EE3092 -Laboratory Practice V

CHOPPER CONTROL DC DRIVE

Instructor: - Mr. R.D. Wijesinghe

Name: - V.I.P. Dasanayake Index Number: - 090075M Group: - 3 Submission date: -27/03/2012

OBSERVATION SHEET

Name

: V.I.P. Dasanayake

Index No : 090075M Practical : Chopper Control DC Motors Date Field : 09/03/2012 : Electrical

Instructed by: Mr. R.D. Wijesinghe b). Measurement of chopper performance with non-back emf load (under no load condition) Speed-input potentiometer setting
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VL (V)
8 8 10 17 23 30 38 45 53 61 62

IL (A)
0.3 0.3 0.38 0.64 0.88 1.16 1.44 1.72 2.04 2.32 2.36

T(on)(s)
6.2*20=124 6.2*20=124 3.6*50=180 8.9*50=445 6.9*100=690 4.7*200=940 6.1*200=1220 7.5*200=1500 8.8*200=1760 4*500=2000 4.1*500=2050

(Duty ratio)
0.0264 0.0264 0.0383 0.0947 0.147 0.200 0.260 0.319 0.374 0.426 0.436

Calculated VL(V) VL= VDC

3.496 3.496 5.074 12.55 19.45 26.500 34.394 42.287 49.617 56.383 57.793

Time period Ts= 4.7ms Chopper input DC voltage Vdc= 132.5V

c). Measurement of DC motor speed control characteristics Speed-input potentiometer setting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Speed N (rpm) 185 185 334 513 698 905 1106 1338 1562 1600

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows waveforms of armature voltage [upper graph] and the armature current [lower graph]

Figure 2

Figure 2 shows waveforms of field voltage [upper graph] and the field current [lower graph]

Figure 3

Figure 3 shows waveforms of pulse generator output, gate waveform of TH2, saw tooth waveform and comparator control input respectively

Figure 4

Figure 4 shows waveforms of comparator output [upper most graph] and gate of TH1 [lower graphs]

Discussion
1. There is a voltage at the load even when the speed-input potentiometer is at minimum Here we are using PWM switching circuit with fixed switching frequency. When the input voltage is changing, gate input is also changing with that. Theoretically in the beginning speed input potentiometer should be zero, but it is very unlike to happen, because there may be small steps exits even in the little time. The reason for that would be the time difference between thyristor 1 and thyristor 2. So because of such practical limitations, voltage wont be zero even the potentiometer is at minimum. 2. Why the speed input potentiometer, in the first few steps didnt respond to the motor; how the problems can possibly be eliminated? Practical is done under no load condition at the start, which means (load torque =friction torque at shaft bearings). At low speed friction torque is also low. So friction torque will not be increasing, unless speed is increasing. So the motor generating balancing torque wont change considerably, at low speed. Then the converter supplies voltage to get the motor to required speed. Therefore in the beginning motor will not accelerate significantly. When friction torque increases with the speed, it will go up to value such that, giving balance torque with significant change in speed. To eliminate this problem, practical should be done, under loaded condition, where load is significantly large, so friction torque can be neglected. 3. Why the field current waveform contain less ripple compared with the field voltage waveform Field current is proportional to the integration of field voltage for a given field inductance. So even there voltage waveform consists with high number of ripples, in filed current there are less ripple compared with it. Mathematically it is clear that, when there are lots of ripple in voltage wave form, according to the relationship of ( (Since the ) there will be less ripples in current waveform.

means the cumulative summation of voltage)

If it is explained in some other way, if we imagine the system is a spring mass system and mass represents the inductance. Since mass has inertia, even there is a high kinetic energy, it doesnt like to change the velocity suddenly. Similarly in here even there are ripples (sudden changes) in the voltage waveform, current will have lesser ripples.

4. Comment on the shape of the armature voltage and current waveform of part(c)?

Figure 5

Here dotted line represents the current waveform when the load torque is reduced by half of its original value. Armature voltage waveform According to the figure 5 it can be clearly seen that TON and TOFF time of the PWM waveform can be clearly identified. Normally Waveform is given like a square waveform as given above. current waveform Because of the armature voltage variation, we can see some ripples in the current waveform. From the figure 5 it can be clearly seen that, there are two impulses, because of the dropping and rising edges in PWM. 5. Comment on the control circuit waveform in part (d)? This consists with several waveforms, and those are explained below 1) Pulse generator output-square wave generate by the pulse generator, with a constant frequency 2) Trace gate wave form of TH2- waveform is generated , by detecting the dropping edge of square waveform (this is inverted before it goes to the TH2) 3) Saw tooth waveform- this is obtained from the integration of the square form, with same frequency. This is used to generate control signal to TH1. Shape of the waveform is shown in the figure 6. 4) Comparator control input waveform-when the switching control signal to TH1 is generated this is considered as the reference waveform. Some variation can be observed in this waveform, because of the feedback getting from armature voltage and current.

5) Comparator output- A square waveform generated using saw tooth waveform and comparator control input 6) Gate waveform of TH1- this is generated, by detecting dropping edge of square waveform at comparator output. (this is inverted before it goes to the TH1)
Sawtooth waveform Control voltage

Figure 6

Upper graph-sawtooth waveform and control voltage (VC) Lower graph-Drive of the switch Vg

6. State functions of potentiometer VR1, VR2, VR3 VR4& VR5? VR1:-adjust the armature voltage feedback signal VR2:-adjust the error between armature voltage feedback & set speed input VR3:-adjust the armature current feedback signal VR4:-adjust error between armature current feedback signal and VR2 output VR5:-adjust signal range set value

7. State few practical applications of chopper drives? Chopper diver circuit is popular of using for electronic switching devices. The reason for that is, high efficiency (since it involves one stage conversion), smooth control, fast operation of the chopper driver circuit. Battery operated vehicles DC motor drives when DC supply is available (use as a speed controller as well) Switched mode power supplies Use as a switched frequency devices

 For mine haulers For marine hoist For class D electronic amplifiers Battery charges where uncontrolled rectifier give DC to choppers Lighting and lamp controls also prefer choppers Traction drives use four quadrant choppers for energy saving For variable frequency devices

References
Power Devices And Machines By Dr.J.S.Chitode, U.A.Bakshi http://www.eetimes.com/design/industrial-control/4214636/DC-Chopper-control-vs--Phase-Anglecontrol-for-appliance-and-power-Tool-Applications-Who-wins-

http://www.mathworks.in/help/toolbox/physmod/powersys/ref/onequadrantchopperdcdrive.html