From Hellenism to Rome Begin: Fall of Alexander the Great; End: Rise of Octavian Alexander the Great transformed

ed ancient world o Hellenism: mix of culture, urbanism + religions o Embraced Persian culture The Hellenistic World o Legacy of classical city Athens had a lot to offer while Sparta did not o New foundations east + west o Colonies: Alexandria, Antiochia, Selecia: many settlersarmycarried own beliefsGreek language o Converging of architecture traditions o Greek language + gods : Hellenization o Hellenism + local traditions: The Greek East o Politics + urbanism Greek was lingua franca for Rome ( in east too) Adoption of local customs and deities Columinated streets main street (n-s) adopted in Hellenistic cities: channel traffic + monumental Priene o Asia minor? o Late 4th century becomes vibrant community o City plan: grid o Example of the lingering of classical city but functions as Hellenistic city o Theater illustrates popularity of drama and tragedy; also seemed as location for meetins o 4th century BC age in which individual with good speaking skills could impact public opinions Pergamon o Eventually became capital of kingdom: known as capital of Hellenism o Asia minor o Example of urban dueling with many states public space used for civil matters Miletos o Had very old foundation architects and engineers added building to structure Necropoleis- cemeteries; tombs looked like house/ temple o Hierapolis o Xanthus o Both are majestic and replica of city Megalamania o Emulation of Alexander the Great became God after death o Commingling of various traditions: Persia, Egypt and Greece o Religious eclecticism: cult of ruler Halikarnassus

o Western coast of Turkey; Caria o Mausoleum (tomb) destroyed by Crusaders o Mausoleus was king wife contributed Nemrud Dag o King of tigris o Two terraces: one in east, one in west: had temples Apamea o Best presented columned streets would continue for miles mark off urban area; provided area for commercial activities o Different then agora; stores lined up o Local elites want to please king Trends o Orthogonal plan o Public squares; stoai, sanctuaries ( in and outside the city); their architecture and sculpture programs o City walls o Theaters o Buildings for officials; Prytaneion, Strategion, etc o Necropoleis- reappearance of grandiosity when it comes of dead o Roads and columned streets- used for deployment of troops o Religious and political affirmations- cities created communities for different purposes ( religious) map out own commercial religious o Independence o Hellenistic city and its blueprint The Etruscans th a civilization that bloomed 9 century BC and introduced urban culture in central Italy Etruscans o Who? o Where did they come from o Language? o Political system? Romans built right on top of Etruscan citiescannot retrieve Tombs and Necropoleis Some hypotheses o From Asia minor? Media? o Settled around 900 BCE o First attestations: tyrrenoi first called o Pirates or merchants (shrewd) o Torquinia, Cerveteri, Populonia o From kingdoms to oligarchies, aristocracy o Confederations

o Influence of Greek cities Language o Another mystery o Bears some similarity to a dialect found in a 6th century inscription of the Greek island of Lemnos o Different from languages of the Mediterranean area o Linguist can decipher Etruscan inscriptions, which are written from right to left using primitive Greek alphabet o Exact meaning of many words are still unknown Pyrgi, the sanctuary o Similar to 6th century Greek sanctuaries o Golden tablets Etruscans + Venice Marzabotho o Glimpse into what a Etruscan city would look like o In central Italy o Grid matrix, blocks more elongated Necropolis o From monsters to banquets: themes inside tomb o Punishment, erotic scenes o Complicated symbolism o Afterlife? o Lares o Tombs resembling houses Cerveteri o Necropolis Etruscan Expansion o By end of 7th century BCE, influence spreads from northern Italy to area of Greek colonies down south o Rome is also under control o Legend of last three kings of Rome Latium o Fertile land, coastline o Optimal choice for settlers o Connected to other villagers Rome: the setting o Water, hills and defenses o 2 main routes o Marshes ( not idle or healthy) and river(benefit); Romes 7 hills o Capitol, Palatine and Veilia Early Rome The Etruscans

o Helped shape the city of Rome o Coast of Tyrrhenian Sea, heart of Etruscan: Latium Marzabotto + Veii o Only foundations left o Sacred architecture stemmed from Greek culture, yet elaborated o Elevated structure Necropolis o Replicated domestic quarterstombs looked like houses Palatine + Capitol more important hills Darshan Bhatt. Main foci Kings o Rex in the 6th bce o Boundaries and the pomenvm o Regia + temple of Vesta( favorite temple of Rome): sacred hearth o Senate + curia ( building for Senate) hostilia o Mobility of elite damilies in central Latium in 6th bce o Clients + friends toward Rome o The people: gentes curiae, tribes o Religious + the military Roman Government after the Kings: from the City to Empire o Popular assemblies o Magistrates o The Senate heart + soul of Roman Republic o The Emperor Innovations o The census, Servius Tullius? o Division in centuriae o Civic + military o 4 main urban tribes backbone of early Rome o Rural tribes Servian walls surrounded city Temple of Capitoline Jupiter completely obilerated wall still exist occupied platform Tuscan tradition Cella inter sanctum of temple; most sacred Rome, Latium and beyond SPQR captures spirit of Roman pride Servian wall o Built out of local stone o Blocks marked in terms of position o Wasnt there to show off Emperor showed off stolen goods from victories in war

6 major roads connected to Rome Roman troops can move much more easily layers in road of wood, stone 2 lanes Ostia- roman colonydesigned to be miniature copy of Rome miniature representation (own representatives and officials) o Close to Rome (20miles) o Give land and house in exchange of patrolling of land Colonies represent Rome but do their own thing; only listen to emperor; offer citizenship ; didnt pay taxes: independent Each citizen would get same amount of land Colonies replicated military camps ( square structure) Cosa (273 BC) o Potential model of Rome o Basilica becomes hallmark of Roman architecture o Acropolis of Cosa called Arx o Temple was departure from Etruscan o Walls crude cutting o 5th/6th century tiny towns territories annexed Early Republic Architecture Arch appears on peninsula; arch not invented by Romans Romans take idea of arch + built on it ex:aquaducts gromainstrument tripod; look through hole to see straight line arches o distribute pressure on pier o keystone distributes pressure center The Revolution o Arches, vaults + concrete facing o Concrete: water, limestone and sand (pozzolana): synchronized with arch o Hydraulic characteristics use of more possolana o Lining of cisterns, reservoirs + aquaducts o New volumes + forms : rubber core mixed with concrete o Types of facing : opus incertum, teticulatum + testaceum Opus incertum tiny rocks thrown into wall in front of rubber and cement : city of terrachina Opus reticulatum- stones were organized: diamond shape pattern: town of ostia Opus testaceum- rectangle brick; town of ostia demanded more labor. Brick were actually prism shaped; rectangle in front, pointed on back Market in pompeiiopus testaceum rebuilt portion used new techniquemarble at bottom Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina Palestrina north of Rome Reminiscent of Hellenistic cities Beautiful frescos mosaics of exotic places; exL nile Goddess Fortuna oracle produced

Repetitive arches Emperors et Alia Spain, Gaul, Macedonia, Syria, Jordan, North Africa Rome Pompeii had first theater Took a while before Rome had a theater Used ionic and Doric SPQR (Senatus Populus Que Romanus)

Popular Assemblies Roman Senate Senate Magistracies

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Tribunes of the Plebos

The Emperor The Pinceps Jan 27 bce: Octavian offered to lay power no longer arift o Romans accept any solution; moment of convergence of fear Augustus First thing he does divides empire into 2 governed by some through others (Legoati); other given to people and Senate (didnt require military) Proconsuls (provincial governorsrepresent people) vs Legati ( represent Augustus) Transformations o The emperor and his titles: COS (counsel), TRIB POS (represent of people), PONT MAX, PP o September23rd brings together different provincesemperors birthday o Citizenship in provinces o Large scale settlements of citizens outside of Italy ( functioned just like colonies) o 120,000 families distributed east and west o Lists grants and new citizens At the end of his life Augustus decided to create monuments of his achievements o Temple of Augustus and Roma in Ancyra o Ancyra inhabited by Glycians ( celt and greek) o Entire cella of temple has words of Augustus Kind of warning: written in latin and greek Colonization scheme was same: rectangle; military camp o Ementa, Spain o Augusta, Taurinorum (northern Italy) o Find people happy to be representatives of Rome o Bertus-deviated more military

The Provincial Cult of the Emperorfacet of loyalty o Natural development? Novelty? promoted statues; had to be respected: served purpose of loyalty o Worship of imperial family, from Syria to Gaul o Transformations of cities: Athens + Lepcis Magna The City of Rome o Forum of Augustus o No gridgrew in unorganized way Roman Forum o Sense of cluttering, density of bridges o Augustus commissioned building after Caesartook focus from temple of Jupiter? And gave it to temple of Caesar Emperors and Cities: the Fora Augustan administration set tone for rules crucified tribe for not paying taxes Augustus reconfigured Roman forum by building Temple of Julius Caesar legitimization of right to rule as emperor Forum Julium ( Julius Caesar) politics transformed into stone o Only foundation and traces of columns remain o Doric and ionic Greek architecture Forum of Augustus o Most effective in terms of sending message o Brick wall towards north divided area populated by masses ( poor people) and forum : isolation o Temple dedicated to Mars o Marble imported from various places Monumental in France inscription (political statement) colonnade similar to Hellenistic mausoleum The Cage commissioned by city of Rome Pompeii o grid but axis are not perpendicular o originally a Semite country o possible coexistence of 2 different urban layouts o was colony; miniature Roman state: own advisors o 250 years of archeological excavations o Herculaneum, Stabiae and Pompeii o Political Prominence played no political role o Pitfalls: the Pompeian house + general assumptions o A wide variety of modules for many city plans o Some wealth; not a lot; minor town Greek agoraspublic buildings; roman forums Pompeii Forum

o Carved out public space o Temple of Jupiter was center of attraction; high elevated, on platform o Had roofed market; known for wool o Temple of Apollo- rebuilt by Romans o Buildings for city ministers : doubir ? Pompeii o Heart of city is main avenue o City divided into different sections o Had amphitheater doubir made of rubber and concrete : had parades switched to gladiator games o The Old Baths: fed by aquaducts had pools, libraries and restaurants o Women had their own baths and pools Roman Houses o Damus + pergola o Vitruvius o Pompeii and olinthus provided riches evidence of house o Villae (minority), farms and apartment buildings o Tenants and owners Casa del Fauno o Owner unknown o Main focus is courtyard o Has Alexander mosaic: stems from Hellenistic painting o Typical pompeiian villa Villa del Misteri o In Pompeii o Named after portraits Villae: productivity and otium o 308 acres of average in the 2nd bce o Victories slaves o Olives and vines: incentives and protections of the markets : wine trade o Villae urbanae o Gardens and amenities o Villas outside of city walls used as farms From Ostia to the Pantheon Emperor would donate free items depending on disposal Rome received goods from various locations across the empire Claudius opened new harbor: Porto di Claudio failed after 70 years Rome received goods but gave nothing back Ostia grew due to traffic of goods forum built adjacent to theater: Piazzia dello Coporational temple in the center

Ostia feeds the city of Rome Insulae o Were big tall buildings o Max 20 stories o Cement and arches o 1st floor shops; above used for living Imperial Rome

Downtown of modern Rome Got rid of Neros image (shameful in Rome) o House of Rome (big liability) o Beautiful frescos Entire sections of Rome destroyed by fire Pantheon o Originally built by Agrippa (just portico) collapses under Hadrian Hadrian restores and adds dome o Columns came from Egypt o 2 pediments Commemorative Monuments If community was damaged received tax break or help strengthened bond Most people in cities (colonies) have only seen reliefs or inscriptions ( Roman empire) 500 independent cities in Asia minor alone (?) Is Pantheon replicate of structure of independent city? Pergamon Trajan styled himself after Alexander the Great Rome expanded by Trajan Trajans Forum ( last forum to be built) Temple of Trajan Basilica Ulpia Column of Trajan gift to emperor after his death shows accomplishments: military power conquering resistance statue of Trajan on top replaced by St. Peter Aostia: Arch of Augustus types of arches used as commemorative monuments Lepcis Magna In Libya Arch that represent imperial power and urban space or entrance into city; sends message Arch of Titus Space, urban solution and celebration of emperor

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Interior of arch has scenes: Jerusalem Constantines Arch Round reliefs Stripped portions of preexisting arch and put it on his Coliseum Cities influenced by Rome Etheiosis Palmyra, Syria Byzantine Constantinople takes over became new Rome, Jerusalem Rome lingers but is no important