HND in Computing

Network technology

ICON College of Technology and Management

Faculty of Information Technology and Engineering

BTEC HND in Computing (ICT Systems Support)

Coursework Networking Technology

Tutor: Professor Reza Joadat

Submitted by ID No: 2012

Session: February 2012

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INDEX
Content names 1 2 3 4 5 6 Background and network architectures Network Technologies and Network Software Network connections and components Networking models and evaluation References Bibliography page 3-13 14-21 22-38 39-50 51 52

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Part A: Background and network architectures:

1. Background description: describe the scenario of your chosen case,

including business nature, organization size, etc. Briefly introduce some comparable market competitors. Case study 1: A Local estate agents company in London. The company has around 100 staff members across 10 branches across London. They aim to offer the best services for professionals in both renting and property sales.

Company overview: Estate Agent Company is a company which helps people to rent house and sell properties to local people. Basically they offer people to rent houses to the tenants and sell houses for long time like pay by mortgage and also buy houses from local people. This company has ten branches across the London which break down by different places such as two east London , two in south London, three in west London and two in north London. This company has One hundred staffs working across these branches. Liverpool Street is the main branch of this company. Company Business nature: This Company has actively joined with several businesses which are business nature of this company. This company actively related with managing property, marketing such as online advertisement and selling properties. This company also related with net leasing, Development and investment. Local customers are the main consumer of this company, selling and renting are the main business of this company. Organization size: This company has ten branches across the London that proves as a medium size organization company itself. This company has 7 or 8 rooms in every branch but in main branch it has three rooms. Recently they are using computer for data entry and manage data but they dont have any centralized system. In order to
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fight with competitor it is essential to improve information technology under this organization. By following, this step company want to develop a new network system which will handle data efficiency, share resources and manage cost of this organization. After developing this network company will be benefited of centralized database system. Competitive market: People search their properties based on local communication media, transport, language, tradition and culture, location of the properties and living cost and condition, once match those criteria people will move and choose those properties. But there are lots of small and medium estate company will be on their chosen area those are the main competitor of this company. Because this are the local agent on their location and people will try to find those agent for cheap price. Some of the agent company are advertising on the internet of their properties, so customer easily can be attracted on those companies. So these agents are other threads of this company. Network requirement for this company: Nowadays network is very important of any small and medium origination for data communication, share resources and printing staff. Network is required for this company because it has several branches across the London (10 branches) those branches need to communicate each other such as sending data one branch to other, order files and item and centralized data system. So network is essential for this company to establish centralized database system to control all the PCs and devices from one or two place. After establish the network this agent company can able to communicate data from one branch to other and printing staff. In order to fight with competitor network is required because already some of the agent has e-business and network on their offices.

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Case study 3: A college specialized in further education and professional training in IT and finance. This college has over 2000 students and 50 fulltime/ part-time staff members on two campuses across London.

College Overview: The College is located in Liverpool Street which is situated heart of the central London but it has another campus bank. This college offers wide range of professional training in IT and finance section. Basically this college provides various type of IT and finance subjects for professional training purposes such as computing, networking, programming, finance management and accountancy. This college has over 2000 students across these campuses and 50 staffs are working as part-time and full time on this college. Business nature: College is an educational organization which trains students in various types of IT and finance professional courses that refers to be an educational institute. It has two thousands students who are studying in those branches. 50 staffs are working across those branches who are working on the administration, teaching and receptions. Currently this college provides a basic network for their basic activities such as printing, data processing, reading book and basic computing experiment section, but one branch cannot transfer data to other branch. So this college trying to solve this problem to and make an advanced, active network for their college. Organization size: This college indicates that as medium size organization because it has two branches across the London and 7 to 8 rooms in each braches. Administration, computer labs, students room, class room, reception and account room. In order to maintain and manage two thousands students, college divides two different branches for serving quality services and better training system and best education for their students.

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Competitive market: There are many colleges are exist on the same location of this college, so many competitor are competing on this location which are offering same range of courses for the students and about same quality of services. Students always search for quality services, better opportunity for the education and better training skill for the professional life. So the college wants to improve an advanced network to get better quality services for the students. Network requirement for this college: In order to provide quality services, better training facility for the IT students network is very important for this college. Because their various reason to get network such as file sharing, documents data process, files and documents printing and printer sharing, advanced computer lab for the IT students. The main reason to implement advanced network is because it gives the facility of centralised control for save cost and more secured system.

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2. Requirement analysis: Explain what new network technologies mean to the organisation, how the new network design would bring the benefit to improve the competitiveness of the client. Explain the major functional requirement involved in network solution.

Computer network is a system for connecting two or more devices such as computer and printer to share resources print and data transfer each other. Moreover, computer network is basically an interconnection between two nodes or PC. So the computer network will be created for fulfillment companies requirement which may give success for these companies. What new network technologies means to Estate Agent Company:

According to the first scenario, an advanced, powerful and effective centralised network will be implemented for joining branches from different part of the London. This network will bring a verity of new technology for the company which are:

1. Centralised database system: this company is trying to implement network

across their branches, because a computer network can give the facility of the centralized database. So this system gives opportunity to control the branches from central branch which gives more security and protection for this company.
2. Connecting branches in a network: ZAK Estate Agent Company has 10

branches across the London and in order to connect all the branches in one network an advanced and powerful network needed. So the centralized network system will connect all the branches in one network.
3. Sharing resources: this centralized network will enable to share resources

such as hardware, software and data in different company branches. This network will ensure that the resources will successful shared and protected.
4. Cost reduction: This network system will reduce the overall cost of this

company such as printing cost, labour cost and some internal cost. This network will enable to connect devices remotely for different area which will decrease the company labour cost.
5. Security and protection: This network technology will bring the some new

feature of security and company protection. It will give the software and data
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protection and hardware protection as well. Because in every offices will be managed and protected by smart card system, when anyone wants to enter the offices he/she has to punch the card to enter the room. The software security is some third party antivirus will be managed for the company data and software protection.
6. Centralized database: A centralized network will give the facility of the

centralized database of this company, so companys all data will be store in one secured place. What new network technologies means to college of IT and finance : According to the case three, a powerful centralized network system will be implemented which will enable to join all the computer and printer in one network. The new network technologies will bring some benefits for this college which are:
1. Centralised the network: this network will bring the benefits of the centralised

network system. A centralised network for this college is connecting all the network devices in one network and control from one place by the administrator.
2. Joining college campuses: This network system will enable to connect all the

network devices under one network. So the centralised network will help to connect two campuses in one network.
3. Effective data management: This network will bring effective data

management for the college. College time table, college result and teacher lecture sheet the entire document will be separated from one user to other which will give the data safety.
4. Share resources: this network will provide adequate management for sharing

resources (e.g. computers, printers, data and projectors) for the college. By this network administrator can easily share resources among the end users.
5.

Quality of services: This network will help to give quality services to the students such as college website, remote coursework submission and lecture sheet download.

6. Cost reduction: This network will help the college to reduce various costs such

as teacher cost, printer cost, users cost and administrator time. This network

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will help the teacher to upload files remotely and administrator can control over the internet.
7. Network protection: This network will help to secured college important files

and data, because this network will also provide third party software to protect against virus. Major functional requirements involved in network solution: Functional requirement is the specification of the company requirement such as what type of document needed before design the network. On the specification analysis, various types of requirements are analysed and identified for the according to companys based on equipment and requirements. E.g. these requirement analyses are documented for the case one and three. Major functional specification are described the following Size of the network: In order to justify the size of the network, company has to take some online feedback, paper feedback from the end-users, questioners, interviews. After taking these both companies will able to justify the network size which will help to create network according to their proper topology and specifications. Analysis the size of these organisations: For design the network organisation size justifying is necessary that will help to create appropriate network architecture for the companys (ZAK estate agent company and ZAK college of IT and finance). According to the scenario, both of the organisations are medium size but case one has 10 branches 1-2 rooms each and case three has 2 campus and 7-8 rooms each. This information will help to design floor plan for these companies. Hardware specification Next step is justifying the hardware specification both organisations(estate agent company and college) such as what are the network devices are required for this network such how many switch, router, length of the cable, how many computer and does any PC needs to upgrade. These are the issues are involved in hardware specification document. Software specification:
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On the software specification, what type of client and network operating system will be recommended for both companies, and other software needed for both companies such as Microsoft office, adobe reader, browser and other requirement will be mentioned on the software specification section. This document will help to create efficient, powerful and data traffic free network for both companies. i) Server requirement:

Server requirement is what type of network operating system will be required for both organisations that will be described on the server requirement. Network operating system will help to control, manage, support both organisations the user, files, printers. Major functions of the server operating system areo It helps to connect two or more computer in one network and manage the computers. o It creates, manages and configures user, groups and organisation units of both organisations. o Network operating system will helps to give powerful security of the both companies. ii) Workstation requirement: Workstation requirement is what type of client operating system recommended for both company such as windows, Mac and Ubuntu. A client operating system will help the use computers, file printing and share resources from one PC to other. External requirement:

External requirement is external access requirement of both organisations, so administrator can access and control remotely from home. So a terminal server will install for external access in both organisations network.

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3. Network Architecture: introduce an appropriate network architecture model for the solution; explain why the model is chosen.

Network architecture is the layout of a network that is a framework for the requirement of networking hardware, installation and function of their organisations. Moreover, network architecture is the procedures and data formats used in both organisational operations. Commonly two types of network architectures which are: Peer to peer network architecture Client server network architecture Peer to peer network architecture: Peer to peer network architecture the application, workload and working tasks are distributed among the network peers. Peer to peer network is designed for two or more computer and it can share resources, transferring data without any help of server computers. In the p2p network architecture every client computer keep the information and resources for other computer and which data will transfer or share to other computer, that PCs has to turn on for share or access these resources. Peer to peer network architecture is not secure and appropriate for these companies (for Estate Agent Company and college) because both companies network is based on centralised network. Mueller,J (2002)

Figure 1: peer to peer network architecture Client-server architecture:

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Network technology

Client-server architecture is a network architecture which has dedicated server exists for the network. On the Client-server network, server save, protect information and perform client requests, and client make request for the server and data formatting process. Client server architecture helps to create centralised network which is one of the requirement of both companies. According to both scenarios (e.g. estate agent company and college), client server architecture is recommended because it will give facility to create centralised network for both companies. Client-server architecture is chosen for following reason-

Requests Requests Responds Responds

Requests

Responds

Requests

Responds

Figure2: client-server architecture

1. Client-server architecture will help to share resources by centrally because it

manages data redundancy.

2.

This architecture will enhance and improve both organisational (e.g. estate agent company and college) securities which will ensure to prevent against data leak and virus attack.

3. Client-server architecture will help to reduce network hardware cost such as

printer and scanner.

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4. On Client server architecture gives the facility to remove any hardware which is connected to the network easily. Example of the client and server interactions: for example, an online shopping website such as ebay customer has to request to web server for their secured information such as user credential, in order to buy anything from the website. So client will requests and server respond the requests.

user request for log in verify the user data and accept the request

Cleint

web server

Figure 3: example of client server model

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Part B: Network Technologies and Network Software:

1) Network topologies: Explain the network topologies to be used in the network solution, note that you might have different topologies used in different fields of the overall network, use diagrams to aid your answer. Network Topology: Network topology is full layout of a network that is interconnected to the network. A network topology will help to create appropriate network design for both organisations (Estate Agent Company and college). Network topology can show where and how devices will be connected each other.

Bus topology: In the bus topology all the computers are connected on a straight line, so files and documents will be sent on both organizations (Estate Agent Company and college) branches computer one by one that can cause of data traffic and confliction between two network devices. On this topology one single connection goes down means the entire network break down which is harm for both companies (Estate Agent Company and college) and that reason this topology will not choose on both companies. [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)]

Figure4: bus topology [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)] Star Topology: on the star topology all the network nodes are connected in one switch or hub, if any cable or switch disconnected from both organizations network whole network can be terminated which is dangerous for both companies (Estate Agent Company and college) but this topology is suitable for the office area network such as under one branch, star topology can be install on both companies for less cost compare to other topology. On the star topology network device isolation is easier than other topology. Star topology can increase the performance of both companies data sending unit so data can send more faster from one node to other. [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)]
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Figure5: star topology [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)] Ring topology: In the ring topology, all the networked computers are connected by cables which look ring or circle shape. So when any cable or computer will terminate then both companies network can be down. Moreover, on the ring topology data traffic can be rise more than other topology because all the computers are connected each other that means data can be sent one by one. [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)]

Figure 6: ring topology [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)]

Mesh Topology: mesh topology is a hybrid topology, this topology all the computers are connected each other from different part and if any node terminates the whole network would not break down. This topologys computers are connected more than one switch and this topology can handle the data traffic. This type of topology is used on the metropolitan area network of WAN network. But this network topology is expensive which may double consideration required for both companies. (e.g. estate agent company and college) [Stallings, W. (2000)]
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Figure7: mesh topology [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)]

Network topology recommendation for Estate Agent Company and college of IT and finance: Centralized network is one of the aspects of both organizations (e.g. Estate Agent Company and college) network that was described on both companies background chapter which is covered star topology, on the office network structure will be star topology. Because both organizations (e.g. Estate Agent Company and college) offers centralized network that enables to connect all the computers in a hub but I am going to select switch which will good for the both organizations because hub is old technology. On the star topology gives simplicity function for connecting devices for both companies network and it has better performance speed when transfer data through network. A benefit of this topology is it gives easy device isolation process in order to disconnect device for the network. So when both organizations administrator needs to disconnect device for special purpose like fixed in it and add new hardware from this network position then it follows easy process to isolating device from this topology. For connecting branches under the network, mesh topology will be recommended because it gives better performance for passing data and this topology connected strongly each other so there is no scope to take down the network. This topology use routing technique and all the devices are fully connected each other, if any anywhere
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Network technology

network is broken then it block the path and transfer from other path. This topology will help to establish powerful network on both organizations branches (e.g. Estate Agent Company and college). Both organizations topology will be hybrid topology and as a break down structure, it will be star on the office area and mesh for connecting branches. [Stallings, W. (2000)] Second thing what kind of network will be implemented for the company, which will configure and connect all the devices to network, LAN (local area network) is chosen because it gives facility to connect all the devices to the network. It gives better transferring data speed and it gives opportunity to divide large nodes network in different smaller part by creating Subnet masking. Subnet mask will segment both companies network (e.g. Estate Agent Company and college) in various smaller parts. WAN network is chosen to connecting branches in a network structure because it has ability to connect the all branches network in one network structure. [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)]

Role of software and hardware in a network: Roles of network hardware: Network hardware takes very important roles on both organisations network. in order to create the network of both organisations there are many networking hardware will be used which areRoles of network hardware NO 1 Devices Name Network Interface card Details Network interface card creates link between computers and a network. NIC can be installed physically in a device for connecting to the network. Network printer is used for network printer, so any user under both companies (e.g. Estate Agent Company and college) network can print. Network printer will save both organisations costs. Cables will be used for both companies to connect devices to network devices. There are various types of cables can be used for both companies (e.g. estate agent
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Network printer

Cables

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Switches

Router

6 7

Cabinet Connector

company and college) such as CAT 5, CAT 5e, fibre optic. Switches are used to connect network devices to network Switches can manage load balancing of a network Router is the gateway of the network, router enable to connect devices to the network. Router is used to forward data packet to the network Cabinet is used to communicate data in a server on both companies network. Connector is used to connect CAT 5 or CAT 5e Table 1: Roles of network hardware [www.viglen.co.uk]

Role of Network Software: In order to implement the network on both organisation some important network software to run the network which can manage and load balance the network. The roles of network software are: Role of Network Software

No 1

Software Name Network operating system

Description Network operating system is set of programs for managing, controlling network users and other activities It can create groups and organisational units It helps to connect all network devices Client operating system is set of programs that is manage and control client computers It helps to interact with other devices Microsoft office is used perform data processing and data entry work on the network computers SQL server is used to manage database for both companies website and various data.
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Client operating system

3 4

Microsoft Office SQL server

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6 7

SQL server in more secured than other software. Third party antivirus Third party antivirus is used make secured of both companies server and client PCs software It helps to protect servers and PCs from the malicious activities and virus. Adobe reader Adobe reader is the most commonly used to read pdf format files on network PCs and the servers. Web developing software Web developing software (e.g. adobe Dreamweaver and Microsoft FrontPage) is used to develop web site for both organisations. Table 2: role of network software

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2. Network Software: Describe the available network operating systems and other network software to be chosen for the solution. Discuss the suitability of your choices with reason of choice.

Network Operating system: Network operating system is a set of program that is control, manage and maintain on both organisations (e.g. estate agent company and college) users and groups, help to print documents and data transferring to clients. Before selecting a network operating system for both companies, (e.g. estate agent company and college) there are some essential features has to consider which are Capable of handle and manage printer server, files server, DNS server, name space server Capable of data traffic, fault tolerant and memory load balancing Capable of manage, create and configure network users, groups and organisational units Compatible of selected hardware on both organisations. (e.g. estate agent company and college) After selecting the NOS both companies administrator has to install the chosen NOS on both network (e.g. Estate Agent Company and College) and check the NIC, devices drivers for hardware compatibility for both companies. Different types of network operating system will describe on following which are Linux network operating system: Linux is a remarkable network operating system which uses command language to interact with network server PC. Linux operating system takes less hardware requirement compare to other operating system. Linux is one of the most protective operating system in the current market but this NOS is costly to implement on the network and less hardware compatibility, so NOS will not be chosen on both companies (e.g. Estate Agent Company and College) for this reason. [www.linux.co.uk]

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Novell NetWare: Novell NetWare is NOS which is mostly used to perform multitasking activities on a PC by using network protocol. Novell is a secured NOS and it uses java based GUI, it has privilege to manage DNS, DNS server on this NOS. again it has less hardware compatibility which can be harm for expanding r future devices and based on thats reason this NOS is not recommended for both organisations (e.g. Estate Agent Company and College). [www.novell.com] Microsoft windows server operating system: Windows is Microsoft network operating system which is most popular NOS in current market. Windows has various type of software version which gives different types of facility to control and mange server on the network. Windows server has ability to control and mange DHCP, DNS, WINS and manages and control active directory. Windows server uses user understandable GUI which is easy to operate and it is most secured NOS. it has less cost to operate as administrators and Microsoft windows server is less expensive compare to other NOS as well. [www.microsoft.com] Recommendation network operating system for Estate Agent Company college of IT and finance: According to these arguments, a solution can be made which is windows server 2008 as network operating system for both organisations, because this NOS is easy understandable and more suitable for medium size network. As client operating system windows seven professional and windows XP professional is recommended because windows sever 2008 supports both OS and as client OS on the server 2008 panel. Moreover, this NOS supports NTFS file system which can give more security for both companies and it has various types of active directory features which can help to manage and customized when administrator need them and that is way will be chosen as NOS on both Companies.

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Part C: Network connections and components:

1. Network connections: describe the appropriate connection media for each

section of the designed network; discuss the chosen network media with its advantages and disadvantages. Networking media:

Networking media means networking connection media which enable to connect networking devices together for communicating each other on a network. Networking media such as cable (e.g. coaxial cable, fibre optic), wireless media that are commonly used for connecting network devices on a network. Moreover, connection media is referring types of media that are used for connecting or transferring data from one node to other. There are two types of connection media which are:

i) Cable connection ii) Weird less connection media

i) Cable connection: Cable connection is a connection media which uses weird

for transferring data or connecting network devices on a network. Types of Weird connection media are: 1. Twisted pair cable 2. Coaxial cable 3. Fibre optic cable

1. Twisted pair cable: Twisted pair is a copper cable connection media that is

used for connecting telephone devices. This type of cable is twisted for increasing signal of transmission. Two types of twisted pair cable that area. UTP b. STP

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a. Unshielded twisted pair cable: UTP is a twisted pair cable which is

commonly installed via RJ 45 connector. UTP cable is vastly used for telephone connection and transfer speed from this type of connection is 10 to 1000 Mbps. UTP is less expensive compare to other cables, it is used small size connector and upto 100m short length. UTP has 6 category levels which are varied different speed level in different category level. Although this type of cable is less expensive and has good transferring speeds but still not well enough for high speed bandwidth. This type of connection media is suitable for office network or very small network. So this cable can be recommended for office network which cover up to 10 to 20 rooms. [Stallings, W. (2000)]

Figure 8: UTP cable

b. Shielded twisted pair cable: STP is a twisted pair cable that uses

cancellation, cable twisting and shielding techniques and each layer of this type of cable is enclose by metallic foil. STP cable can provide upto 10 to 100 Mbps and this cable is moderately expensive than others. This type of cable can be used for medium and large range of network, length can cover upto 100m.main disadvantage of this type of cable can make data traffic and unable to handle high bandwidth speed.[ Stallings, W. (2000)]

Figure 9: STP cable

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2. Coaxial cable: Coaxial cable is type of wired connection media which has

copper conductor and that is covered by two out liner. Moreover, coaxial cable uses three techniques to cover the copper conductor and first cover layer is plastic insulation, second one is braided copper shielding and final cover layer is outer jacket, coaxial cable is used for LAN and the main advantage of this types of cable is it can be used for longer distance for connecting network nodes. So this cable offers longer distance joining network devices compare to UTP and STP. But this types of network media is expensive than STP and UTP and possibility of breaking copper conductor which is thread of both organisations (e.g. Estate Agent Company and College).[ Stallings, W. (2000)]

Figure10: coaxial cable

3. Fibre optic cable: fibre optic is a high standard connection media that has glass

core layer for interacting with network and it has some protective layer for preventing core layer from any kind of damage. Fibre optic cable unable to turn 360 degree angle because of glass material. This type of cable transfer data by using light technology and that is make it more faster for communicating within the network. But fibre optic is most expensive connection media because of its highest transfer speed. This cable technology supports high speed bandwidth and prevent from data traffic. So cable can be used for connecting branches on both organisations (e.g. Estate Agent Company and College). [http://www.bpcomms.co.uk]

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Figure 11: fibre optic cable

ii) Wireless connection media: wireless connection media is network media

which transfer data from one network to the without any cable connection via radio frequency. There are various types of wireless network media available such as wireless router, WiFi router which enables to communicate one node to other. Various types of wireless network media which are WLANs, mobile computing and Extended LANs. Wireless network media can be recommended for canteen room or mobile devices. Chosen network media for Estate Agent Company and College of IT and finance: Fibre optic is recommended cable as a networking media for joining branches and office environment for both organisations (e.g. Estate Agent Company and College). Because this type of cable is suitable for connecting high bandwidth network and it can save the cost of installation and for the future plane, this cable can give more opportunity to advance both organisations network internally and externally. Advantages of fibre optic cable: The main facility for using fibre optic cable are-

High bandwidth-- Fibre optic cable is capable of high speed bandwidth which

can enable to transfer 10 GB data per second. So it can help to transfer high range data from one branch to other.
Most protected media-- This type of cable is most protected because it has

some protective layer which protects the main data layer.

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Safe connection-- Fibre optic cable does not use copper wire and it does not use electricity for communication. So It can provide safe connection media and less risk for user and both organisations. branches to get high bandwidth which is one kind of invest for both organisations( Estate Agent Company and College) because if fibre optic cable uses in increased then company can use it for future as well.

Future planning now company will use fibre optic cable for connecting

Save costthis type of cable can save both companies installation cost.

Because it is very easy to switch to high bandwidth network. [http://www.bpcomms.co.uk]

Eco friendly systemthis types of cable is eco friendly because it does not use

copper wire which is not good for the environment. [http://www.bpcomms.co.uk]

Disadvantages of fibre optic cable: Disadvantages of fibre optic cables are

Cabling expensethis types of cables are most expensive because it uses

expensive material
Specialist requiredfor installing the cable specialist is needed, especially

which any connection will terminated for the main line or testing cable connection.

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2. Networking components: describe the typical networking devices used in the

network solution and explain where they are used and why they are used for which purposes. Network components: As an IT administrator, there are some networking devices will be recommended for both companies (Estate Agent Company and College) which are Switches-- Switch is a network device which is used to segment the network.

Moreover, Switch is network device will provide the connection port to connect network PCs to connecting each other. Switch will enable to connect nodes on a local area network. Switches are similar like hub but switches are a more intelligent than that and higher price as well. Nowadays every LAN network switches are used for connecting network. The Netgear GSM7228PS switches are recommended for both companies (Estate Agent Company and College). [network-tool.com]
RouterRouter is a intermediate hardware piece which is enable to connect

two nodes or network devices for communicating each other. Router is used to forward data from one destination to other. Router exists on network layer that is run by some special programs for routing purposes. Router uses routing protocols for forwarding data packet to network devices and router has routing table. Cisco 3925E integrated services router is recommended for both companies (Estate Agent Company and College). [network-tool.com]
Server Server is the main controlling device on a network, commonly server

is used for store data, controlling client PCs and managing network. Server send information while client request for sending any information. Basically server is controlled by administrator and it uses a network operating system for managing it by a network administrator. Server will help to centralise the both companies network which will provide more security for both companies (Estate Agent Company and College). Various types of server such as file server, print server, email server and web server that will help to centralised the both network. So the server device will be required for both companies (Estate Agent Company and College). [network-tool.com]
Network interface Card Network interface card is a hardware piece which

establishes connection between a node and a network. Network interface card manage network connection between a node and both companies network (Estate Agent Company and College) and network interface card perform encoding activities on a network. Two types of NIC available which are wire and wireless and both provides 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps. Moreover, it has other types such as parallel and serial bus NIC. But currently PCI based NIC is used mostly because it is less expensive and faster communication speed, these types of NIC is easy to install in network nodes. So PCI based NIC is recommended for both companies (Estate Agent Company and College) network because it supports both wire and wireless connection. NIC configuration procedures:
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In order to install the NIC on client PCs or the server is same. The installation process for NIC card is based on windows 7 platform but it can be followed in any platform in windows and procedures are following-

figure 12: NIC installation process [emea.microsoftstore.com]

First of all, network administrator has to find out the my computer tab on the start menu and right click on the my computer and click on the device manager and again right click on the unknown network adaptors option.

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Figure 13: NIC installation process [emea.microsoftstore.com]

Next step is to find out the storage location where the network card driver is located and click next. Now computer will install the driver and after finishing it, it will show message to the user that driver is installed and click on close to finish the installation.

Ethernet-- is a LAN network standard that is vastly used on LAN network. In

the Ethernet nodes are connected in local area network form and uses particular protocols to manage the information flow in both companies network (Estate Agent Company and College). For communicating between network computers it mostly uses coaxial cable and 10 based network connection is recommended for both companies (Estate Agent Company and College).

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3. Network Diagram: To present your overall idea of network design, drown a

professional network diagram include detailed connection devices, media and software mentioned above.

Design floor plan for college of IT and finance:

Meeting Room

Figure 14: floor plan for college of IT and finance

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LAN network design for college of IT and finance:

Windows serv 2008 er running Print serv er file serv er
Clie nt

Serv er Windwos 7 pro web serv er Windows 7 pro network Administration database serv er application serv er Internet cloud terminal serv ices

Finance department Lev 2 switch el 5 Gb bandwidth Firewall

Switch Printer 1 Gb speed Ethernet high speed bandwidth up to 10 Gb 1 Gb speed 1 Gb speed 1 Gb speed

Router windows xp pro

Switch Windows xp pro Printer

Switch

house selling and renting dep

Estate consultancy

Figure 15: LAN design for college of IT and finance

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Campus network for college of IT and finance:

FDDI

C am pus 1 1 0 0 M b p s E th e rn e t 1 0 0 0 U s e rs

W o rk s t a t io n G ro u p

W o rk s t a tio n G ro u p

cam pus 2 1 0 0 0 U s e rs C o l l e g e o f IT a n d fi n a n c e

Figure 16: campus network for college of IT and finance

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Floor plan for Estate Agents Company:

Office 32 sq m

11 PCs Retails and donation management department

Data entry department

11 PCs

4 PCs Account department

Office 24 sq m

Wi -Fi Zone

Server room 6 PCs Information department

HR department

5 PCs Engineering department 6 PCs

Administration 7 PCs department

Figure 17: floor plan of Estate Agent Company

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LAN network for Estate Agents company:

Figure 18: LAN design for Estate Agents Company

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Design branch network for Estate Agents Company:

W rksta n o tio G u ro p

b n hnu ra ch a b ry st 1 u rs 0 se H h B n w th ig a d id D L7 M p S bs

b n ra ch S ym u e or P ce 0 u rs la 1 se

W rksta n o tio G u ro p

W rksta n o tio G u ro p

b n g e ra ch re n stre t e 1 u rs 0 se b n P rta ra ch o l Wy a 1 u rs 0 se

F D DI b n ra ch C m e Ra ro w ll o d 1 u rs 0 se

1 0M p E e e 0 b s th rn t

W rksta n o tio G u ro p

W rksta n o tio G u ro p

E teA e ts co p n sta gn ma y m in b n a ra ch L e o l st iv rp o 1 0M p E e e 0 b s th rn t

1 0M p E e e 0 b s th rn t W rksta n o tio G u ro p b n N rw o ra ch o o d H hS e ig tre t 1 u rs 0 se

b n o rd st ra ch xfo 1 u rs 0 se

W rksta n o tio G u ro p

W rksta n o tio G u ro p

b n E x ra ch sse st 1 u rs 0 se

b n fle t st ra ch e 1 u rs 0 se

W rksta n o tio G u ro p

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Figure 19: branch network for Estate Agents Company

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Active directory design for both organizations:

Figure 20: design active directory for both company Outline of networking utility: Utility name 1. Log Mein software Details This utility software will help to access remotely to the client computer, if any problem to access the terminal service than it gives the back up to access client computer. This tools is use to the company to analyze the protocol

2. Microsoft network monitor

3. Fping

This utility will use to check ping if any problem occurs.

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4. Webwatchbot

This tool will use to monitor companys www activities.

Table 3: networking tools [www.slac.stanford.edu]

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Part D Networking models and evaluation:

1. Networking models: explain the situation of interconnection in the designed network, discuss how OSI model could be used to guide the interconnection in implementation OSI is stand for open system interconnection and it is an international organisational for standardisation (ISO) for global communication that is characterized seven layers for implementing protocol. Moreover, OSI model starts from bottom to top level and one layer to next processes it. It provides the service to top level while the bellow layer has received. ISO started for developing the OSI framework model. OSI have two important elements, which are abstract model and networking model. It is called seven layer and reference Model as well. OSI is span seven layers, which transmits data from bottom level to upper.

7. Application layer 6. Presentation layer 5. Session layer 4. Transport layer 3. Network layer 2. Data link layer 1. Physical layer

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Overview of the OSI model: The overview of the OSI model will mention on the following table: # 7 Name of Layer Application OSI protocols FTAM, X.400, X.50 0, DAP,ROSE, RTS E, ACSE,CMIP TCP/IP protocols AppleTalk IPX RIP, SAP Misc. examples HL7, Modbus

NNTP, SIP, SSI, D AFP, ZIP,RT NS, FTP,Gopher, MP, NBP HTTP, NFS, NTP, DHCP,SMPP, SM TP, SNMP, Telnet, RIP,BGP MIME, SSL, TLS, XDR AFP

Presentation

ISO/IEC 8823, X.226, ISO/IEC 9576-1, X.236 ISO/IEC 8327, X.225, ISO/IEC 9548-1, X.235 ISO/IEC 8073, TP0, TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4 (X.224), ISO/IEC 8602,

TDI, ASCII, EBCDIC, MIDI, MPEG

Session

Sockets. Session establishment in TCP, RTP TCP, UDP, SCTP, DCCP

ASP, ADSP,P AP

NWLink

Named pipes, NetBIOS, SAP, half duplex, full duplex, simplex, RPC

Transport

DDP, SPX

NBF

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X.234 3 Network ISO/IEC 8208, X.25 (PLP), ISO/IEC 8878, X.22 3, ISO/IEC 84731, CLNPX.233. ISO/IEC 7666, X.25 (LAPB),Token Bus, X.222, ISO/IEC 8802-2 LL C Type 1 and 2 IP, IPsec, ICMP, I GMP, OSPF ATP(TokenTa lk orEtherTalk ) IPX NBF, Q.931, IS-IS

Data Link

PPP, SBTV SLIP, PPTP

LocalTalk,App IEEE leTalk Remote 802.3framing, Access, PPP Ethernet II framing

802.3 (Ethernet), 802.11a/b/g/n MAC/LLC, 802.1Q (VLAN), ATM, HDP, FDDI,Fibre Channel, Frame Relay, HDLC, ISL, PPP, Q.921, Token Ring, CDP, NDPARP (maps layer 3 to layer 2 address), ITU-T G.hn DLL CRC, Bit stuffing, ARQ, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS), interface bonding

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Physical

X.25 (X.21bis, EIA/ TIA-232,EIA/TIA449, EIA-530,G.703)

RS-232, RS422, STP,Phon eNet

RS-232, Full duplex, RJ45, V.35, V.34, I.430, I.431, T 1, E1, 10BASE-T,100BASE-TX, POTS, SONET, SDH, DSL, 802.11a/b/g/n PHY, ITU-T G.hn PHY,Controller Area Network, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)

Table 4: osi model functionality

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Functionality of each layer: 1. Physical layer: This layer is specified physical requirement and electrical specification for network devices. Physical layer is defined the connection between a network devices and transmission medium. This layer figures out the network devices such as hubs, network adapters, cable requirement, pin. The physical layer, the lowest layer of the OSI model, is concerned with the transmission and reception of the unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium. It describes the electrical/optical, mechanical, and functional interfaces to the physical medium, and carries the signals for all of the higher layers. [www.support.microsoft.com] The main functions of physical layer are: Terminating and Making a communication to the communication medium Processing various communication resources among the network users Converting or Encoding digital data (binary) for better understanding by the network devices Accommodating physical devices on this layer Various transmitting techniques such as deciding whether transmitting digital data to baseband or baseband signal

2. Data link layer: Data link layer helps to transfer data frame between one network PCs to other over the physical layer without occurring any errors. Actually, this layer is intended for transferring data frame to point to point or multi point network media. This layer will define WAN network data link protocol for ZAK.com that is how data frame will transfer from on node to other. The function of data link layer are: Creating logical communication between two network nodes Various traffic controlling process such as if any data frame will not process through the network it will inform the networking nodes Data link maintain data frame sequence such as transferring and receiving data frame one node to other Data link layer check and justify the data frame errors for integrity

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Data link layer decide whether node has right to use the physical media access.

3. Network layer: Network layer manages and controls subnet-masking operation in a network that will determine in which physical way data frame will go. This layer is also performed routing functionality in a network, creating report for the delivered data errors. The main functionality of this layer: On this layer, subnet masking operations such as network segmenting activities, routing are performed This layer performs data frame routing among the networks Fragmenting data frame if the data size is maximum and reassembling to destination address Data traffic control by subnet when router buffering Converting logical identity into physical identity Monitoring and accounting subnet usage for billing information

Communications Subnet The network layer software must build headers so that the network layer software residing in the subnet intermediate systems can recognize them and use them to route data to the destination address. This layer relieves the upper layers of the need to know anything about the data transmission and intermediate switching technologies used to connect systems. It establishes, maintains and terminates connections across the intervening communications facility (one or several intermediate systems in the communication subnet). In the network layer and the layers below, peer protocols exist between a node and its immediate neighbor, but the neighbor may be a node through which data is routed, not the destination station. The source and destination stations may be separated by many intermediate systems. The OSI Model's Seven Layers Defined and Functions Explained. 2011. The OSI Model's Seven Layers Defined and Functions Explained . [http://support.microsoft.com] 4. Transport layer: Transport layer enables to transfer data frame to end user and insure error free data to client or end user and protecting from duplication as

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well. So if any data will fail to send then this layer will responsible of correcting data from error and duplication. The main functionality of this layer: The main functionality of this layer is segmenting message into smaller pieces and receiving message from upper layer such as session layer This layer provides message reliable acknowledgement during end 2 end message delivery It controls message traffic such as any messages are not available for buffering it will inform the transmitting station for backing it off. It creates logical link and sort out the messaging placement, which one will be place on which session.

5. Session layer: It cooperates establishing session between running task on different network station. It allows establishing, controlling and managing and terminating the connectivity between locally and remotely access. Main functionality of this layer are: Permits to run two application tasks on different nodes and terminating connection from them Permits these task to communicate each other over the network Managing special identity recognition such as name Performing various security and logging processes

6. Presentation layer: presentation layer creates and establishes context between entities of application layer. It uses high level syntax when presentation services provides mapping for then and encapsulates data section into session protocol data unit and passes down the stack. Main functionality of this layer: Converting data into application and network formats Encrypting data from this layer and when it is processed to the application that will accept the created form (encrypted data). Translating special character codes It compresses the data bit when it will send trough the network Translating bit order, cr-cr/lf

7. Application layer: Application layer is layer that is close to the end user that is end user can directly communicate by the application to the network. Moreover,
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it is window of accessing network by the application. Main functionality of this layer: Various files and resources sharing by the application layer Accessing remote files and resources Accessing remote printer Managing network locally and remotely

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2) Networking standards: discuss related networking standards used in designed network above.

Network Standards: Networking standards is a highly quality technical files or documents which maintains and manage connection quality. A network standard will be used for both companies (e.g. estate agent companies and college of it and finance) that will carry out the network load and connection types for both companies. the network standards are:

Name IEEE 802.1 IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n IEEE 802.15 IEEE 802.15.1 IEEE 802.15.2 IEEE 802.15.3 IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.5

Description Bridging (networking) and Network Management Ethernet Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification) Wireless PAN Bluetooth certification IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.11 coexistence High-Rate wireless PAN Low-Rate wireless PAN (e.g., ZigBee, WirelessHART, MiWi, etc.) Mesh networking for WPAN

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IEEE 802.16 IEEE 802.16.1 IEEE 802.17 IEEE 802.18 IEEE 802.19 IEEE 802.20 IEEE 802.21 IEEE 802.22 IEEE 802.23

Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX certification) Local Multipoint Distribution Service Resilient packet ring Radio Regulatory TAG Coexistence TAG Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Media Independent Handoff Wireless Regional Area Network Emergency Services Working Group

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Table 5: network standard [http://grouper.ieee.org]

Network standard recommendation for both organization:

IEEE 802.3 is recommended for both organization e.g. college of IT and finance and Estate Agent Company. Because this standard is suitable for Ethernet, technology and it can provide high speed connection to both companies network. This standard is less expensive and more cost effective.

3) Network Evaluation: Discuss how the network effectiveness would be evaluated, and discuss future extensions as well as how the network would adapt to new networking technology developments.

Network evaluation: After design and implementation, the network next step is evaluation and troubleshooting. This part company spot problematic routers and hardware upgrade and replacement issues, bandwidth allocation for the network will be describing. Justifying high network performance availability, visualization, solving WAN link problem quickly, and resolving traffic tendency. List of investigating troubleshoot of NOS installation:

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Installation component 1. Windows server 2003 installation process 2. DHCP server installation

Status It is installed successfully to server and running on the distributed servers. DHCP installation is successfully install to server and scope are configured Previously company was using windows server 2003.but I have selected windows server 2008 .so upgrade issues was drivers and backup that was processed by backing up the old files and installing existing hardware driver on the windows server 2008. NOS upgrade is successfully installed. By the DHCP server an IP range is reserved for the server and special devices.

3. NOS upgrade issue

4. IP configuration

5. Printer configuration

Printer is successfully install in server

6. User group and group policy

User group and group policy successfully implemented in server For the future if, company want to upgrade Microsoft NOS then it is easy to upgrade from the windows server 2008. Sometime IP problem will happen but DHCP policy will solve the problem.

7. NOS upgrade

8. IP problem

Table 6: network evaluation for both network college of IT and finance and Estate Agent Company

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Future extension for both networks:

Every time is coming new technology that has to monitor by the network designer for both companies college of IT and finance and Estate Agent Company. There will be various types of innovative ideas that coming that will help to increase the performance of both networks in future. Future extension 1 Mobile technology Description In future a wide range of wireless network technology will be implemented for all branches, so any mobile can access to the network from anywhere. In future a more advance and include new mobile technology and high performance PCs will includes to get powerful performance For both companies will may develop new and better own security software for their organisations If any new standard will implement then it will be updated to the standards In future, a new DHCP relay agent system and scope will be introduced for the both company.

2 3 4 5

Network improvement Better security software Updating standards DHCP relay agent and scope introducing

Table 7: future extension for both companies (Estate Agents Company and college of IT and finance These are the main issue are involve with network evaluation and above facts will be extended in futures.

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References:
[ONLINE] Available at: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/103884. [Accessed 25 December 2011] [ONLINE] Available at: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/802%20overview.pdf. [Accessed 05 March 2012]. BP Communications - Fibre Optics, Fusion Splicing, OTDR Testing. 2012. BP Communications Fibre Optics, Fusion Splicing, OTDR Testing. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bpcomms.co.uk/disadvantages.htm. [Accessed 05 March 2012] Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005). Network+ Study Guide, Fourth Edition'. Sybex, Inc.. ISBN 0-7821-4406-3. Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2. 2012. Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/server-cloud/windows-server/default.aspx. [Accessed 05 March 2012]. Mueller,J (2002) SAMS teach yourself Windows XP in 21 days Sams publishing 2nd edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

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Manage File & Print Networks | Open Enterprise Server | Novell. 2012. Manage File & Print Networks | Open Enterprise Server | Novell. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.novell.com/products/openenterpriseserver/. [Accessed 05 March 2012] Network Monitoring Tools. 2012. Network Monitoring Tools. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.slac.stanford.edu/xorg/nmtf/nmtf-tools.html. [Accessed 05 March 2012] Stallings, W. (2000) Data and Computer Communications.6th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

The OSI Model's Seven Layers Defined and Functions Explained . 2011. The OSI Model's Seven Layers Defined and Functions Explained . [ONLINE] Available at: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/103884. [Accessed 23 December 2011] Viglen Ltd - PCs, Notebooks, Storage, Software, Peripherals, Services. 2012. Viglen Ltd - PCs, Notebooks, Storage, Software, Peripherals, Services. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.viglen.co.uk/devportal/std/storefront/storefront.asp?guid=17586375207&errMsg=. [Accessed 05 March 2012] Windows 7 - Buy, download and upgrade from Microsoft Store UK. 2012. Windows 7 - Buy, download and upgrade from Microsoft Store UK. [ONLINE] Available at: http://emea.microsoftstore.com/UK/en-GB/Microsoft/Windows/Windows-7? tduid=409156126713748e757e16310cbc0d08. [Accessed 05 March 2012].

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Bibliography:
Windows 7 - Buy, download and upgrade from Microsoft Store UK. 2012. Windows 7 - Buy, download and upgrade from Microsoft Store UK. [ONLINE] Available at: http://emea.microsoftstore.com/UK/en-GB/Microsoft/Windows/Windows-7? tduid=409156126713748e757e16310cbc0d08. [Accessed 05 March 2012]. BP Communications - Fibre Optics, Fusion Splicing, OTDR Testing. 2012. BP Communications Fibre Optics, Fusion Splicing, OTDR Testing. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bpcomms.co.uk/disadvantages.htm. [Accessed 05 March 2012] The OSI Model's Seven Layers Defined and Functions Explained . 2011. The OSI Model's Seven Layers Defined and Functions Explained . [ONLINE] Available at: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/103884. [Accessed 23 December 2011]

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