Intake of salts in excess.
2. Dietary causes of inadequate blood supply.
a. Excessive intake of fats.
3. Dietary causes of pitted teeth.
a. Excessive intake of fluorine.
4. Dietary causes of dryness and itching skin
a. Excessive intake of vitamin A.
5. Dietary causes of facial paralysis.
a. Excessive intake of vitamin D.
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Ans.
1. Arteriosclerosis:- Arteriosclerosis can be avoided by restricting he consumption
of fat and fat rich nutrients.
2. To control diabetes:- It can be controlled by controlling the obesity and by
controlling the diet.
3. Obesity:- It can be avoided by restricting he quantity of fats and carbohydrates
in the diet.
Ans.
1. High calorie diet: The over consumption of high calorie diet leads to
overweight and obesity. Such people may suffer from hypertension, liver
disorders, renal disorders and heart disorders.
2. Saturated fat: The over consumption of saturated fat leads to blood pressure
and arteriosclerosis, leading to heart disease, paralysis and gangrene.
3. Fluorine:- The over consumption of fluorine begins to discolour the teeth
enamel. It also leads to abnormal calcification of bones, known as “Bone
Fluorosis”
4. Vitamin A in children’s diet:- The over consumption of vitamin A in children’s
diet results in dry itchy akin, painful swelling of legs and hands thickening of long
bones and hyper irritability.
5. Vitamin C:- The over consumption of vitamin C has no ill effects on the body
as they are easily extracted through urine.
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FOOD WASTAGE
Q1. Give scientific reasons:
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SCIENCE PART I & II “THE HOME OF TEXT” NOTES
FOOD WASTAGE
8. Due to defective mode of distribution more wastage of food takes place.
Ans.
1. Improper packaging, marketing and transport arrangements for distribution of
food are responsible for wastage of food.
2. Therefore, due to defective mode of distribution more wastage of food takes
place.
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Q2. Answer the following
2. What are the two lines of action which government has taken to meet the
food requirements of our country?
Ans. The two lines of action which government has taken to meet the food
requirements of our country are as follows.
1. Control of population growth.
2. Increase in food production and reduction in losses of food.
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Scientific methods of post harvesting practices and storage.
1. After harvesting, transportation and storage facilities must be adequate and
proper safe storage go-downs should be built according to the nature of
foodstuffs.
2. There must be proper arrangements of temperature and moisture control.
3. Godowns must be well ventilated and protected from pests.
4. Before storage, grains should be properly dried and cleared off from infected
and spoiled materials and other impurities.
5. Periodical checking and pest control treatments are necessary to increase the
self – life of foods.
6. Adaptation of new technologies for harvesting and storage, training for proper
handling to the food handlers are some of the solution to minimize the losses of
food stuffs.
5. List the causes of food wastage
Ans. Causes of food wastage are
1. Defective post harvest practices.
2. Improper handling of foodstuffs.
3. Losses during transport and milling of foodstuffs.
4. Defective modes of storage and distribution of food.
5. Losses due to traditional custom.
7. Explain how qualitative loss of nutritive nature of food takes place due to
faulty pre – marketing process.
Ans. The following faulty pre – marketing processes can lead to qualitative loss
of food:
1. Improper time of harvesting crop.
2. Wrong judgment of time required for foodstuffs to reach the market.
3. Damage to perishable goods during harvesting.
4. Wrong judgment of the likely time gap between production and marketing.
5. Lack of knowledge of available modes of packaging, storage, transport,
distribution etc.
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8. Enlist the faulty cooking methods.
Ans. Faulty cooking results in the loss of certain nutrients.
1. Over cooking may disintegrate food or may lose its colour, flavour etc.
2. Cooking with water in open pan results in greater losses of vitamins.
3. The water from cooked food if thrown away, protein, minerals and vitamins get
lost.
4. Washing fruits or vegetables after cutting affects the nutritive quality of the
food besides its acceptability.
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Q3. Write short notes on
1. Losses of food during farm level operation:
1. It includes various process such as threshing and drying grains, bagging or
placing threshed grain in other containers, grading or sorting of fruits, bundling of
leafy vegetables, transport from field to storage, mill or market etc.
2. Losses of non – perishable foodstuffs occur due to their post harvest quality
and threshing and shelling by using hand brake method or by use of animals.
3. Losses of perishable foodstuffs due to their short – self life.
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1. Natural preservatives: - The naturally occurring food stuffs such as sugar, oil
and apices which are used for preserving food are called natural preservatives.
3. Food spoilage:- The undesirable change in food which makes it unfit for
human consumption is called food spoilage.
5. Artificial preservatives:- The synthetic chemicals that are used for the
preservation of food are called artificial preservatives.
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1. List the extrinsic and intrinsic factors of spoilage in foodstuffs. Give one
example each.
Ans.
Extrinsic factors:-
1. Physical damage due to improper handling.
Example: If food is handled improperly while plucking, transporting, drying,
preserving etc. it may cause bruising after the tissues of food. It facilitates the
entry of micro organisms and insects in food.
2. Chemical reactions due to contact with metals.
Example:- Butter milk gets spoilt if kept in a brass vessel.
3. Micro Organisms
Example:- Yeast, bacteria etc. contaminate the food, which cause food poisoning.
4. Insects, rodents, birds and domestic animals.
Example: Fruits, vegetables and food gains are largely destroyed by insects,
rodents, birds and domestic animals. Such food becomes unfit for human
consumption.
Intrinsic Factors.
1. Enzymatic reactions:-
Example : Enzymes present in food starts degrading the food resulting into
spoilage of food.
2. Chemical Reactions
Examples:- Groundnuts stored for a longer period, they rancid and develop an
undurable flavour in it. This is due to chemical reaction in it.
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Q2. Define
1. List the carcinogenic factor (or) Name the factor which increases the risk
of caner. Suggest the treatment of cancer.
Ans. Factors such as smoking, exposure of radiation, some chemicals, food
stuffs and dyes may increase the risk of caner. These factors are called
carcinogenic factors as they cause cancer.
The Treatment of caner are
1. Radiotherapy. 2. Chemotherapy. 3. Surgery.
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4. Name the hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. Write down three
affects due to excess secretion.
Ans. 1.The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is thyroxine.
2. Effects due to excess secretion of thyroxine is increased metabolic rate,
hyperactivity, loss of weight and protruding eyeballs.
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1. Effect of X – rays on health:- They show adverse affects on cell growth and
interfere with the genetic constitution and metabolic activities.
2. Effect of air pollutants on human health :- They cause lung disorders. They
also cause headache, irritation of eyes and nose, coughing, breathlessness,
chest pain and bronchial asthma.
5. Effect of mental and physical strain on health:- Mental and Physical strain
cause mechanical strain on the heart, resulting into heart diseases.
2. Rheumatic fever:-
1. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease caused by the infection by a strain
of streptococcus.
2. Rheumatic fever affects the heart.
3. Rheumatic fever is usually seen in the population living in cold and humid
climate in overcrowded areas where the condition are unhygienic.
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1. Health:-
1. Health literally means sound condition of the body.
2. It is a state of physical, mental and social well – being and not merely the
absence of disease.
2. Disease:-
1. The word disease (dis – ease) means uneasiness. i.e. departure from a state
of normal health.
2. Disease is a condition in which the normal state of mind, body and well – being
person is impaired.
3. A disease is diagnosed from the symptoms which it produces.
3. Haemophilia:-
1. Haemophilia is a hereditary disease caused by mutation of the gene which
controls the clotting blood.
2. In Haemophilia the blood does not clot. Therefore, a person suffering from
Haemophilia may bleed to death when injured.
3. Haemophilia is usually found in males. It is rarely seen in females.
4. Albinism:-
1. Albinism is a hereditary disease.
2. A person suffering from albinism cannot synthesize the pigment melanin.
Therefore, his skin, iris of the eyes, eyelashes and hairs on the body appear
white.
3. Albinism is caused by the mutation in the gene which controls the formation of
the pigment melanin in the body.
4. A person showing albinism is known as albino.
5. Albinos develop rashes on their skin in bright light. Their eyes are sensitive to
bright light.
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6. Silicosis:-
1. Silicosis is a respiratory diseases caused by the inhalation of silica dust.
2. Workers working in stone quarries and coal mines usually suffer from silicosis.
3. Silicosis is an occupational disease.
7. Cretinism:-
1. Cretinism is caused by under secretion of thyroxine hormone secreted by
thyroid gland.
2. In a child suffering from cretinism, the growth is stunted.
3. Cretinism also makes a child mentally retarded.
8. Diabetes:-
1. Diabetes is the defective functioning of the beta cells of islets of Langerhans in
pancreas which secrete the hormone insulin.
2. Owing to the lack of insulin, the cells of the body, especially, the liver cells fail
to utilize glucose.
3. As a result of this, the level of sugar in the blood increases.
4. In diabetes, there is excretion of glucose in urine.
9. Arteriosclerosis:-
1. Arteriosclerosis is caused by excessive intake of fats, especially saturated fats
in the diet.
2. In this disease, the cholesterol present in fats gets deposited in the arteries as
a result of which their lumens become narrow.
3. Owing to this, there is less supply of blood to the heart which causes heart
attack.
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Cretinism Dwarfism
1. It is caused due to under secretion of 1. It is caused due to under secretion of
thyroxine hormone. growth hormone.
2. Mental development is not normal. 2. Mental development is normal.
3. Body proportions are not normal. 3. Body proportions are normal
4. Face is without expression. 4. Face is with expression.
2. Gigantism and Dwarfism
Gigantism Dwarfism
1. It is caused due to over secretion of 1. It is caused due to under secretion of
growth harmone. growth hormone.
2. Individual grows to a height of 7 to 8 2. Individual grows to a height of only 3
feet. to 4 feet.
3. Skin, tongue, lips and ears become 3. There is no thickening of skin,
thick. tongue, lips etc.
3. Communicable and non – communicable diseases
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BIOSPHERE
Q1. Give scientific reasons:-
Q2. Define
1. Biosphere:- The lithosphere, the atmosphere and the hydrosphere along with
the life forms existing on the earth is called biosphere.
2. Autotrophs:-Self – feeding organisms are called autotrophs. Autotrophs
consume the food prepared by them. For e.g. Green plants.
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3. Heterotrophs:- Non – green plants, animals and most of the microbes which
obtain their food either from green plants of from dead and decaying organic
matter are called heterotrophs
4. Producers:- Green plants of the biosphere, which prepare food with the help
of solar energy are called producers.
5. Consumers:- Animals, which consume green plants and some animals are
called consumers.
6. Decomposers:- Microbes such as fungi, bacteria, protozoan which brings
about the decomposition of dead bodies and their waste matter, are called
decomposers.
7. Food chain :- Food chain is defined as transfer of food i.e. energy from one
organisms to the other.
8. Food web:- Food web is defined as interconnections among different food
chain at different trophic levels forming a network.
9. Trophic level:- Trophic level means feeding level. Each organisms of a food
chain represents a trophic level.
10. Biomass:- Biomass is defined as increase in dry weight of organic matter of
all organisms combined together at any trophic level.
Producers Decomposers
1. Producers are autotrophs. 1. Decomposers are heterotrophs.
2. Producers use the food, which is 2. Decomposers use dead bodies of
produced by them. plant and animals as their food.
3. Producers cannot bring about the 3. Decomposers bring about the
decomposition of dead bodies and decomposition of dead bodies and
waster matter. waste matter.
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3. Abiotic component and Biotic component.
Autotrophs Heterotrophs
1. Self feeding plants are called 1. Plants, animals which obtain their
autotrophs. food either from autotrophs or from
2. Autotrophs are green in colour due dead and decaying organic matter are
to the presence of chlorophyll. called heterotrophs.
2. Heterotrophs are non green colour
due to the absence of chlorophyll.
Producers Consumers
1. Producers are autotrophs. 1. Consumers are heterotrophs.
2. Producers use the food, which is 2. Consumers use food produced by
produced by them. the producers.
3. All green plants of the biosphere are 3. All animals of the biosphere are
producers. consumers.
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Q4. Answer the following:-
1. In which of the following food chain man get more energy? Why?
i. Maize --------- Man
ii. Maize ------ Goat ------ Man
Ans. Man gets more energy from the first food chain.
This is because, shorter the food chain, lesser is loss of energy. The
second food chain being larger, there is more loss of energy.
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6. What will happen if all the number of frogs becomes less in nature?
Ans.
1. If the number of frogs becomes less the number of grasshoppers will increase
with corresponding decrease in the number of snakes.
2. This is because frogs consume grasshoppers, while snake consume frogs.
7. What will happen if all the green plants disappear from the earth?
Ans.
1. If all the green plants disappear from the earth there will be no food
preparation by the process of photosynthesis.
2. In absence of photosynthesis neither the food nor the oxygen will be available
to other living organisms.
3. In absence of good and oxygen, life will not exist on the earth.
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Q1. Give the balanced chemical equation:-
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2. Bacteria like nitrosomonas and nitrobacter are called denitrifying
bacteria.
Ans. Bacteria like nitrosomonas and nitrobacter are called denitrifying bacteria
because
1. The conversion of ammonia into nitrites and nitrates is called nitrification.
2. Nitrosomonas bring the conversion of ammonia into nitrites.
3. Nitrites are converted into nitrates by nitrobacter.
4. These bacteria help in nitrification.
Q3. Define
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Q4. Write short notes on
1. Fossil Fuels:-
Ans.
1. Fossils are formed due to burial of plants and animals remains.
2. These animals and plants existed on the earth in the remote past.
3. Their remains accumulated slowly under the cover of sediments.
4. They got locked up and count not get decomposed, as oxygen was not
available due to over lying sediments.
5. The pressure of the sediments squeezed out water.
6. These remains are carbon rich fossil fuels.
7. Fossilized forests have resulted in the formation of coal bed.
Ex. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are fossil fuels.
2. Carbon in food.
Ans.
1. Carbon forms the most important constituent of food.
2. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids are all carbon compounds.
3. They are used as the source of energy by all living organisms.
4. During respiration, food gets oxidized and energy is released.
Ex. Glucose is oxidized during respiration.
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5. Mineral cycle:-
1. Minerals such as phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, potassium, iron are
important for the life of the organisms. They are called nutrients. Nutrients
are needed for the growth and development.
2. Minerals are present in the soil is dissolved state and also found in water.
3. They are absorbed by the plants and are incorporated in their body.
4. From plants, they are passed over to the body of animals through food
chain and food web.
5. Minerals return to the soil or water through waste matter or dead bodies
and animals.
6. Decomposition of dead bodies of plants or animals is carried out by
bacterial and fungi.
7. They release enzymes that degrade organic matter back to inorganic
compounds.
8. Thus minerals are released to the surroundings and are available for
racing.
9. All the minerals thus eventually make their way back to the environment.
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Q5. Answer the following briefly:
Ans. The cyclic journey of oxygen from the atmosphere to living organisms and
from living organisms back to the atmosphere is called oxygen cycle.
1. The atmosphere contains 20% oxygen. Aquatic plants and animals obtain
oxygen from water.
2. Both plants and animals require oxygen for respiration. During respiration
carbohydrates are oxidized with the help of atmospheric oxygen and
energy is released.
3. Carbon dioxide, which is a bi – product released in this reaction, is used
by plants for synthesis of food during the process of photosynthesis.
4. During the process of photosynthesis carbon dioxide is taken in and
oxygen is given out. Thus photosynthesis is the only process by which
oxygen is returned to the atmosphere.
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2. Give graphic representation of carbon cycle and describe.
Ans. The cyclic journey of carbon from the atmosphere to green plants from
green plants to animals and from both these back to the atmosphere is called
carbon cycle.
1. Carbon dioxide of the atmosphere is the main sources of carbon cycle.
2. Green plants during photosynthesis fix carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere and convert it into carbohydrates.
3. Herbivorous use green plants as their food and which in turn are
consumed by carnivorous.
4. Thus carbon passes from one organism to the other in the food chain.
5. Respiration of both, the green plants and animals bring about oxidation of
carbohydrates, which gives carbon dioxide, and it returns to the
atmospheres.
6. The decomposition of organic matter is carried out by the micro –
organisms which release carbon dioxide and it also returns to the
atmosphere.
7. Burning of wood, fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gasses and during
the process of fermentation carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere.
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3. Give graphic representation of Nitrogen cycle and describe.
Ans.
The cyclic journey of nitrogen from the atmosphere to soil, from soil to
plants, from plants to animals and from both these back to the atmosphere is
called nitrogen cycle.
The nitrogen cycle is complete in the following phases:-
1. Nitrogen fixation:- Nitrogen fixation occurs in two methods:-
a. The physical process:- During lightening, nitrogen in the
atmosphere is oxidized to nitrogen oxide. It then gets dissolved in
rain water to form nitrous and nitric acid and is added to the soil. In
the soil, they react with each other elements to forms nitrogenous
compounds. This process is called physical process of nitrogen
fixation.
b. The biological process:- The conversion of molecular nitrogen to its
compounds is carried out by prokaryotes, namely some bacteria
and some blue green algae present in the soil. This process is
called biological fixation.
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3. Conversion of organic nitrogenous compounds into inorganic state:- Excretory
products of animals and dead bodies of plants and animals are added to the soil.
A variety of micro – organisms act upon these nitrogenous compounds and
convert them to inorganic state. Organic nitrogenous compounds at first are
converted into ammonia. This process is called as ammonification. Ammonia
thus formed gets converted into nitrite by nitrosomonas and nitrosococcus
bacteria. The nitrite thus formed is finally converted into nitrate by nitrobacter by
the process known as nitrification. The nitrates are finally converted into
molecular nitrogen (N2 ) by denitrifying bacteria. This process is called de =
nitrification.
4. Describe fermentation:-
Fermentation means enzymatic conversion of the complex organic
compounds into simpler organic ones by the activity of micro – organisms.
Fermentation is anaerobic respiration by which micro – organisms obtain
energy required for their life processes.
Baker’s yeast in the common fermenting microbe. It brings about the
following reaction:
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6. Explain what happens, when solar energy is not available to bio – geo
chemical cycle?
Ans.
1. All biogeochemical cycles are regulated through solar energy.
2. Green plants play a key role in the entire process.
3. With the help of solar energy the green plants synthesize organic
molecules. i.e. carbohydrates.
4. Herbivorous animals use green plants as their source of food, carnivorous
animal consumes herbivorous animals.
5. Dead bodies of plants and animals are used as the source of energy by
decomposers.
6. If there is no solar energy, there will be no green plants.
7. If there are no green plants there will be no animals and even there will be
no decomposers.
Ans. The cycle journey of water from soil to plants, from plants to atmosphere
and from atmosphere back to the soil is called water cycle.
Global water cycle:-
1. In global water cycle, the atmosphere contains water vapour due to
evaporation mainly over the oceans.
2. This leads to cloud formation, which results in precipitation, which rains on
the oceans as well as on the land.
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3. The excess of precipitation results in the formation of surface and ground
water system.
4. This water flows back to the sea.
5. This water cycle does not involve life forms and therefore it is called as
global water cycle.
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6. Water is one of the raw material for photosynthesis and is a product of
respiration.
7. In the cell, small molecules get linked together to form complex
compounds. During such reaction water molecules are removed. This
process is called dehydration synthesis.
8. Larger molecules split into their smaller units by the addition of water
molecules. The reaction is called hydrolysis.
1. Mineral Cycle
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2. Construct carbon cycle with the help of the following:
Photosynthesis, Respiration, Animals, Decomposers, Atmosphere,
Combustion.
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Q2. Define
1. Recycling:- Recycling means use of the material over and over again.
2. Wastes:- The rejected materials are called wasters.
3. Biodegradation:- The process in which complex organic molecules are
converted into simpler inorganic compounds due to some living beings, is called
as biodegradation.
4. Non – degradable wastes:- The waste products, which cannot be degraded
through biological activities, are called non – degradable waste. Metals, glass,
plastics are non – degradable wastes.
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1. What are wastes? How are they classified according to their origin?
Ans. The rejected materials are called wastes. Wastes are classified according to
their origin as follows.
1. Human wastes:- Human urine and fasces.
2. Animal wastes:- Diary wastes include cow dung and urine. Slaughter house
waste is a mixture of blood, urine, organ, etc. Sheep, goat poultry and fishery
also contribute to wastes.
3. Urban wastes:- House hold garbage and kitchen wastes including paper,
plastic items and metals articles. Besides, sewage is the main bulk of urban
waste, which is poured in the large bodies of water.
4. Crop residue:- The crop residues include crop stubble, straw, wasted fodder,
stick and weeds.
5. Industrial wastes:- Waste products of the industries are called as industrial
effluents. Pulp mills, tanneries, textile mills, refineries and chemical fertilizers
plants release complex organic compounds.
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(Paper, Plastic bags, Food wastes, Dairy wastes, Slaughter house wastes, Worn
out utensils, Broken glass vessels, Rusted iron wires, Used slippers, Cabbage
leaves, Paper bags, Cattle waste, Animal excreta, Dead Plants, Insecticide,
Industrial effluent, Nuclear waste, Metal, Dung, Glass)
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