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Mech 346: Heat Transfer

Chapter 7: External Flow

J.G. Pharoah
214 – McLaughlin Hall
533-6579

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Queen's University
Kingston, Ontario,
Canada, K7L 3N6

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Overview

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Pr = 1

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Pr = 0.1

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Pr = 100

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The thermal Boundary thins as Pr

increases

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The Wall Temperature gradient,

proportional to the heat transfer rate
scales well with 0.332 Pr1/3

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From: Fox & McDonald, Introduction to Fluid

mechanics (similar to Figure 7.8 in our text)
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Figure 7.9 (text)
•Laminar Separation at about 80o
•Turbulent Separation at about
115o
•Heat Transfer decreases from
the stagnation point to the
separation point where the
recirculating fluid increases heat
transfer again
•Transition to turbulence
increases heat transfer
substantially

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• The flow over a cylinder passes through

several distinct flow regimes
– Creeping Flow
– Symmetric Laminar Wake
– Laminar Vortex Shedding
– Laminar Separation/Turbulent Wake
– Turbulent Separation/Turbulent Wake
• Heat Transfer duly affected

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Creeping Flow

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Symmetric Laminar Wake

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Laminar Vortex Shedding

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Laminar separation/Turbulent Wake

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Turbulent separation/Turbulent Wake

(Boundary Layer Tripped)

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Tube Banks.
Now the
cylinders interact
The arrangement
and spacing are
additional
variables

Read about the

log mean
temperature
difference (Page
423).

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Impinging Jets

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Heat Transfer is highest at the Stagnation point

•Cooling fans impinge on surfaces rather than flow over them
•Phase Change can be used to significantly increase heat transfer
(liquid jets on heated surfaces)
•Arrangement is a sensitive variable

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Summary of correlations

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On using correlations
• Be very careful of the definitions used in
each correlation.
• Be very careful about the range of
applicability
• Check what temperature the properties
should be evaluated at
• Realize the limitation of the correlations

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