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MONASH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING ECE2041 Telecommunications /TRC4801 Digital Communications Practice Class

7: Line Coding, Modulation and Media Properties Sunway Version - Answers


1. Answers: a.

The above figure shows a sequence of 4 1s followed by 4 0s. A long sequence of 1s or a long sequence of 0s produces a long period during which there is no change in the signal level. Consequently, there are no transitions (zero crossings) that help a synchronization circuit determine where the boundary of each signaling interval is located. b.

The occurrence of a 1 induces a transition and helps synchronization. However sequences of 0s still result in periods with no transitions. c.

Every T-second interval now has a transition in the middle, so synchronization is much simpler. However, the bandwidth of the

signal is doubled, as pulses now are essentially half as wide, that is, T/2 seconds. 2. Answers: a. The transmitted signals corresponding to the phase values are as follows: for 00 = 0, so x(t) = Acos(2fc t) for 01 = /2, so x(t) = Acos(2fc t + /2) = -Asin(2fc t) for 10 = , so x(t) = Acos(2fc t + ) = Acos(2fc t ) for 11 = 3/2, so x(t) = Acos(2fc t - /2) =- Asin(2fc t) The signal constellation is shown below:

b.

The generalization to an eight-point constellation is straightforward. In the above figure, we can see that the four constellation points are placed at equidistant points in a circle about the origin. The figure below shows how eight points can be placed in a circle with angle /4 between them.

3. The transmitted signal in QAM is y(t) = Ak cos(2fc t) + Bk sin(2fc t )

The upper multiplier in Figure 3.42 computes the following: y(t) 2cos(2fc t + ) sin(2fc t ) = 2cos(2fc t + ) Ak cos(2fc t) + 2cos(2fc t + ) Bk

= Ak {cos() + cos(4fc t + ) } + Bk {-sin() + sin(4fc t + ) } The lowpass filter removes the double-frequency component, so the output of the upper demodulator circuit is: Ak cos() - Bk sin() . When the phase error is small, then cos is approximately 1, and sin is approximately 0, so the phase error causes a small error in the demodulator output. As the phase error increases however, the desired signal Ak becomes harder to discern because the cosine term decreases and the sine term increases. It can be similarly shown that the output of the lower demodulator is: Bk cos() + Ak sin() . 4. Answers: a. 20 db / (0.7 db/km) = 28 km b. 20 db / (0.2 db/km) = 100 km

5. Frequency and wavelength are related by the expression: f = v/, where v =

2x108. The frequencies corresponding to 1200 nm and 1400 nm are f1 = v/1 = 2(108)/1.2(106) and f2 = v/2 = 2(108)/1.4(106) so the bandwidth is BW = f1 f2 = 23.8 THz.

The Hz/person is 23.8 x1012 / 6 x109 = 5.95 x103 Hz or approximately 6 KHz per person. For the band from 1400 nm to 1600 nm we get BW = f1 f2 = 2(108)(1/1.4 1/1.6)106 = 17.8 THz. The Hz per person is 17.8 x1012 / 6 x109 = 2.96 x103 Hz or approximately 3 KHz per person.
6. The length of fiber for 1 nanosecond delay is: (2 x 108) x (1 x 10-9) = 0.2

meter. Considering 0.2 dB per kilometer attenuation, the signal is attenuated by 0.2 x (2 x 10-4) or 4 x 10-5 dB. For 1 millisecond delay the length of the fiber is: (2 x 108) x (1 x 10-3) = 200 Km. The signal is attenuated by 0.2 x 200 = 40 dB. 7. At 850 nm the attenuation is about 2 dB per km, so the attenuation in 100 km is 200 dB. At 1300 nm, the attenuation is 0.5(100) = 50 dB. At 1500 nm, the attenuation is 0.2(100) = 20 dB. 8. Answers:

For a -30 dBm signal: 10 log10P = -30 dBm or log10P = -3 then P = 10-3 milliwatts For a 6 dBm signal: 10 log10P = 6 dBm or log10P = 0.6 then P = 100.6 = 3.98 milliwatts b. P = 1 microwatt = 10-3 milliwatt. So the power in dBm is 10 log10 10-3 = -30 dBm c. Initial power = 10 log102 = 3 dBm Power after attenuation = 3 10 = -7 dBm
a.

9. The output signal power is: 10 N


10. The

attenuation for free space 2(10)log1036000000 = 151 dB.

is

proportional

to

2(10)log10d

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