Faktor pengontrol pembentukan kipas alluvial daratan

The nonmarine part of the Molasse is dominated by thick conglomerate units (MIALL) Climatic factors may also be important, including the amount of rainfall, which controls the rate of sediment dispersal. Uplift of the fold-thrust belt increases orographic rainfall, which increases erosion and sediment yield

This is a mass of rock, sand, and mud which, liquefied by heavy rain, moves down mountain sides. Movement may initially be slow, but with increasing water content, can accelerate to a fast-flowing flood of debris that carries all before it.

The deposits of debris flows range from boulders to gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Where sediment of only one grade is available at source, the resultant deposit will be of that grade and well sorted. Characteristically, however, debris flow deposits are poorly sorted and massive.

Sheet floods, or flash floods, deposit subhorizontally bedded coarse sands and gravels with intermittent channelling (Ives, 1936; Hooke, 1967).

Some authors also separate gravel-dominated systems from sandy fluvial systems (e.g., Walker and Cant 1984), because grain size is an important indicator of relief (that is, tectonic activity) as well as climate in the source area. High relief and arid or periglacial/paraglacial conditions favor the production of coarsegrained materials and the primary input into the different fluvial transport systems. In addition, the resistivity of source rocks exposed to weathering and erosion processes also plays an important role by: Gerard Einsele

Mekanisme debris flow

DEBRIS FLOWS: They occur during intense rainfall on water-saturated soil. Also called mudslides or mudflows, depending on velocity and content, flows usually start on steep hillsides as soil slumps or when slides liquefy and accelerate. They can reach speeds of 35 mph, surging downhill and into channels until gravity slows or stops them. Their consistency ranges from watery mud to a mixture like wet cement dense enough to carry boulders, trees, and cars.

Debris flows pada fasies proximal kipas alluvial

Debris flows are dense, viscous mixtures of sediment and water in which the volume and mass of sediment exceeds that of water (Major 2003). A dense, viscous mixture of this sort will typically have a low Reynolds number so the flow is likely to be laminar (4.2.1). In the absence of turbulence no dynamic sorting of material into different sizes occurs during flow and the resulting deposit is very poorly sorted. Some sorting may develop by slow settling and locally there may be reverse grading produced by shear at the bed boundary. Material of any size from clay to large boulders may be present. Debris flows occur on land, principally in arid environments where water supply is sparse (such as some alluvial fans, 9.5) and in submarine environments where they transport material down continental slopes (16.1.2) and locally on some coarse-grained delta slopes (12.4.4). Deposition occurs when internal friction becomes too great and the flow freezes (Fig. 4.26). There may be little change in the thickness of the deposit in a proximal to distal direction and the clast size distribution may be the same throughout the deposit. The deposits of debris flows on land are typically matrix-supported conglomerates although clast-supported deposits also occur if the relative proportion of large clasts is high in the sediment mixture. They are poorly sorted and show a chaotic fabric, i.e. there is usually no preferred orientation to the clasts (Fig. 4.27), except within zones of shearing that may form at the base of the flow. When a debris flow travels through water it may partly mix with it and the top part of the flow may become dilute. The tops of subaqueous debris flows are therefore characterised by a gradation up into better sorted, graded sediment, which may have the characteristics of a turbidite (see below).