NSS M1V2 12 FS Eng

12 Some Special Discrete Probability Distributions
12 Some Special Discrete

Probability Distributions
Classwork
Classwork (p. 12.4)
(a) Yes (d) Yes
(b) No (e) No
(c) No (f) Yes
Quick Practice
Quick Practice 12.1 (p. 12.5)
(a) S follows a Bernoulli distribution with p = 0.88.
(i)
s 0 1
P(S = s) 0.12 0.88
(ii) 1 0 where , ) 12 . 0 ( ) 88 . 0 ( ) (
1
, s s S P
s s

(b)
88 . 0 ) ( E S
1056 . 0 12 . 0 88 . 0 ) ( Var S
(a)
5
1
5
4
1

q
q
(b)
5
4
) ( E Z
25
4
5
1
5
4
) ( Var Z
(a) 5 ..., 2, 1, 0, X
(b) Each throw is a Bernoulli trial (the dice is either thrown to
obtain a 6 with probability
3
1
or a number other than 6 with
probability
3
2
3
1
1 ), and each throw is independent of each
other.
X ~ B(5,
3
1
).
5 , 0,1, where ,
3
2
3
1
) (
5
5

,
_
,
_
x C x X P
x x
x
(c) (i)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3292 . 0
3
2
3
1
) 2 (
3 2
5
2
,
_
,
_
C X P
(ii)
0 ) 6 ( X P
(iii)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 7901 . 0
3
2
3
1
3
2
3
1
3
2
) 3 (
3 2
5
2
4
5
1
5
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
< C C X P
(d) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 667 . 1
3
1
5 ) ( E X
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 111 . 1
3
2
3
1
5 ) ( Var X
Let N be the random variable representing the number of private cars
crossing the Western Harbour Tunnel, then N ~ B(7,
3
2
).
(a) d.p.) 4 to (cor. 0005 . 0
3
1
) 0 (
7

,
_
N P
(b)
d.p.) 4 to (cor. 2634 . 0
3
2
3
1
3
2
) 7 ( ) 6 (
) 5 (
7 6
7
6
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
>
C
N P N P
N P
(c)
d.p.) 4 to (cor. 0453 . 0
3
1
3
2
3
1
3
2
3
1
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 3 (
5 2
7
2
6
7
1
7
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
+ +
<
C C
N P N P N P
N P
(d)
d.p.) 4 to (cor. 4225 . 0
3
1
3
2
3
1
3
2
3
1
3
2
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 (
) 4 2 (
3 4
7
4
4 3
7
3
5 2
7
2
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+ +

C C C
N P N P N P
N P
Let X and Y be the random variables representing the number of
heads obtained from coin A and B respectively, then X ~ B(3, 0.5)
and Y ~ B(4, 0.5),
i.e. 3 , 0,1, where , ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) (
3 3

x C x X P
x x
x
and
4 , 0,1, where , ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) (
4 4

y C y Y P
y y
y
.
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 2734 . 0
) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 (
) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 (
) 1 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
) 3 ( ) 1 ( ) 4 ( ) 0 (
) 1 and 3 ( ) 2 and 2 (
) 3 and 1 ( ) 4 and 0 (
) 4 (
3 1 4
1
0 3 3
3
2 2 4
2
1 2 3
2
1 3 4
3
2 1 3
1
0 4 4
4
3 0 3
0
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
C C C C
C C C C
Y P X P Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P
Y X P Y X P
Y X P Y X P
Y X P
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 1 Vol.2 Full Solutions
Let X be the random variable representing the number of defective
light bulbs found in the sample, then X ~ B(30, 3%).
i.e. 30 , 0,1, where , ) 97 . 0 ( ) 03 . 0 ( ) (
30 30

x C x X P
x x
x
.
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 0.9399
) 97 . 0 ( ) 03 . 0 ( ) 97 . 0 ( ) 03 . 0 ( ) 97 . 0 ( ) 03 . 0 (
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 3 (
28 2 30
2
29 1 30
1
30 0 30
0
+ +
+ +
<
C C C
X P X P X P
X P
It is higher than the previous sampling plan.
(a) Let X and Y be the random variables representing the number of
defective iPods found in Plan A and B respectively, then
X ~ B(20, 0.05) and Y ~ B(10, 0.05),
i.e. 20 , 0,1, where , ) 95 . 0 ( ) 05 . 0 ( ) (
20 20

x C x X P
x x
x

and 10 , 0,1, where , ) 95 . 0 ( ) 05 . 0 ( ) (
10 10

y C y Y P
y y
y
.
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 0.7358
) 95 . 0 ( ) 05 . 0 ( ) 95 . 0 ( ) 05 . 0 (
) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 2 (
) A Plan accept (
19 1 20
1
20 0 20
0
+
+
<
C C
X P X P
X P
P
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 0.7874
) 95 . 0 ( ) 05 . 0 ( ) 95 . 0 ( ) 05 . 0 ( ) 95 . 0 ( ) 05 . 0 (
) 0 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) B Plan accept (
10 0 10
0
9 1 10
1
10 0 10
0
+
+
C C C
Y P Y P Y P
P
Plan B has a higher probability of acceptance for the
batch.
(b) Let M and N be the random variables representing the number
of defective iPods found in Plan A and B respectively, then
M ~ B(20, 0.1) and N ~ B(10, 0.1),
i.e. 20 , 0,1, where , ) 9 . 0 ( ) 1 . 0 ( ) (
20 20

m C m M P
m m
m

and 10 , 0,1, where , ) 9 . 0 ( ) 1 . 0 ( ) (
10 10

n C n N P
n n
n
.
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 0.3917
) 9 . 0 ( ) 1 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 ( ) 1 . 0 (
) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 2 (
) A Plan accept (
19 1 20
1
20 0 20
0
+
+
<
C C
M P m P
M P
P
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 0.4838
) 9 . 0 ( ) 1 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 ( ) 1 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 ( ) 1 . 0 (
) 0 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) B Plan accept (
10 0 10
0
9 1 10
1
10 0 10
0
+
+
C C C
N P N P N P
P
Plan B has a higher probability of acceptance for the
batch.
Each throw is a Bernoulli trial (the dice is either thrown to obtain a
6 with probability
6
1
or a number other than 6 with probability
6
5
6
1
1 ), and each throw is independent of each other.
X ~ Geo
,
_
6
1
.
... 2, 1, where ,
6
5
6
1
) (
1

,
_
,
_
x x X P
x
(a)
1296
125
6
1
6
5
) 4 (
3

,
_
,
_
X P
(b)
216
125
6
5
1
1
6
1
6
5
...
6
5
6
5
1
6
1
6
5
...
6
1
6
5
6
1
6
5
6
1
6
5
... ) 6 ( ) 5 ( ) 4 (
) 4 (
3
2 3
1 6 1 5 1 4
,
_
,
_
,
_
1
1
]
1
+
,
_
+ +
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+ + +

X P X P X P
X P
(c)
36
11
6
1
6
5
6
1
6
5
) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 3 (
1 2 1 1
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
<

X P X P
X P
Let random variable X be the number of dishes required until Mary
can get the Toro sushi, then X ~ Geo (0.15).
i.e. ... 2, 1, where , ) 15 . 0 ( ) 85 . 0 ( ) (
1

x x X P
x
(a) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1084 . 0 ) 15 . 0 ( ) 85 . 0 ( ) 3 (
2
X P
(b)
7225 . 0
) 15 . 0 )( 85 . 0 ( ) 15 . 0 ( 1
) 2 ( ) 1 ( 1
) 2 (

>
X P X P
X P
(c)
) fig. sig. 4 to cor. ( 78 . 37
15 . 0
15 . 0 1
) ( Var
) fig. sig. 4 to cor. ( 667 . 6
15 . 0
1
) ( E
2

X
X
Let random variable X be the number of purchases until Mrs. Leung
can get the letter S, then X ~ Geo (0.1).
i.e. ... 2, 1, where , ) 1 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 ( ) (
1

x x X P
x
(a) ) fig. sig. 4 to cor. ( 03874 . 0 ) 1 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 ( ) 10 (
9
X P
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 4095 . 0
) 1 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 ( ) 1 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 ( ) 1 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 ( ) 1 . 0 )( 9 . 0 ( ) 1 . 0 (
) 5 ( ) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 5 (
4 3 2
+ + + +
+ + + +
X P X P X P X P X P
X P
(c) E(X) 10
1 . 0
1

The expected amount for Mrs. Leung to get an S
550 800 10 80 >
In terms of the money paid, she should buy the letter S
from Mrs. Ho.
58
Let random variable N be the number of times until the player can
hit the target, then N ~ Geo (0.3).
(a) 07203 . 0 ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 5 (
4
N P
(b)
7599 . 0
) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 )( 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 (
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 4 (
3 2
+ + +
+ + +
N P N P N P N P
N P
(c) 333 . 3
3 . 0
1
) ( E N (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)
(d)
778 . 7
3 . 0
3 . 0 1
) ( Var
2

N
(cor. to 4 sig. fig.)
X ~ Po(3)
i.e.
!
) 3 (
) (
3
x
e
x X P
x
, where x = 0, 1, 2,
(a) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 04979 . 0
! 0
) 3 (
) 0 (
3
0 3

e
e
X P
(b) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1008 . 0
! 5
) 3 (
) 5 (
5 3

e
X P
(c)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 4232 . 0
! 2
) 3 (
! 1
) 3 (
! 0
) 3 (
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 3 (
2 3 1 3 0 3
+ +
+ +
<

e e e
X P X P X P
X P
As there are about 6000 WBC per mm
3
blood on average, then there
are on average 6
1000
6000
WBC in a drop of 0.001 mm
3
blood.
Let X be the random variable representing the number of WBC in a
drop of 0.001 mm
3
blood, then X ~ Po(6),
i.e.
!
) 6 (
) (
6
x
e
x X P
x
, where x = 0, 1, 2,
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 06197 . 0
! 2
) 6 (
! 1
) 6 (
! 0
) 6 (
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 2 (
2 6 1 6 0 6
+ +
+ +

e e e
X P X P X P
X P
Let X and Y be the random variables representing the number of tea
and coffee sold per minute respectively, then X follows a Poisson
distribution with mean
2
X
and Y follows a Poisson distribution

with mean
5 . 3
Y
.
i.e.
!
) 2 (
) (
2
x
e
x X P
x
, where x = 0, 1, 2, and
!
) 5 . 3 (
) (
5 . 3
y
e
y Y P
y
, where y = 0, 1, 2,
(a) (i) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 2707 . 0
! 2
) 2 (
) 2 (
2 2

e
X P
(ii)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3208 . 0
! 2
) 5 . 3 (
! 1
) 5 . 3 (
! 0
) 5 . 3 (
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 3 (
2 5 . 3 1 5 . 3 0 5 . 3
+ +
+ +
<

e e e
Y P Y P Y P
Y P
(iii)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1558 . 0
! 0
) 5 . 3 (
! 4
) 2 (

! 1
) 5 . 3 (
! 3
) 2 (
! 2
) 5 . 3 (
! 2
) 2 (

! 3
) 5 . 3 (
! 1
) 2 (
! 4
) 5 . 3 (
! 0
) 2 (
) 0 ( ) 4 (
) 1 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
) 3 ( ) 1 ( ) 4 ( ) 0 (
) 4 (
0 5 . 3 4 2
1 5 . 3 3 2 2 5 . 3 2 2
3 5 . 3 1 2 4 5 . 3 0 2
+ +
+ +

+ +
+ +
+

e e
e e e e
e e e e
Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P
Y X P
(iv)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 6425 . 0
! 0
) 5 . 3 (
! 4
) 2 (

! 1
) 5 . 3 (
! 3
) 2 (
! 0
) 5 . 3 (
! 3
) 2 (

! 2
) 5 . 3 (
! 2
) 2 (
! 1
) 5 . 3 (
! 2
) 2 (

! 0
) 5 . 3 (
! 2
) 2 (
! 3
) 5 . 3 (
! 1
) 2 (

! 2
) 5 . 3 (
! 1
) 2 (
! 1
) 5 . 3 (
! 1
) 2 (

! 0
) 5 . 3 (
! 1
) 2 (
! 4
) 5 . 3 (
! 0
) 2 (

! 3
) 5 . 3 (
! 0
) 2 (
! 2
) 5 . 3 (
! 0
) 2 (

! 1
) 5 . 3 (
! 0
) 2 (
! 0
) 5 . 3 (
! 0
) 2 (
1
) 0 ( ) 4 (
) 1 ( ) 3 ( ) 0 ( ) 3 (
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 (
) 0 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 1 (
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 0 ( ) 1 ( ) 4 ( ) 0 (
) 3 ( ) 0 ( ) 2 ( ) 0 (
) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( 1
) 4 ( 1
) 4 (
0 5 . 3 4 2
1 5 . 3 3 2 0 5 . 3 3 2
2 5 . 3 2 2 1 5 . 3 2 2
0 5 . 3 2 2 3 5 . 3 1 2
2 5 . 3 1 2 1 5 . 3 1 2
0 5 . 3 1 2 4 5 . 3 0 2
3 5 . 3 0 2 2 5 . 3 0 2
1 5 . 3 0 2 0 5 . 3 0 2

+
> +

e e
e e e e
e e e e
e e e e
e e e e
e e e e
e e e e
e e e e
Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P
Y X P
Y X P
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1640 . 0
155818803 . 0
! 4
) 5 . 3 (
! 0
) 2 (
) 4 | 4 (
4 5 . 3 0 2
+

e e
Y X Y P
(a) Let X be the random variable representing the number of tosses,
then X ~ B(5, 0.65).
i.e. 5 , 0,1, where , ) 35 . 0 ( ) 65 . 0 ( ) (
5 5

x C x X P
x x
x
P (X = 3) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3364 . 0 ) 35 . 0 ( ) 65 . 0 (
2 3 5
3
C
(b) Let Y be the random variable representing the number of tosses
required until the first heads is gotten,
then Y ~ Geo (0.65).
i.e. ... 2, 1, where , ) 65 . 0 ( ) 35 . 0 ( ) (
1

y y Y P
y
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 009754 . 0 ) 65 . 0 ( ) 35 . 0 ( ) 5 (
4
Y P
(a) Let X be the random variable representing the number of
Scandium nuclei undergo decay, then X ~ B(8, 0.8).
i.e. 8 , 0,1, where , ) 2 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) (
8 8

x C x X P
x x
x
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 009175 . 0 ) 2 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) 3 (
5 3 8
3
C X P
(b) Let Y be the random variable representing the minute in
which the Scandium nucleus first undergoes decay, then
Y ~ Geo (0.8).
i.e. ... 2, 1, where , ) 8 . 0 ( ) 2 . 0 ( ) (
1

y y Y P
y
00128 . 0 ) 8 . 0 ( ) 2 . 0 ( ) 5 (
4
Y P
(c) Let Z be the random variable representing the number of
Scandium nuclei will not undergo decay in the coming 4
minutes but will undergo decay in the 5
th
minute, then
Z ~ B(8, 0.00128).
i.e. 8 , 0, where , ) 99872 . 0 ( ) 00128 . 0 ( ) (
8 8

z C z Z P
z z
z
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 01014 . 0
) 99872 . 0 )( 00128 . 0 ( ) 1 (
7 8
1
C Z P
(a) X ~ B(3, 0.6)
i.e. 3 , 2 0,1, where , ) 4 . 0 ( ) 6 . 0 ( ) (
3 3

x C x X P
x x
x
8 . 1 6 . 0 3 ) ( E X
72 . 0 4 . 0 6 . 0 3 ) ( Var X
(b) 648 . 0 ) 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 ( ) 6 . 0 ( ) 2 (
3 2 3
2
+ C X P
(c) Y ~ B(5, 0.648)
i.e. 5 , .. . 0,1, where , ) 352 . 0 ( ) 648 . 0 ( ) (
5 5

y C y Y P
y y
y
24 . 3 648 . 0 5 ) ( E Y
14048 . 1 352 . 0 648 . 0 5 ) ( Var Y
(d)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 7617 . 0
) 648 . 0 ( ) 352 . 0 ( ) 648 . 0 ( ) 352 . 0 ( ) 648 . 0 (
) 5 ( ) 4 ( ) 3 (
) 3 (
5 4 5
4
2 3 5
3
+ +
+ +
C C
Y P Y P Y P
Y P
(a) M ~ Po(1.2), i.e.
!
) 2 . 1 (
) (
2 . 1
m
e
m M P
m
, where x = 0, 1,
(i) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3012 . 0
! 0
) 2 . 1 (
) 0 (
0 2 . 1

e
M P
(ii)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 8795 . 0
! 2
) 2 . 1 (
! 1
) 2 . 1 (
! 0
) 2 . 1 (
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 3 (
2 2 . 1 1 2 . 1 0 2 . 1
+ +
+ +
<

e e e
M P M P M P
M P
(b) Let Y be the random variable representing the number of pages
with fewer than 3 misprints, then Y ~ B(20, 0.879487098)
i.e.

20 , 1, 0, where
, ) 120512902 . 0 ( ) 879487098 . 0 ( ) (
20 20

y
C y Y P
y y
y
(i)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 59 . 17 879487098 . 0 20 ) ( Y E
(ii)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 2868 . 0
) 879487098 . 0 ( ) 120512902 . 0 ( ) 879487098 . 0 (
) 18 (
20 19 20
19
+
>
C
Y P
(iii) Let Z be the random variable representing the number of
pages with no misprints, then Z ~ B(20, 0.301194211).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 006647 . 0
) 698805788 . 0 )( 301194211 . 0 ( ) 1 (
19 20
1
C Z P
(iv)
24 2 . 1 20
) ( E 20 ) 20 ( E

M M
Exercise
Exercise 12A (p. 12.14)
Level 1
1. (a) X follows a Bernoulli distribution with
4
1
p .
(b) 1 , 0 where ,
4
3
4
1
) (
1

,
_
,
_
x x f
x x
(c)
4
1
) ( E X
16
3
4
3
4
1
) ( Var X
2. (a)
8
5
) 0 ( ) 0 ( f T P
8
3
) 1 ( ) 1 ( f T P
60
(b)
8
3
) ( E T
64
15
8
5
8
3
) ( Var T
3. (a)
36
19
18
1
9
1
6
1
9
1
18
1
36
1
) 11 9, 7, 5, 3, , 2 sum (
) 1 (
+ + + + +

P
X P
36
17
36
19
1
) 1 ( 1
) 0 (

X P
X P
(b) (i) x 0 1
) ( x X P
36
17
36
19
(ii) 1 , 0 where ,
36
17
36
19
) (
1

,
_
,
_
x x f
x x
(iii)
(c)
36
19
) ( E X
1296
323
36
17
36
19
) ( Var X
36
323
4. (a) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 2684 . 0 ) 8 . 0 )( 2 . 0 ( ) 1 (

9 10
1
C X P
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3222 . 0
] ) 8 . 0 ( ) 2 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 )( 2 . 0 ( 8 . 0 [ 1
)] 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( [ 1
) 2 (
8 2 10
2
9 10
1
10
+ +
+ +
>
C C
X P X P X P
X P
(c)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 9999 . 0
) 2 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) 2 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) 2 . 0 ( 1
) 10 ( ) 9 ( ) 8 ( 1
) 8 (
10 9 10
9
2 8 10
8

<
C C
X P X P X P
X P
(d)
2 2 . 0 10 ) ( E X
6 . 1 ) 2 . 0 1 ( 2 . 0 10 ) ( Var X
5. (a) X follows the binomial distribution where X ~ B(10, 0.3).
(b) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 2668 . 0 ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 3 (
7 3 10
3
C X P
6. (a) 1 , 0 where ,
3
1
3
2
) (
1

,
_
,
_
r r f
r r
(b) Let A be the random variable representing the amount
donated.
3
4
) ( E 2 ) 2 ( E ) ( E R R A
9
8
3
2
3
1
4 ) ( Var 4
) 2 ( Var ) ( Var

R
R A
7. Let X be the random variable representing the number of games
team A loses, then X ~ B(6, 0.4).
i.e. 6 , 0,1, where , ) 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 ( ) (
6 6

x C x X P
x x
x
P (X = 2) 31104 . 0 ) 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 (
4 2 6
2
C
8. Let W be the event that Ma Lin wins the match.
P (Ma Lin is the champion)
352 . 0
6 . 0 ) 4 . 0 ( ) 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 (
) ' ( ) ' ( ) (
) ' ' (
2 2 2
+ +
+ +

WW W P W WW P WW P
WW W W WW WW P
9. Let X be the random variable representing the number of
questions answered correctly, then X ~ B(10,
4
1
).
i.e. 10 , 0,1, where ,
4
3
4
1
) (
10
10

,
_
,
_
x C x X P
x x
x
If the student passes the test, he must correctly answer 6
questions.
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 01973 . 0
4
1
4
3
4
1

4
3
4
1
4
3
4
1
4
3
4
1
) 10 ( ) 9 ( ) 8 ( ) 7 ( ) 6 (
) 6 (
10 9
10
9
2 8
10
8
3 7
10
7
4 6
10
6
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+ + + +
C
C C C
X P X P X P X P X P
X P
10. Let X be the random variable representing the number of staff
drive their cars to work, then X ~ B(14, 0.7).
i.e. 14 , 0,1, where , ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) (
14 14

x C x X P
x x
x
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 5842 . 0
) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 (
) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 (
) 14 ( ) 13 ( ) 12 ( ) 11 ( ) 10 (
) 10 (
14 1 13 14
13
2 12 14
12
3 11 14
11
4 10 14
10
+
+ + +
+ + + +
C
C C C
X P X P X P X P X P
X P
11. Let X be the random variable representing the number of patients
recover after receiving the treatment, then
X ~ B(8, 0.24).
i.e. 8 , 0,1, where , ) 76 . 0 ( ) 24 . 0 ( ) (
8 8

x C x X P
x x
x
(a) P(X
=
8) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 00001101 . 0 ) 24 . 0 (
8

(b) P(X 6)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 003381 . 0
) 24 . 0 ( ) 76 . 0 ( ) 24 . 0 ( ) 76 . 0 ( ) 24 . 0 (
) 8 ( ) 7 ( ) 6 (
8 7 8
7
2 6 8
6
+ +
+ +
C C
X P X P X P
(c) P(X < 3)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 7033 . 0
) 76 . 0 ( ) 24 . 0 ( ) 76 . 0 )( 24 . 0 ( ) 76 . 0 (
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
6 2 8
2
7 8
1
8
+ +
+ +
C C
X P X P X P
12. Let N be the random variable representing the number of
components meet the specifications, then N ~ B(50, 0.9).
45 9 . 0 50 ) ( E N
,
5 . 4 1 . 0 9 . 0 50 ) ( Var N
defective components, then X ~ B(6, 0.15)
i.e. 6 , 0,1, where , ) 85 . 0 ( ) 15 . 0 ( ) (
6 6

x C x X P
x x
x
(a) (i) P(X
=
0) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3771 . 0 ) 85 . 0 (
6

(ii) P (X
=
1)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3993 . 0
) 85 . 0 )( 15 . 0 (
5 6
1
C
(iii) P (X < 4)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 9941 . 0
) 85 . 0 ( ) 15 . 0 (
) 85 . 0 ( ) 15 . 0 ( ) 85 . 0 )( 15 . 0 ( ) 85 . 0 (
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
3 3 6
3
4 2 6
2
5 6
1
6
+ + +
+ + +
C
C C
X P X P X P X P
(iv)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 04734 . 0
) 85 . 0 ( ) 15 . 0 ( ) 85 . 0 )( 15 . 0 ( ) 85 . 0 ( 1
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( 1
) 3 (
4 2 6
2
5 6
1
6
C C
X P X P X P
X P
(b)
9 . 0 15 . 0 6 ) ( E X
,
765 . 0 85 . 0 15 . 0 6 ) ( Var X
children having brown hair, then X ~ B
,
_
9
2
, 6
.
(a)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 9752 . 0
9
7
9
2
9
7
9
2
9
7
9
2
9
7
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 3 (
3 3
6
3
4 2
6
2
5
6
1
6
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
+ + +
C C C
X P X P X P X P
X P
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1254 . 0
9
7
9
2
9
7
9
2
) 4 ( ) 3 (
) 5 2 (
2 4
6
4
3 3
6
3
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
< <
C C
X P X P
X P
(c)
3
4
9
2
6 ) ( X E
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 018 . 1
9
7
9
2
6
X
Level 2
15. (a)
3
2
1
3
1
+
p
p
(b)
3
2
) ( E Y
9
2
3
1
3
2
) ( Var Y
3
2
) ( Var Y
Y
16. (a) S follows the Bernoulli distribution.

(b) 1 , 0 where , ) 75 . 0 ( ) 25 . 0 ( ) (
1

s s f
s s
(c)
1875 . 0 75 . 0 25 . 0 ) ( Var , 25 . 0 ) ( E S S
(d)
25 . 3 ) ( E 3 4 ) 3 4 ( E ) ( E S S T
6875 . 1 ) ( Var 9 ) 3 4 ( Var ) ( Var S S T
(e) t
=
1 or 4
T does not have the same kind of probability
distribution as S.
17. Let X and Y be the random variables representing the number of
winning home matches and away matches respectively, then
X ~ B(3, 0.7) and Y ~ B(5, 0.4),
i.e. 3 , 0,1, where , ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) (
3 3

x C x X P
x x
x
and
5 , 0,1, where , ) 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 ( ) (
5 5

y C y Y P
y y
y
.
(a)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1016 . 0
) 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 (
) 3 ( ) 2 (
) 3 2 (
2 3 5
3
2 3
2

C C
Y P X P
Y X P
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 0.5351
] (0.6) (0.4)
(0.4)(0.6) ][(0.6) 0.7) ( (0.3) (0.7) [C
)] 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( )][ 3 ( ) 2 ( [
) 2 ( ) 2 (
) 2 2 (
3 2 5
2
4 5
1
5 3 2 3
2
+ + +
+ + +

C
C
Y P Y P Y P X P X P
Y P X P
Y X P
62
(c)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1148 . 0
) 4 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 )( 7 . 0 (
) 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 (
) 5 ( ) 1 (
) 4 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 (
) 6 (
5 2 3
1
4 5
4
2 3
2
2 3 5
3
3
+ +

+ +
+
C
C C C
Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P
Y X P
18. P (Draw)
6
1
As Tom and Mary have the same chance of winning a game if

no draw occurs.
P (Mary wins)
12
5
2
6
1
1
Let X be the random variable representing the number of games

that Mary wins, then X ~ B
,
_
12
5
, 5
P(X
=
2) 3446 . 0
12
7
12
5
3 2
5
2

,
_
,
_
C (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)

defective items in stage 1 and 2 respectively, then
X ~ B(5, 0.1) and Y ~ B(10, 0.1),
(a) P(X = 0) 59049 . 0 ) 9 . 0 (
5

(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 08657 . 0
] ) 9 . 0 )( 1 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 ( 1 [ ] ) 9 . 0 )( 1 . 0 ( [
)] 1 ( ) 0 ( 1 )[ 1 (
) 2 1 (
9 10
1
10 4 5
1

C C
Y P Y P X P
Y X P
(c)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 8320 . 0
] ) 9 . 0 )( 1 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 [( ) 9 . 0 )( 1 . 0 ( 59049 . 0
)] 1 ( ) 0 ( )[ 1 ( ) 0 (
) 2 1 ( ) 0 (
9 10
1
10 4 5
1
+ +
+ +
< +
C C
Y P Y P X P X P
Y X P X P
(d)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 7361 . 0
) 9 . 0 )( 1 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 (
1) (
2) ( 1) (
1) (
2) 1 (
9 10
1
10
<
<
C
X P
Y P X P
X P
Y X P
20. (a) Let C be the event that a student correctly by guessing.
4
1
) ( C P
4
1
4
3
) 1 (
4
1
2 ) ( E + C
E(Total mark)
5 . 2 ) ( E 10 C
(b) Let K be the event that a student correctly.
11 ) ( E 10 mark) E(Total
1 . 1 3 . 0 ) 1 ( 7 . 0 2 ) ( E

+
K
K
21. (a) Let X be the random variable representing the number of
days that the stock rises $2, then X ~ B(4, 0.55)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3675 . 0
) 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( ) 2 (
2 2 4
2
C X P
(b) The following table shows the probability distribution of
the stock price:
Price 58 54
P(X = x) (0.55)
4
) 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 (
3 4
3
C
Price 50 46
P(X = x)
2 2 4
2
) 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( C
3 4
1
) 45 . 0 )( 55 . 0 ( C
Price 42
P(X = x) (0.45)
4
Let S be the price after 4 days.
8 . 50
) 45 . 0 ( 2 4 ) 45 . 0 )( 55 . 0 ( 46
) 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( 50
) 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( 54 ) 55 . 0 ( 58
) ( ) ( E
4 3 4
1
2 2 4
2
3 4
1
4
+
+
+ +

C
C
C
S f S S
48 . 2596
) 45 . 0 ( 2) 4 ( ) 45 . 0 )( 55 . 0 ( ) 46 (
) 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( ) 50 (
) 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( ) 54 ( ) 55 . 0 ( ) 58 (
) ( ) ( E
4 2 3 4
1
2
2 2 4
2
2
3 4
1
2 4 2
2 2
+
+
+ +

C
C
C
S f S S
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 980 . 3 ) ( Var
84 . 15 )] ( E [ ) ( E ) ( Var
2 2

S
S S S
S
The expected value and the standard deviation of the

stock price after 4 days is $50.8 and $3.980
respectively.
22. Let X be the random variable representing the number of colour
blind persons in a sample of size n, then X ~ B(n, 0.02).
9 . 93
15 . 0 log 98 . 0 log
15 . 0 98 . 0
85 . 0 ) 0 ( 1
85 . 0 ) 1 (
>
<
<
>
>
n
n
X P
X P
n
The minimum number of people to be selected is 94.

23.
'

) 2 ......( 144 ) 1 ( ) ( Var
) 1 ......( 360 ) ( E
p np Y
np Y
Solving (1) and (2), we have
600 and 6 . 0
360
144
1

n p
p
24.
n
X P X P
25 . 0 1
) 0 ( 1 ) 1 (

16 . 2
05 . 0 log 25 . 0 log
05 . 0 25 . 0
95 . 0 25 . 0 1

n
n
n
n
The minimum value of n is 3.
25. ) 3 ( +Y X P
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 2297 . 0
) 2 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 2 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 )( 3 . 0 (
) 2 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 (
) 3 ( ) 0 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 0 ( ) 3 (
3 2 5
3
4 2 3 5
2
3 4
1
4 5
1
2 2 4
2
5 3 4
3
+
+ +
+
+ +
C C C
C C C
Y P X P Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P
) 7 ( > +Y X P
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 00007862 . 0
) 2 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) 2 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 2 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 (
) 5 ( ) 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 5 ( ) 3 (
5 4 4 5
4
4 5 3 4
3
+ +
+ +
C C
Y P X P Y P X P Y P X P
26. 2 . 0
500
100
) 6 ( P
Let X be the random variable representing the number of 6
obtained, then X ~ B(10, 0.2).
(a) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 2013 . 0 ) 8 . 0 ( ) 2 . 0 ( ) 3 (
7 3 10
3
C X P
(b)
2 2 . 0 10 ) ( E X
(c)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 265 . 1 ) ( Var
6 . 1 8 . 0 2 . 0 10 ) ( Var

X
X
X
27. (a) X ~ B(n, p)
'

) 2 ......( 26 . 1 ) 1 ( ) ( Var
) 1 ......( 2 . 4 ) ( E
p np X
np X
Solving (1) and (2), we have
6 , 7 . 0
2 . 4
26 . 1
1

n p
p
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 7443 . 0
) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 (
) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 )( 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( 1
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( 1
) 3 (
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 5798 . 0
) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 (
) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 )( 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 (
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 4 (
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3241 . 0 ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 4 (
3 3 6
3
4 2 6
2
5 6
1
6
2 4 6
4
3 3 6
3
4 2 6
2
5 6
1
6
2 4 6
4

>
+
+ + +
+ + + +

C
C C
X P X P X P X P
X P
C C
C C
X P X P X P X P X P
X P
C X P
days Tom has to wait more than 5 minutes, then X ~ B(5, 0.6).
(a) (i)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 6630 . 0
) 4 . 0 ( ) 6 . 0 (
) 4 . 0 ( ) 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 )( 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 (
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 3 (
2 3 5
3
3 2 5
2
4 5
1
5
+ + +
+ + +
C
C C
X P X P X P X P
X P
(ii)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 6826 . 0
) 4 . 0 ( ) 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 )( 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 ( 1
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( 1
) 2 (
3 2 5
2
4 5
1
5

>
C C
X P X P X P
X P
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 095 . 1 2 . 1
2 . 1 4 . 0 6 . 0 5 ) ( Var
3 6 . 0 5 ) ( E

X
X
X
(c) Sample mean

6 . 2
, standard deviation = 1.2
Both figures are close to the answers obtained in (b).
Toms belief is true.
Exercise 12B (p. 12.26)
Level 1
1. (a) 2, 1, where ), 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( ) (
1

x x f
x
(b)
136125 . 0 ) 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( ) 3 (
0 ) 0 (
2

X P
X P
(c)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 716 . 2
45 . 0
45 . 0 1
) ( Var
9
20
45 . 0
1
) ( E
2

X
X
2. (a)
2 . 0
5
1
) ( E

p
p
Y
(b) 2, 1, where ), 2 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) (
1

y y f
y
(c) 08192 . 0 ) 2 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) 5 (
4
Y P
5904 . 0
) 2 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) 2 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) 2 . 0 )( 8 . 0 ( ) 2 . 0 (
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 5 . 4 (
3 2
+ + +
+ + +
<
Y P Y P Y P Y P
Y P
32768 . 0
08192 . 0 5904 . 0 1
) 6 ( 1
) 6 (

<
Y P
Y P
(d)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 472 . 4 20
20
) 2 . 0 (
2 . 0 1
) ( Var
2

Y
Y
3. (a)
4
3 1
) ( Var
2

p
p
Z
(rejected) 2 or
3
2
3 4 4
2

p p
p p
(b) 2, 1, where ,
3
2
3
1
) (
1

,
_
,
_
z z f
z
64
(c)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 01189 . 0
3
2
3
1
3
2
3
1
3
2
3
1
) 7 ( ) 6 ( ) 5 (
) 7 4 (
6 5 4
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+ +
<
Z P Z P Z P
Z P
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 01235 . 0
3
1
1
1
3
2
3
1
3
2
3
1
3
2
3
1
... ) 6 ( ) 5 (
) 5 (
4
5 4
,
_
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+ +
Z P Z P
Z P
(d)
5 . 1
3
2
1
) ( E Z
interviews until complete a successful interview, then
X ~ Geo (0.28).
i.e. ... 2, 1, where , ) 28 . 0 ( ) 72 . 0 ( ) (
1

x x X P
x
(a) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 05418 . 0 ) 28 . 0 ( ) 72 . 0 ( ) 6 (
5
X P
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1003 . 0
72 . 0 1
1
) 28 . 0 ( ) 72 . 0 (
) 28 . 0 ( ) 72 . 0 ( ) 28 . 0 ( ) 72 . 0 ( ) 8 (
7
8 7
,
_
+ + X P
(c)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 8065 . 0
) 28 . 0 ( ) 72 . 0 (
) 28 . 0 ( ) 72 . 0 ( ) 28 . 0 ( ) 72 . 0 ( ) 28 . 0 )( 72 . 0 ( ) 28 . 0 (
) 5 ( ) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 5 (
4
3 2
+ + + +
+ + + +
X P X P X P X P X P
X P
tosses until heads is obtained, then X ~ Geo (0.5).
i.e. ... 2, 1, where , ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) (
1

x x X P
x
(a) 03125 . 0 ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 (
4
X P
(b)
9375 . 0
) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 )( 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 (
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 4 (
3 2
+ + +
+ + +
X P X P X P X P
X P
(c)
0625 . 0 ) 4 ( 1 ) 5 ( X P X P
(d) 2
5 . 0
1
) ( E X
6. P (success)
15
8
10
4
9
6
9
6
10
4
+
Let X be the random variable representing the number of
draws required until the first success occurs,
then X ~ Geo
,
_
15
8
.
i.e. ... 2, 1, where ,
15
8
15
7
) (
1

,
_
,
_
x x X P
x
(a) 02529 . 0
15
8
15
7
) 5 (
4

,
_
,
_
X P (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)

(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 02213 . 0
15
7
1
1
15
8
15
7
15
8
15
7
15
8
15
7
) 5 (
5
6 5
,
_
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
> X P
(c)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 9526 . 0
) 5 ( ) 5 ( 1 ) 5 (
> < X P X P X P
7. P (Success)
8
3
2
1
2
1
2 2
4
2

,
_
,
_
C
tosses required until the first success occurs,
then X ~ Geo
,
_
8
3
.
i.e. ... 2, 1, where ,
8
3
8
5
) (
1

,
_
,
_
x x X P
x
(a) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1465 . 0
8
3
8
5
) 3 (
2

,
_
,
_
X P
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3906 . 0
8
3
8
5
8
3
1
) 2 ( ) 1 ( 1 ) 3 (
,
_
,
_

,
_

X P X P X P
(c)
667 . 2
8
3
1
) ( E X
(d)
146484375 . 0
8
3
8
5
) 3 (
234375 . 0
8
3
8
5
) 2 (
375 . 0 ) 1 (
2

,
_
,
_

,
_
,
_

X P
X P
X P
etc
P(X = 1) is the largest.
The most possible number of trials is 1.
8. Let K be the random variable representing the number of ball
drawn until a blue ball is drawn, then K ~ Geo
,
_
10
3
.
i.e. ... 2, 1, where ,
10
3
10
7
) (
1

,
_
,
_
k k K P
k
(a)
343 . 0
10
7
1
1
10
3
10
7
...
10
3
10
7
10
3
10
7
... ) 5 ( ) 4 ( ) 3 (
3
4 3
,
_
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+ + > K P K P K P
(b)
343 . 0
10
7
1
1
10
3
10
7
10
7
1
1
10
3
10
7
...
10
3
10
7
10
3
10
7
...
10
3
10
7
10
3
10
7
... ) 5 ( ) 4 (
... ) 8 ( ) 7 (
) 3 (
) 6 (
) 3 (
) 3 6 (
) 3 | 6 (
3
6
4 3
7 6
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+ +
+ +
>
>
>
> >
> >
K P K P
K P K P
K P
K P
K P
K K P
K K P
9. Let X be the random variable representing the number of free-
throws until Jordan makes it, then X ~ Geo(0.3).
i.e. ... 2, 1, where , ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) (
1

x x X P
x
(a)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 04035 . 0
7 . 0 1
1
) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 (
... ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 (
... ) 11 ( ) 10 ( ) 10 (
9
10 9
,
_
+ +
+ + X P X P X P
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 789 . 2 ) ( Var
9
70
3 . 0
3 . 0 1
) ( Var
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 333 . 3
3 . 0
1
) ( E
2

X
X
X
X
10. P (the number greater than or equal to 2)

6
5
Let X be the random variable representing the number of rolls

required until the number obtained is greater than or equal to
2, then
X ~ Geo
,
_
6
5
.
2 . 1
6
5
1
) ( E X
Level 2
11. (a) P(2 is obtained)
6
1

rolls until a 2 is obtained, then X ~ Geo
,
_
6
1
.
6
6
1
1
) ( E X
(b) P(at least one 2 obtained) = 1 P (no 2 obtained)
36
11
36
25
1
Let Y be the random variable representing the number of
rolls until at least one 2 is obtained, then Y ~ Geo
,
_
36
11
.
11
36
36
11
1
) ( E Y
(c) P (success) = 1 P (no 2 obtained)
n
,
_

6
5
1
rolls required until at least one 2 is obtained, then
Y ~ Geo

,
_
,
_
n
6
5
1 .
2
6
5
1
1
) ( E <
,
_
n
Y
8 . 3
2
1
log
6
5
log
2
1
6
5
>
<
<
,
_
n
n
n
The minimum number of dice required is 4.
12. (a) Let N be the random variable representing the number of
throws required until a win is obtained, then
N ~ Geo
,
_
6
1
.
i.e. P(N = n)
,
_
,
_
6
1
6
5
1 n
, where n = 1, 2,
The required probability
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 08308 . 0
6
1
6
5
) 5 (
4

,
_
,
_
N P
(b) The required probability
06698 . 0
6
1
6
5
) 6 (
5

,
_
,
_
N P
66
(c)
5
6
...
6
5
6
5
1
6
1
6
5
...
6
5
6
5
1
6
1
...
6
1
6
5
6
1
6
5
6
1
6
5
...
6
1
6
5
6
1
6
5
6
1
) (Mary wins
s) (Susan win
4 2
4 2
5 3
4 2
1
1
]
1
+
,
_
+
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
1
1
]
1
+
,
_
+
,
_
+
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
P
P

The required ratio is 6 : 5.
13. There are total 4 heads occur in 10 tosses and the 9
th
and
10
th
tosses are heads.
There are total 2 heads occur in the first 8 tosses.

fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 02734 . 0
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
) head ( ) head ( ) tosses 8 first in heads 2 (
6 2
8
2
,
_
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
C
P P P
14. (a) Let A be the random variable representing the number of
days required until station A makes the first correct
forecast, then A ~ Geo(0.6).
096 . 0 6 . 0 4 . 0 ) 3 (
2
A P
(b) Let B be the random variable representing the number of
days required until station B makes the first correct
forecast, then B ~ Geo(0.8).
032 . 0 8 . 0 2 . 0 ) 3 (
2
B P
(c) P(Both stations are correct on a day) 48 . 0 ) 8 . 0 6 . 0 (
days required until both stations make the first correct
forecast together, then X ~ Geo(0.48).
P (X = 3)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1298 . 0
) 48 . 0 ( ) 52 . 0 (
2
15. (a) P (a red ball is drawn)

N M
M
+

draws required until a red ball is drawn, then
X ~ Geo
,
_
+ N M
M
.
P (X = m)
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
N M
M
N M
N
N M
M
N M
M
m
m
1
1
1
(b)
1
1
2 1
1
1
1
... 1
...
) (
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
1
1
]
1
+
,
_
+
+
,
_
+
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
+
,
_
,
_
n
n
n
n n
M N
N
M N
N
N M
M
M N
N
M N
N
M N
N
N M
M
M N
N
N M
M
M N
N
N M
M
M N
N
n X P
16. (a) P(the sponsor will not need to donate)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 0009766 . 0 ) 25 . 0 (
5

(b) Let X be the random variable representing the number
of shots required until Mr. Wong can score, then
X ~ Geo(0.75).
i.e. ...,5 2, 1, where , ) 75 . 0 ( ) 25 . 0 ( ) (
1

x x X P
x
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 332 . 1
] ) 25 . 0 ( ) 75 . 0 ( ) 25 . 0 [( 5 ) 75 . 0 ( ) 25 . 0 ( 4
) 75 . 0 ( ) 25 . 0 ( 3 ) 75 . 0 )( 25 . 0 ( 2 ) 75 . 0 (
) ( ) ( E
5 4 3
2
5
1
+ +
+ + +

x
x X xP X
(c) E(money donated by the sponsor)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 44990 $
) 75 . 0 ( ) 25 . 0 (
3
2
50000
) 75 . 0 ( ) 25 . 0 (
3
2
50000 ) 75 . 0 ( ) 25 . 0 (
3
2
50000
) 75 . 0 )( 25 . 0 (
3
2
50000 ) 75 . 0 ( 50000
) 75 . 0 ( ) 25 . 0 (
3
2
50000
) 6 ( 0 ) (
3
2
50000
4
4
3
3
2
2
5
1
1
1
5
1
1
,
_
+
,
_
+
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+
,
_
x
x
x
x
x
X P x X P
17. Let X be the random variable representing the number of cells
observed until a mutated cell is observed, then X ~ Geo(p).
i.e. ... 2, 1, where , ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
1

x p p x X P
x
(a)
(rejected) 0.3 or 7 . 0
21 . 0
21 . 0 ) 1 ( ) 2 (
2

p
p p
p p X P
(b) (i) 0189 . 0 ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 4 (
3
X P
(ii)
973 . 0
) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 )( 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 (
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 4 (
2
+ +
+ + < X P X P X P X P
(iii)
027 . 0
) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 )( 3 . 0 ( 7 . 0 1
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( 1 ) 3 (
2

> X P X P X P X P
shots required until the target is hit, then X ~ Geo(0.3).
i.e. ... 2, 1, where , ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) (
1

x x X P
x
1
1
2 1
1 1
) 7 . 0 (
7 . 0 1
1
) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 (
...] ) 7 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( 1 )[ 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 (
... ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 (
) target hit the to shots least at need (
,
_
+ + +
+ + +
n
n
n
n n n
n P
3 . 6
15 . 0 log 7 . 0 log ) 1 (
15 . 0 ) 7 . 0 (
1
<
>
>
n
n
n
The largest value of n is 6.
19. (a)
7
2
) coin silver 1 the (
st
P
draws required until a silver coin is drawn, then
X ~ Geo
,
_
7
2
.
5 . 3
7
2
1
) ( E X
(b)
6
1
) coin silver 2 the (
nd
P
draws required after the 1
st
silver coins is drawn until the
second silver coin is drawn, then Y ~ Geo
,
_
6
1
.
6
6
1
1
) ( E Y
5 . 9 ) ( E ) ( E ) coins silver 2 ( E + Y X
20.
6
1
) thrown is ' 6 ' a ( P
Totally 3 6s occur in 7 throws and the 7
th
throw is 6.
Totally 2 6s occur in the first 6 throws.
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 03349 . 0
6
1
6
1
6
5
) throw 7 in the '6' a ( ) throws 6 first in s '6' two (
2 4
6
2
th

,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
C
P P
21. Let X be the random variable representing the number of forms
required until the first form of an applicant from a family with
parents who are musicians is screened,
then X ~ Geo(0.35).
i.e. ... 2, 1, where , ) 35 . 0 ( ) 65 . 0 ( ) (
1

x x X P
x
(a) 147875 . 0 ) 35 . 0 ( ) 65 . 0 ( ) 3 (
2
X P
(b) The 5
th
enrolment form is the 3
rd
applicant that comes
from a family with parents who are musicians.
There are total 2 forms from a family with parents
who are musicians in the first 4 forms.
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1087 . 0
) 35 . 0 ( ] ) 65 . 0 ( ) 35 . 0 ( [
2 2 4
2
C
children until the second son is born.
i.e.
... 3, , 2 where , ) 45 . 0 ( )] 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( [ ) (
2 1
1

x C x X P
x x
(a) 22275 . 0 ) 45 . 0 ( )] 45 . 0 )( 55 . 0 ( [ ) 3 (
2
1
C X P
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1348 . 0
) 45 . 0 ( )] 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( [ ) 5 (
3 4
1
C X P
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3910 . 0
) 45 . 0 ( 22275 . 0
) 45 . 0 ( )] 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( [ 1
) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 4 ( 1 ) 4 (
2
2 3
1

>
C
X P X P X P X P

fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 8364 . 0
) 45 . 0 ( )] 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( [ 0.13476375
) 45 . 0 ( )] 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( [ 22275 . 0 ) 45 . 0 (
) 6 (
) 5 ( ) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 6 (
4 5
1
2 3
1
2
+
+ + +
+ + + +
C
C
X P
X P X P X P X P X P
(b) Let Y be the random variable representing the number
of children required until a boy is born, then Y ~
Geo(0.45).
45 . 0
1
) ( E Y
The mean number of children
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 444 . 4
45 . 0
1
2
) ( E 2

Y
(c) There are exactly 2 sons.
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 444 . 2

2 444 . 4
sons of number ) children of number ( E
) girl of number ( E

(d) 2025 . 0 ) 45 . 0 ( ) 2 (
2
X P
22275 . 0 ) 45 . 0 ( )] 45 . 0 )( 55 . 0 ( [ ) 3 (
2
1
C X P
1838 . 0 ) 45 . 0 ( )] 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( [ ) 4 (
2 3
1
C X P
1348 . 0 ) 45 . 0 ( )] 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( [ ) 5 (
3 4
1
C X P
09265 . 0 ) 45 . 0 ( )] 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( [ ) 6 (
4 5
1
C X P
06115 . 0 ) 45 . 0 ( )] 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( [ ) 7 (
5 6
1
C X P
03924 . 0 ) 45 . 0 ( )] 45 . 0 ( ) 55 . 0 ( [ ) 8 (
6 7
1
C X P etc
P(X = 3) is the largest.
The couple will most likely have 3 children.
Exercise 12C (p. 12.35)
Level 1
68
1. (a) fig.) sig 4 to (cor. 01832 . 0
! 0
) 4 (
) 0 (
4
0 4

e
e
X P
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1954 . 0
! 4
) 4 (
) 4 (
4 4

e
X P
(b)
4 ) ( Var ) ( E X X
2. (a) 1714 . 0
! 5
) 5 . 5 (
) 5 (
5 5 . 5

e
Z P (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 6078 . 0
! 7
) 5 . 5 (
! 6
) 5 . 5 (
! 5
) 5 . 5 (
! 4
) 5 . 5 (
) 7 3 (
7 6 5 4
5 . 5
1
1
]
1
+ + + <

e Z P
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 345 . 2 5 . 5 ) ( Var
, 5 . 5 ) ( E

Z
Z
Z
3. (a)
2
) ( Var ) ( E Y Y
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 9163 . 0
4 . 0
! 0
) (
) 0 (
2
0 2
2
2
e
e
Y P
9163 . 0 ) (
2
Y E
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1679 . 0
! 2
) 916290731 . 0 (
) 2 (
2 916290731 . 0
e
Y P
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 9344 . 0
1679 . 0
! 1
) 9163 . 0 (
4 . 0
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 3 (
9163 . 0
+ +
+ + <
e
Y P Y P Y P Y P
customers buying on-sale appliances, then X ~ Po(5).
) 5 ( X P
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 5595 . 0
! 4
) 5 (
! 3
) 5 (
! 2
) 5 (
! 1
) 5 (
! 0
1
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( 1
4 5 3 5 2 5 5 5

e e e e e
X P X P X P X P X P
5. (a) 4966 . 0
! 0
) 7 . 0 (
) 0 (
0 7 . 0

e
(b) P(no complaint in 7 days)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 007447 . 0
! 0
)] 0 ( [
7
7 . 0
7
,
_
e
X P
6. As there are on average 10 customers in a 5-minute interval,
then there are on average 2 customers in a 1-minute interval.
customers in a 1-minute interval, then X ~ Po(2).
(a) 1804 . 0
! 3
) 2 (
) 3 (
3 2

e
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 5774 . 0
! 5
) 2 (
! 4
) 2 (
! 3
) 2 (
! 2
) 2 (
) 5 (
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 5 2 (
5 2 4 2 3 2 2 2
+ + +
+ + +

e e e e
X P
X P X P X P X P
(c)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 6767 . 0
! 2
) 2 (
! 1
) 2 (
! 0
) 2 (
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 2 (
2 2 1 2 0 2
+ +
+ +

e e e
X P X P X P X P
(d)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 05265 . 0
! 4
) 2 (
1804 . 0 6767 . 0 1
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( 1
) 4 ( 1 ) 4 (
4 2

>
e
X P X P X P
X P X P
7. As there are on average 90 customers in one hour, then there are
on average 1.5 customers in a 1-minute interval.
customers in a 1-minute interval, then X ~ Po(1.5).
(a)
( )
2510 . 0
! 2
5 . 1
) 2 (
2 5 . 1

e
(b) P(at least 1 customer enter in 2 min)
= 1 P (no customer enter in 2 min)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 9502 . 0
! 0
) 5 . 1 (
1
)] 0 ( [ 1
2
0 5 . 1
2
1
1
]
1
e
X P
8. (a) As there are on average 15 incoming calls customers in a
minute, then there are on average 2.5 customers in 10 seconds.
incoming calls in 10 seconds, then X ~ Po(2.5).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 7127 . 0
! 1
) 5 . 2 (
! 0
) 5 . 2 (
1
) 1 ( ) 0 ( 1
) 1 (
5 . 2 0 5 . 2

>

e e
X P X P
X P
(b) As there are on average 15 incoming calls customers in a
minute, then there are on average 7.5 customers in 30
seconds.
incoming calls in 30 seconds, then Y ~ Po(7.5).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1321 . 0
! 4
) 5 . 7 (

! 3
) 5 . 7 (
! 2
) 5 . 7 (
! 1
) 5 . 7 (
! 0
) 5 . 7 (
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 4 (
4 5 . 7
3 5 . 7 2 5 . 7 5 . 7 0 5 . 7
+ + + +
+ + + +

e
e e e e
Y P Y P Y P Y P Y P
Y P
amoeba in a 10 mL solution, then X ~ Po(5).
(i) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 006738 . 0 ) 0 (
5

e X P
(ii) 1755 . 0
! 4
) 5 (
) 4 (
4 5

e
(iii)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 2650 . 0
! 3
) 5 (
! 2
) 5 (
! 1
) 5 (
! 0
) 5 (
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 3 (
3 5 2 5 5 0 5
+ + +
+ + +

e e e e
X P X P X P X P
X P
(b) As there are on average 5 amoeba in a 10 mL solution,
then there are on average 10 amoeba in a 20 mL solution.
amoeba in a 20 mL solution, then Y ~ Po(10).
(i) 002270 . 0
! 2
) 10 (
) 2 (
2 10

e
Y P (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)
(ii)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 01034 . 0
! 3
) 10 (

! 2
) 10 (
! 1
) 10 (
! 0
) 3 (
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 3 (
3 10
2 10 10 10
+ + +
+ + +

e
e e e
Y P
Y P Y P Y P Y P
(c) As there are on average 5 amoeba in a 10 mL solution,
then there are on average 2.5 amoeba in a 5 mL solution.
Let Z be the random variable representing the number of
amoeba in a 20 mL solution, then Z ~ Po(2.5).
(i) 06680 . 0
! 5
) 5 . 2 (
) 5 (
5 5 . 2

e
Z P (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)
(ii)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 9179 . 0 1
) 0 ( 1 ) 0 (
5 . 2

>
e
Z P Z P
10. (a) Mean
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 226 . 1
Standard deviation
099 . 1
(b) We have to check if all of the following holds:
I. The occurrences are randomly scattered in the specified
interval and they are independent.
II. Two or more occurrences cannot occur simultaneously.
III. The expected number of occurrences in any interval
is proportional to the length of the specified interval.
Since III seems not hold for the number of goals per
match, a Poisson distribution may not be an appropriate
distribution. (or any reasonable answer)
11. According to the condition in 10(b), the number of parcels may
not follow condition II. Thus a Poisson distribution may not be
an appropriate distribution. (or any reasonable answer)
Level 2
particles emitted in 1 second, then X ~ ) ( Po .
integer) nearest the to (cor. 4
018316 . 0 ) 0 (
e X P
integer) nearest the to (cor. 2 ) ( Var X
customer in a 30-minute interval and

be the mean of the
distribution, then X ~ ) ( Po .
995732274 . 2
05 . 0 ) 0 (
e X P
As the number of the customers in a 30-minute interval is on
average 2.995732274, then there are on average
498 . 1
2
995732274 . 2
(cor. to 4 sig. fig.) customers in a 15-
minute interval.

fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 224 . 1
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 498 . 1

14. Let X be the random variable representing the daily demand for
digital cameras and

be the mean of the distribution, then
X ~ ) ( Po .
(a)
d.p.) 1 to (cor. 4 . 3
03337 . 0 ) 0 (
e X P
(b) The required probability
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1939 . 0
! 2
) 4 . 3 (
! 1
) 4 . 3 (
! 0
1
! 1
) 4 . 3 (
! 0
2
)] 2 ( 1 )[ 2 ( 2
) 2 ( ) 2 ( 2
2 4 . 3
4 . 3 4 . 3
4 . 3 4 . 3
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
]
1
+
<
> <

e
e e
e e
X P X P
X P X P
15. (a) As there are on average 1.67 cars passing through the
tunnel per minute, then there are on average 8.35 cars
passing through the tunnel in a 5-minute interval.
cars passing through the tunnel in a 5-minute interval, then
X ~ Po(8.35).
0002364 . 0 ) 0 (
35 . 8

e X P (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)
of cars passing through the tunnel in a t-minute
interval and t 67 . 1 is the mean of the distribution, then
Y ~ ) 67 . 1 ( Po t .
830116383 . 0
25 . 0 ln 67 . 1
25 . 0 ) 0 (
67 . 1
>
<
<

t
t
e Y P
t
The minimum vale of t is 0.8301. (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)
16. Let
be the mean of the distribution.

) rejected ( 3 or ) rejected ( 0 or 3
! 3
) (
2
! 1
) (
) 3 ( 2 ) 1 (
3

e e
X P X P
(a) 1769 . 0 ) 0 (
3

(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 2513 . 0
! 2
) 3 (
! 1
) 3 (
1
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 (
2 3 3
3

>

e e
e
X P X P X P X P
70
(c)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 9020 . 0
! 3
) 3 (
! 2
) 3 (
! 1
) 3 (
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 3 (
3 3 2 3 3
3
+ + +
+ + +

e e e
e
X P X P X P X P X P
17. Let X be the random variable representing the number of calls
received per minute, then X ~ Po(3).
(a)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 5768 . 0
! 2
) 3 (
! 1
) 3 (
1
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( 1 ) 3 (
2 3 3
3
e e
e
X P X P X P X P
(b)
8 . 0
!
) 3 (
...
! 2
) 3 (
! 1
) 3 (
8 . 0 ) (
3 2 3 3
3
> + + + +
>

n
e e e
e
n X P
n
Put n = 3, we have 6472 . 0 ) 3 ( X P
Put n = 4, we have 8153 . 0 ) 3 ( X P
18. As there are on average 1.5 errors in typing 100 words, then
there are on average 3.75 errors in typing 250 words.
Let X be the random variable representing the number of errors
in a particular typed page, then X ~ Po(3.75).
(a)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 5162 . 0
! 3
) 75 . 3 (
! 2
) 75 . 3 (
! 1
) 75 . 3 (
1
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( 1
) 3 (
3 75 . 3 2 75 . 3 75 . 3
75 . 3

>

e e e
e
E P E P E P E P
X P
(b) Let Y be the random variable representing the number of
pages that need to be re-typed, then Y ~ B(20, 0.5162).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 01447 . 0
) 5162 . 0 ( ) 4838 . 0 ( ) 5162 . 0 ( ) 4838 . 0 (
) 5162 . 0 ( ) 4838 . 0 ( ) 5162 . 0 ( ) 4838 . 0 (
) 5162 . 0 ( ) 4838 . 0 ( ) 4838 . 0 (
) 5 ( ) 4 (
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 6 (
5 15 20
5
4 16 20
4
3 17 20
3
2 18 20
2
19 20
1
20
+
+ +
+ +
+
+ + + +
<
C C
C C
C
Y P Y P
Y P Y P Y P Y P
Y P
students in Kens class receive grade A each year, then
X ~ Po(4). Let Y be the random variable representing the
number of students in Rogers class receive grade A each year,
then Y ~ Po(2).
(a) 1042 . 0
! 6
) 4 (
) 6 (
6 4

e
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3233 . 0
! 2
) 2 (
! 1
) 2 (
1
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( 1 ) 3 (
2 2 2
2
e e
e
Y P Y P Y P Y P
(c)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 04462 . 0
! 2
) 2 (

! 1
) 2 (
! 1
) 4 (
! 2
) 4 (
) 2 ( ) 0 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 2
4
2 4
2
2 4
+ +

+ + +
e
e
e e
e
e
Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P Y X P
(d)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 9380 . 0
04462 . 0
! 1
) 2 (
! 1
) 4 (
1
04462 . 0 ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 0 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( 1
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( 1
) 2 (
2
4 2
4
2 4

+ + +
> +

e
e e
e
e e
Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P
Y X P Y X P Y X P
Y X P
20. (a) As there are on average 1 malfunction out of 50 machines
each year, then there are on average 4 malfunctions out of
200 machines each year.
machines malfunction each year, then X ~ Po(4).
1465 . 0
! 2
) 4 (
) 2 (
2 4

e
(b) As there are on average 1 malfunction out of 50 machines
each year, then there are on average 0.4 malfunctions out
of 20 machines each year.
machines malfunction each year, then Y ~ Po(0.4).
05363 . 0
! 2
) 4 . 0 (
) 2 (
2 4 . 0

e
As there are on average 1 malfunction out of 50 machines each
year, then there are on average
50
N
malfunctions out of N
machines each year.
machines malfunction each year, then Z ~ Po
,
_
50
N
.
(c)
5000 ! 2
50
) 2 (
2
50
2
50
N e
N
e
Z P
N
N
,
_
(d)
!
50
) (
50
n
N
e
n Z P
n
N
,
_

incoming calls per minute, then X ~ Po(2.5).
(a)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 581 . 1 ) ( Var
5 . 2 ) ( Var

X
X
X

(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 01425 . 0
) 242423866 . 0 ( )] 4 ( [
242423866 . 0
! 3
) 5 . 2 (
! 2
) 5 . 2 (
! 1
) 5 . 2 (
1
) 4 (
3 3
3 5 . 2 2 5 . 2 5 . 2
5 . 2
X P
e e e
e
X P
(c) As there are on average 2.5 incoming calls in a minute,
then there are on average 5 incoming calls in 2 minutes.
incoming calls in 2 minutes, then Y ~ Po(5).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 8836 . 0
) 959572318 . 0 ( )] 1 ( [
959572318 . 0
! 1
) 5 (
1 ) 1 (
3 3
5
5
>
>
Y P
e
e Y P
breakdowns in a year, then X ~ Po(4).
(a)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 4335 . 0
! 3
) 4 (
! 2
) 4 (
! 1
) 4 (
) 3 (
3 4 2 4 4
4
+ + +

e e e
e X P
(b) Expect maintenance fee
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1348 $
) 4335 . 0 1 ( 3000 ) 2381 . 0 1 ( 4000
)] 4 ( 1 [ 3000 )] 3 ( 1 [ 4000
) 4 ( 3000 ) 3 ( 4000
) 4 ( 3000
)! 1 (
) 4 (
4000
!
) 4 (
3000
!
) 4 (
1000
) ( 0 ) ( ) 3 ( 1000
4
1 4
4 4
4 4
3
0 4

< <

N P N P
N P N P
X P
n
e
n
e
n
e
n
n X P n X P n
n
n
n n
n n
n n
Exercise 12D (p. 12.45)
Level 1
defective radios in each box, then X ~ B(5, 0.2).
(a) 32768 . 0 ) 8 . 0 ( ) 0 (
5
X P
(b)
94208 . 0 ) 2 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) 2 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 (
) 2 (
2 3 5
2
4 5
1
5
+ +
C C
X P
(c) Let Y be the random variable representing the number of
boxes among 10 boxes contain no defective radios, then
Y ~ B(10, 0.32768).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3125 . 0
) 67232 . 0 ( ) 32768 . 0 (
) 67232 . 0 )( 32768 . 0 ( ) 67232 . 0 (
) 2 (
8 2 10
2
9 10
1
10
+ +
C
C
Y P
under-filled bottles in a sample of 15 bottles, then
X ~ B(15, 0.15).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 4708 . 0 ) ( Var
221625 . 0 ) 985 . 0 ( 015 . 0 15 ) ( Var
225 . 0 015 . 0 15 ) ( E

X
X
X
X
(b)
979247783 . 0 ) 015 . 0 ( ) 985 . 0 ( ) 985 . 0 (
) 2 (
14 15
1
15
+
<
C
X P
samples out of 100 samples which contain fewer than 2
under-filled bottles, then Y ~ B(100, 0.979247783).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 92 . 97
979247783 . 0 100 ) ( E
Y
3. The team has the 4
th
win in their 8
th
match.
They win 3 times in the first 7 matches.
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1161 . 0
) 6 . 0 ( ] ) 4 . 0 ( ) 6 . 0 ( [
4 3 7
3
C
4. (a) As there are on average 1800 bacteria in 1 L of tap water,
then there are on average 1.8 bacteria in 1 mL of tap water.
bacteria in 1 mL of tap water, then X ~ Po(1.8).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 5372 . 0
! 1
) 8 . 1 (
1
) 1 ( ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 (
8 . 1
8 . 1
e
e
X P X P X P
contaminated specimens out of 5, then
Y ~ B(5, 0.537163113).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 8555 . 0
] ) 462836887 . 0 )( 537163113 . 0 ( ) 462836887 . 0 [( 1
) 1 (
4 5
1
5
+
>
C
Y P
cars entering a car park in a minute, then X ~ Po(1).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 0005942 . 0
! 5
) 1 (
! 4
) 1 (
! 3
) 1 (
! 2
) 1 (
! 1
) 1 (
1
) 5 ( 1 ) 5 (
5 1 4 1
3 1 2 1 1
1

>

e e
e e e
e
X P X P
1-minute periods in the next 5 minutes in each of which
more than 5 cars entering the car park, then
Y ~ B(5, 0.000594184).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 002964 . 0
) 999405815 . 0 )( 000594184 . 0 (
) 1 (
4 5
1
C
Y P
substandard teddy bears in a bag of 5, then X ~ B(5, 0.03)
(a) (i) 8587 . 0 ) 97 . 0 ( ) 0 (
5
(ii)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 008472 . 0
) 03 . 0 ( ) 97 . 0 ( ) 97 . 0 ( 1
) 1 ( ) 0 ( 1 ) 2 (
4 5
1
5

C
X P X P X P
72
(b) 15 . 0 03 . 0 5 ) ( E X
The total expected number of substandard teddy bears
in 100 bags is 100E(X) = 15.
Let Y be the random variable representing the number of the
bags in a box containing no substandard teddy bears, then
Y ~ B(10, 0.858734025).
(c) (i)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 006620 . 0
) 141265974 . 0 ( ) 858734025 . 0 ( ) 5 (
5 5 10
5
C Y P
(ii)
587 . 8 858734025 . 0 10 ) ( E Y
(d) The total expected number of substandard teddy bears in
100 boxes is 1000E(X) = 150.
7. (a) As there are on average 1.5 flaws in a piece of m 3 m 3
cloth, then there are on average
3
2
9
4
5 . 1 flaws in a
piece of m 2 m 2 cloth.
flaws in a piece of m 2 m 2 cloth, then X ~ Po
,
_
3
2
.
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 004858 . 0
! 3
3
2
! 2
3
2
! 1
3
2
1
) 3 ( 1 ) 3 (
3
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
,
_
,
_
,
_

>

e e e
e
X P X P
pieces of cloth out of 6 with more than 3 flaws, then
Y ~ B(6, 0.004858176).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 0003472 . 0
) 995141824 . 0 ( ) .004858176 0 ( ) 2 (
4 2 6
2
C Y P
Level 2
products tested until the first defective item is found, then
X ~ Geo (0.05).
20
05 . 0
1
) ( E X
(b) The 10
th
tested item is the 3
rd
defective item found.
There are total 2 defective items found in the first 9
tests.
The required Probability
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 003143 . 0
) 05 . 0 ( ] ) 05 . 0 ( ) 95 . 0 ( [
2 7 9
2
C
printing errors on a page, then X ~ Po(2).
1353 . 0 ) 0 (
2

pages found until finding the page with no printing error,
then Y ~ Geo (
2
e
).
07565 . 0 ) ( ) 1 ( ) 5 (
2 4 2

e e Y P (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)
pages found out of 5 with no printing errors, then
Z ~ B(5,
2
e
).
3782 . 0 ) 1 )( ( ) 1 (
4 2 2 5
1

e e C Z P (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)
vehicles passing through the tunnel in a minute during
peak hours, then X ~ Po(8).
(i) 09926 . 0
! 10
) 8 (
) 10 (
10 8

e
(ii)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 09963 0
! 4
) 8 (

! 3
) 8 (
! 2
) 8 (
! 1
) 8 (
) 4 (
4 8
3 8 2 8 8
8
.
e
e e e
e X P
+ + + +
(iii)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 9862 . 0
! 2
) 8 (
! 1
) 8 (
1
) 3 ( 1 ) 3 (
2 8 8
8

<

e e
e
X P X P
1-minute period out of 5 with not more than 4 vehicles
passing through the tunnel, then Y ~ B(5, 0.0996324).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 008018 . 0
) 900367599 . 0 ( ) 0996324 . 0 ( ) 3 (
2 3 5
3
C Y P
incoming calls between 10 am and 11 am, then X ~ Po(15).
(i) 1024 . 0
! 15
) 15 (
) 15 (
15 15

e
(ii)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1978 . 0
! 12
) 15 (
! 11
) 15 (
! 10
) 15 (
) 12 10 (
12 15 11 15 10 15
+ +

e e e
X P
(iii)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 002792 . 0
! 5
) 15 (
! 4
) 15 (
! 3
) 15 (

! 2
) 15 (
! 1
) 15 (
) 5 (
5 15 4 15 3 15
2 15 15
15
+ +
+ + +

e e e
e e
e X P
working days out of 6 receiving exactly 15 incoming calls,
then Y ~ B(6, 0.102435866).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1022 . 0
) 897564133 . 0 ( ) 102435866 . 0 ( ) 2 (
4 2 6
2
C Y P
days required until the first break down occurs, then
X ~ Geo (0.12).
(a) 04904 . 0 ) 12 . 0 ( ) 88 . 0 ( ) 8 (
7
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 5997 . 0
) 12 . 0 ( ) 88 . 0 ( ) 12 . 0 ( ) 88 . 0 ( ) 12 . 0 )( 88 . 0 ( ) 12 . 0 ( 1
) 4 ( 1
) 5 (
3 2
X P
X P
(c) The second breakdown occurs this Sunday.
There is a breakdown occurs before this Sunday.
The required Probability
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 04560 . 0
) 12 . 0 ( ] ) 88 . 0 )( 12 . 0 ( [
5 6
1
C
(d) The third breakdown occurs before this Sunday.
The third breakdown may occur on Wednesday,
Thursday, Friday, or Saturday.
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 02609 . 0
) 12 . 0 ( ] ) 88 . 0 ( ) 12 . 0 ( [ ) 12 . 0 ( ] ) 88 . 0 ( ) 12 . 0 ( [
) 12 . 0 )]( 88 . 0 ( ) 12 . 0 ( [ ) 12 . 0 (
3 2 5
2
2 2 4
2
2 3
2
3
+
+ +
C C
C
goals in a match, then X ~ Po(2.5).
(a)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 4562 . 0
! 2
) 5 . 2 (
! 1
) 5 . 2 (
1
) 2 ( 1 ) 2 (
2 5 . 2 5 . 2
5 . 2

>

e e
e
X P X P
(b)
5 . 2
) 0 (

e X P
matches played until the first goalless match appears,
then Y ~ Geo (
5 . 2
e
).

fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 06916 . 0
) ( ) 1 ( ) 3 (
5 . 2 2 5 . 2

e e Y P
(c) The 5
th
match is the second goalless match.
There is one goalless match in the previous matches.
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 02084 . 0
) ( ] ) 1 )( ( [
5 . 2 3 5 . 2 5 . 2 4
1

e e e C
(d) Let Z be the random variable representing the number of
goalless matches in 10 matches, then Z ~ B(10,
5 . 2
e
).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 9572 . 0
) 1 ( ) (
) 1 )( ( ) 1 (
) 2 (
8 5 . 2 2 5 . 2 10
2
9 5 . 2 5 . 2 10
1
10 5 . 2
+ +

e e C
e e C e
Z P
14. Let X be the random variable representing the number of the
weekly demand for cars, then X ~ Po(6.4).
(a) (i) 1586 . 0
! 6
) 4 . 6 (
) 6 (
6 4 . 6

e
(ii)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3837 . 0
! 5
) 4 . 6 (
! 4
) 4 . 6 (
! 3
) 4 . 6 (

! 2
) 4 . 6 (
! 1
) 4 . 6 (
) 5 (
5 4 . 6 4 4 . 6 3 4 . 6
2 4 . 6 4 . 6
4 . 6
+ +
+ + +

e e e
e e
e X P
(iii)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 7649 . 0
! 4
) 4 . 6 (
! 3
) 4 . 6 (

! 2
) 4 . 6 (
! 1
) 4 . 6 (
1
) 4 ( 1 ) 4 (
4 4 . 6 3 4 . 6
2 4 . 6 4 . 6
4 . 6

>

e e
e e
e
X P X P
(b) Consider the probability function:
!
) 4 . 6 (
...
! 1
) 4 . 6 (
) (
4 . 6 4 . 6
4 . 6
n
e e
e n X P
n
+ + +
For 9 . 0 ) ( n X P ,
when n = 9, 88 . 0 ) 9 ( X P ;
when n = 10, 94 . 0 ) 10 ( X P .
The minimum number of cars the company should
keep is 10.
weeks out of 5 in each of which there is a demand for
more than 4 cars, then Y ~ B(5, 0.764929966).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 9876 . 0
) 764929966 . 0 ( ) 235070033 . 0 ( ) 235070033 . 0 ( 1
) 1 ( ) 0 ( 1
) 2 (
4 5
1
5
C
Y P Y P
Y P
(d)
825 . 3 764929966 . 0 5 ) ( E Y
Revision Exercise 12 (p. 12.50)
Level 1
1. (a) (i) y 0 1
P(Y = y)
11
7
11
4
(ii)
y y
y Y P

,
_
,
_

1
11
7
11
4
) ( , where y = 0, 1.
(b)
11
4
) ( E Y
121
28
11
7
11
4
) ( Var Y
2. (a) R = 0, 1
(b)
r r
r f

1
) 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 ( ) ( , where r = 0, 1.
(c)
4 . 0 ) ( E R
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 4899 . 0 24 . 0
24 . 0 6 . 0 4 . 0 ) ( Var

R
R
3. Let X be the random variable representing the number of bulbs

out of 20 working properly for more than 1 year, then
X ~ B(20, 0.15).
(a)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3523 . 0
) 85 . 0 ( ) 15 . 0 ( ) 85 . 0 ( ) 15 . 0 (
) 85 . 0 )( 15 . 0 ( ) 85 . 0 ( 1
) 4 ( 1 ) 4 (
17 3 20
3
18 2 20
2
19 20
1
20

<
C C
C
X P X P
(b) The required number
17 15 . 0 20 20
) ( E 20 20

X
confirmed reservations out of 7, then X ~ B(7, 0.4).
74
(a)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 2898 . 0
) 4 . 0 ( ) 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 (
) 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 ( ) 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 ( ) 4 (
7 6 7
6
2 5 7
5
3 4 7
4
+
+ +
C
C C X P
(b)
7102 . 0 ) 4 ( 1 ) 4 ( < X P X P
(c) E(X) = 7 0.4 = 2.8
E (number of passengers)
8 . 10 8 ) ( E + X
questions which Jack and Wendy guess correctly respectively,
then X ~ B(6, 0.2) and Y ~ B(4, 0.2).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1007 . 0
) 8 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) 2 . 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 2 (
4 4 2 6
2
C Y P X P
6. Let X be the random variable representing the number of sunny
days in April, then X ~ B(30, 0.7).
(a)
21 7 . 0 30 ) ( E X
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 07657 . 0
) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 (
) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 (
) 25 (
30 29 30
29
2 28 30
28
3 27 30
27
4 26 30
26
5 25 30
25
+ +
+ + +
C C
C C C
X P
(c)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 01057 . 0
) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( ) 15 (
15 15 30
15
C X P
(d) P(rainy day | shopping)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1765 . 0
4 . 0 3 . 0 8 . 0 7 . 0
4 . 0 3 . 0
(shopping)
shopping) day (rainy
P
P
heads occur out of 5, then X ~ B(5, 0.7).
47178 . 0
) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 ( 1 ) 4 (
5 4 5
4
< C X P
of tosses required until the first head occurs,
then Y ~ Geo(0.7).
973 . 0 ) 7 . 0 ( ) 3 . 0 ( ) 7 . 0 )( 3 . 0 ( 7 . 0 ) 4 (
2
+ + < Y P
times required until the first successful jump occurs on a dry
day and a wet day respectively, then X ~ Geo(0.75)
and Y ~ Geo(0.5).
(a) 04688 . 0 ) 75 . 0 ( ) 25 . 0 ( ) 3 (
2
(b) 03125 . 0 ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 (
4
Y P
(c) (i) 01171875 . 0 ) 75 . 0 ( ) 25 . 0 ( ) 4 (
3
X P
0625 . 0 ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) 4 (
3
Y P
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 03711 . 0
) 01171875 . 0 )( 5 . 0 ( ) 0625 . 0 )( 5 . 0 (
) day certain a on jumps 4 exactly need (
+
P
(ii) E(number of jumps on a certain day)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 667 . 1
5 . 0
1
75 . 0
1
5 . 0
) ( E 5 . 0 ) ( E 5 . 0
,
_
+
+ Y X
years between 2 successive earthquake, then X ~ Geo(0.005).
200
005 . 0
1
) ( E X
10. (a) (i) Let X be the random variable representing the number
of cards drawn until the first diamond card is drawn,
then X ~ Geo(0.25).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 01877 . 0
) 25 . 0 ( ) 75 . 0 ( ) 10 (
9
X P
(ii) Let Y be the random variable representing the number
of diamonds drawn out of 10, then
Y ~ B(10, 0.25).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 4744 . 0
) 25 . 0 ( ) 75 . 0 ( ) 25 . 0 ( ) 75 . 0 ( ) 75 . 0 ( 1
) 2 (
2 8 10
2
9 10
1
10

>
C C
Y P
(b) 4
25 . 0
1
) ( E X
(c)
5 . 2 25 . 0 10 ) ( E Y
cars entering the gas station in a minute, then X ~ Po(3).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 08392 . 0
! 5
) 3 (
! 4
) 3 (

! 3
) 3 (
! 2
) 3 (
! 1
) 3 (
1
) 5 ( 1 ) 5 (
5 3 4 3
3 3 2 3 3
3

>

e e
e e e
e
X P X P
minutes out of 5 in each of which more than 5 cars enter
the gas station, then Y ~ B(5, 0.083917942).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 004959 . 0
) 916082058 . 0 ( ) 083917942 . 0 (
) 3 (
2 3 5
3
C
Y P
minutes required until there is at least a car cannot be
served in a minute, then Z ~ Geo(0.083917942).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 05910 . 0
) 083917942 . 0 ( ) 916082058 . 0 ( ) 5 (
4
Z P
12. For a Poisson distribution, the variance is equal to the mean.
Thus there are on average 2 defective components daily, and
there are on average 6 defective components during a 3-day
period.
defective components during a three-day period, then
X ~ Po(6).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 2851 . 0
! 4
) 6 (
! 3
) 6 (
! 2
) 6 (
! 1
) 6 (
) 4 (
4 6 3 6 2 6 6
6
+ + + +

e e e e
e X P
13. (a) As there is an average rate of 2.5 accidents every week,
there is an average rate of 5 accidents every fortnight.
accidents per fortnight, then X ~ Po(5).
5 ) ( E X
(b)
006738 . 0 ) 0 (
5

e X P
claims on a day, then X ~ Po(4.5).
826421929 . 0
! 2
) 5 . 4 (
! 1
) 5 . 4 (
1
) 2 ( 1 ) 2 (
2 5 . 4 5 . 4
5 . 4

>

e e
e
X P X P
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 6 . 301
) 2 ( 365
) claims 2 than more year which a in days of number ( E
> X P
days out of 5 in each of which it will handle more than 2
claims, then Y ~ B(5, 0.826421929).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 7903 . 0
) 826421929 . 0 (
) 826421929 . 0 ( ) 826421929 . 0 ( ) 3 (
5
4 5
4
+ > C Y P
15. (a) As there is on average 1 typing error per 2 pages, then
there is on average 0.5 typing error per page.
typing errors in a page, then X ~ Po(0.5).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3935 . 0
1
) 0 ( 1 ) 1 (
5 . 0
e
X P X P
pages required until the first page free of typing errors is
found, then Y ~ Geo(
5 . 0
e
).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 01454 . 0
) ( ) 1 ( ) 5 (
5 . 0 4 5 . 0

e e Y P
16. Let X be the random variables representing the number of colds
Calvin gets in a year, then X ~ Po(2.5).
If the numbers of colds that year of Calvin are more than or
equal to 1, it has a probability of 0.8 to reduce to 1 after taking
that medicine.
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 7754 . 0
) 1 ( 8 . 0
! 1
) 5 . 2 (
2 . 0
) 1 ( 8 . 0 ) 1 ( 2 . 0
5 . 2
5 . 2
+
1
1
]
1
e
e
X P X P
Level 2
17. Let X be the random variable representing the number of rotten
apples found in the sample, then X ~ B(20, 0.05).
P(the lot of apples is rejected)
3 0754848367 . 0
) 95 . 0 ( ) 05 . 0 ( ) 95 . 0 )( 05 . 0 ( ) 95 . 0 ( 1
) 2 (
18 2 20
2
19 20
1
20

>
C C
X P
P(the sample contains 3 rotten apples)
059582147 . 0
) 95 . 0 ( ) 05 . 0 (
) 3 (
17 3 20
3

C
X P
P(the sample contains 3 rotten apples | the lot of apples is
rejected)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 7893 . 0
3 0754848367 . 0
059582147 . 0
18. (a) Let n be the total number of the batteries and p be the
probability of producing a defective batteries. Then
X ~ B(n, p).
E(X) = np = 4(1)
Var (X) = np (1 p) = 3.84(2)
By solving (1) and (2), we have
1 p = 0.96
p = 0.04 and n = 100
x x
x
C x f

100 100
) 96 . 0 ( ) 04 . 0 ( ) ( , where x = 0, 1, , 100
(b) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 01687 . 0 96 . 0 ) 0 ( ) 0 (
100
f X P
19. Let n be the number of missiles to be launched.
Let X be the random variables representing the number of
missiles hit the target, then X ~ B(n, 0.4).
5 . 4
1 . 0 6 . 0
9 . 0 ) 6 . 0 ( 1
9 . 0 ) 0 ( 1
9 . 0 ) 1 (

n
X P
X P
n
n
The minimum number of missiles to be launched is 5.
20. (a)
5 . 1
3 ) ( 2
) 0 ( 3 ) 1 ( 2

e e
X P X P
(b)
1
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1912 . 0
! 2
) 5 . 1 (
! 1
) 5 . 1 (
1
) 2 ( ) 5 . 1 (
2 5 . 1 5 . 1
5 . 1

> >

e e
e
X P X P
21. (a) Let X be the random variables representing the number of
girls in a 4-child family, then X ~ B(4, 0.6).
(i) 1536 . 0 ) 4 . 0 )( 6 . 0 ( ) 1 (
3 4
1
C X P
(ii)
1792 . 0
) 4 . 0 )( 6 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 ( ) 2 (
3 4
1
4
+ < C X P
(iii) 9744 . 0 ) 4 . 0 ( 1 ) 1 (
4
X P
(b)
4 . 2 6 . 0 4 ) ( E X

(c) Let Y be the random variables representing the number of
boys in a family, then Y ~ B(n, 0.4), where n is the total
number of children in the family.
76
86 . 5
6 . 0 log 05 . 0 log
95 . 0 6 . 0 1
95 . 0 ) 1 (
>
>
>
>
n
n
Y P
n
The minimum number of children is 6.
defective watches drawn in Step I and Step II respectively, then
X ~ B(10, 0.1) and Y ~ B(20, 0.1).
(a) P(2
nd
sample is drawn and the whole batch is rejected)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 2356 . 0
] ) 9 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 )( 1 . 0 ( 1 [ ) 9 . 0 )( 1 . 0 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
20 19 20
1
9 10
1

>
C C
Y P X P
(b) P(accept whole batch)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 5004 . 0
] ) 9 . 0 )( 1 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 [( ) 9 . 0 )( 1 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 (
) 1 0 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
II) Step in (accept I) Step in (accept
19 20
1
20 9 10
1
10
+ +
+
+
C C
Y Y P X P X P
P P
(c)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3033 . 0
] ) 9 . 0 )( 1 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 [( ) 9 . 0 )( 1 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 (
] ) 9 . 0 )( 1 . 0 ( ) 9 . 0 [( ) 9 . 0 )( 1 . 0 (
) 1 0 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 1 0 ( ) 1 (
) batch le accept who (
) sample second accept (
) batch le accept who | drawn is sample second (
19 20
1
20 9 10
1
10
19 20
1
20 9 10
1
+ +
+
C C
C C
Y Y P X P X P
Y Y P X P
P
P
P
23. Let X be the random variables representing the number of jurors
make correct decision, then X ~ B(n, p), where n is the total
number of jurors.
(a) (i) When n = 1, we have
p X P ) 1 (
(ii) When n = 3, we have
) 1 ( 3
) 1 ( ) 2 (
2 3
3 2 3
2
p p p
p p p C X P
+
+
(b) If p > 0.5, the probability of making a correct final
decision will be higher with more jury members, and vice
versa (or any reasonable answer).
heads obtained if coin A and coin B are selected respectively,
then X ~ B(4, 0.5) and Y ~ B(4, 0.65),
(a)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1807 . 0
) 35 . 0 )( 65 . 0 (
2
1
) 5 . 0 )( 5 . 0 (
2
1
) 1 (
2
1
) 1 (
2
1
) tosses 4 in head 1 (
3 4
1
3 4
1
+
+
C C
Y P X P
P
(b) P(coin A | 1 head in 4 tosses)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 6916 . 0
) 35 . 0 )( 65 . 0 (
2
1
) 5 . 0 )( 5 . 0 (
2
1
) 5 . 0 )( 5 . 0 (
2
1
3 4
1
3 4
1
3 4
1
C C
C
(c) P(head is obtained in first toss | coin A is tossed and 1
head in 4 tosses)
25 . 0
) 5 . 0 )( 5 . 0 (
2
1
) 5 . 0 )( 5 . 0 (
2
1
3 4
1
3
C
(d) P(coin A is tossed and head is obtained in first toss | 1
head in 4 tosses)

fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1729 . 0
) 35 . 0 )( 65 . 0 (
2
1
) 5 . 0 )( 5 . 0 (
2
1
) 5 . 0 )( 5 . 0 (
2
1
3 4
1
3 4
1
3
C C
cars and motorcycles served by the petrol station in an hour
respectively, then X ~ Po(3.5) and Y ~ Po(1.5).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 9596 . 0
! 1
) 5 . 3 (

! 1
) 5 . 1 (
1
) 0 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( 1
) 1 ( ) 0 ( 1
) 2 ( 1 ) 2 (
5 . 1
5 . 3
5 . 1
5 . 3 5 . 1 5 . 3

+ +
< + +

e
e
e
e e e
Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P
Y X P Y X P
Y X P Y X P
26. Let X be the random variables representing the number of
experiments performed, then X ~ Geo(0.25).
(a) 4
25 . 0
1
) ( E X
E(cost of the project)
3000 $
) ( E 500 1000
+ X
(b)
18
10000 500 1000
>
> +
x
x
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 005638 . 0
75 . 0 1
1
) 25 . 0 ( ) 75 . 0 (
...] ) 75 . 0 ( 75 . 0 1 )[ 25 . 0 ( ) 75 . 0 (
... ) 25 . 0 ( ) 75 . 0 ( ) 25 . 0 ( ) 75 . 0 ( ) 18 (
18
2 18
19 18
,
_
+ + +
+ + > X P
flaws in 1 cm of copper wire, then X ~ Po(2.3).
2033 . 0
! 3
) 3 . 2 (
) 3 (
3 3 . 2

e
X P
(b) As there are on average 2.3 flaws in 1 cm of copper wire,
then there are on average 4.6 flaws in 2 cm of copper wire.
flaws in 2 cm of copper wire, then Y ~ Po(4.6).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3257 . 0
! 3
) 6 . 4 (
! 2
) 6 . 4 (
! 1
) 6 . 4 (
) 4 (
3 6 . 4 2 6 . 4 1 6 . 4
6 . 4
+ + + <

e e e
e Y P
(c) As there are on average 2.3 flaws in 1 cm of copper wire,
then there are on average 1.15 flaws in 0.5 cm of copper
wire.
flaws in 0.5 cm of copper wire, then Z ~ Po(1.15).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 3192 . 0
! 1
) 15 . 1 (
1
) 2 ( 1 ) 2 (
15 . 1
15 . 1

<
e
e
Z P Z P
(d)
6 . 4
) 0 (

e Y P
Let N be the random variable representing the number of
parts out of 10 which have no flaws, then
N ~ B(10,
6 . 4
e
).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 9999 . 0
) 1 ( ) (
) 1 )( ( ) 1 (
) 3 (
8 6 . 4 2 6 . 4 10
2
9 6 . 4 6 . 4 10
1
10 6 . 4
+ +
<

e e C
e e C e
N P
28. Let X be the random variable representing the number of cars
demand for renting per week, then X ~ Po(5.4).
(a) If the company keeps 5 cars, we have
E(weekly profit)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 5213 $
2500
! 4
) 4 . 5 (
! 3
) 4 . 5 (
! 2
) 4 . 5 (
! 1
) 4 . 5 (
1
00 0 9
! 4
) 4 . 5 (
7200
! 3
) 4 . 5 (
00 4 5
! 2
) 4 . 5 (
3600
! 1
) 4 . 5 (
1800
500 5 ) 5 ( ) 1800 5 (
) 4 ( ) 1800 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 1800 3 (
) 2 ( ) 1800 2 ( ) 1 ( 1800
4 4 . 5 3 4 . 5
2 4 . 5 4 . 5
4 . 5
4 4 . 5 3 4 . 5
2 4 . 5 4 . 5
1
1
1
1
]
1
+ +
+ +

+ +
+ +

e e
e e
e
e e
e e
X P
X P X P
X P X P
If the company keeps 6 cars, we have
E(weekly profit)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 5530 $
3000
! 5
) 4 . 5 (
! 4
) 4 . 5 (
! 3
) 4 . 5 (
! 2
) 4 . 5 (
! 1
) 4 . 5 (
1
00 08 1
! 5
) 4 . 5 (
00 0 9
! 4
) 4 . 5 (
7200
! 3
) 4 . 5 (
00 4 5
! 2
) 4 . 5 (
3600
! 1
) 4 . 5 (
1800
500 6 ) 6 ( ) 1800 6 ( ) 5 ( ) 1800 5 (
) 4 ( ) 1800 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 1800 3 (
) 2 ( ) 1800 2 ( ) 1 ( 1800
5 4 . 5 4 4 . 5 3 4 . 5
2 4 . 5 4 . 5
4 . 5
5 4 . 5
4 4 . 5 3 4 . 5
2 4 . 5 4 . 5
1
1
1
1
]
1
+
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
+ +

e e e
e e
e
e
e e
e e
X P X P
X P X P
X P X P
(b) The expected weekly profit of keeping six cars is
greater than keeping 5 cars.
The company should keep 6 cars in order to maximize
the weekly profit.
particles emitted in the next second, then X ~ Po(2.8).
06081 . 0 ) 0 (
8 . 2

e X P
(b) As there are on average 2.8 particles emitted in a second,
then there are on average 8.4 particles emitted in 3
seconds.
particles emitted in 3 seconds, then Y ~ Po(8.4).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 1573 . 0
! 5
) 4 . 8 (
! 4
) 4 . 8 (
! 3
) 4 . 8 (

! 2
) 4 . 8 (
! 1
) 4 . 8 (
) 5 (
5 4 . 8 4 4 . 8 3 4 . 8
2 4 . 8 4 . 8
4 . 8
+ +
+ + +

e e e
e e
e Y P
(c) As there are on average 2.8 particles emitted in a second,
then there are on average 2.8n particles emitted in n
seconds.
particles emitted in n seconds, then Z ~ Po(2.8n)
! 3
) 8 . 2 (

! 2
) 8 . 2 (
! 1
) 8 . 2 (
1
) 4 ( 1 ) 4 (
3 8 . 2
2 8 . 2 8 . 2
8 . 2
n e
n e n e
e
Z P Z P
n
n n
n

<
When n = 2, ) 4 (Z P 0.80937
When n = 3, ) 4 (Z P 0.96774
30. (a) Let X be the random variable representing the number of trucks
among 10 which are overloaded, then X ~ B(10, 0.05).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 001028 . 0
) 95 . 0 ( ) 05 . 0 ( ) 95 . 0 ( ) 05 . 0 (
) 95 . 0 )( 05 . 0 ( ) 95 . 0 ( 1
) 3 ( 1 ) 3 (
7 3 10
3
8 2 10
2
9 10
1
10

>
C C
C
X P X P
(b) Let Y be the random variables representing the number of trucks
inspected until the first overloaded truck appears,
then Y~ Geo(0.05).
04287 . 0 ) 05 . 0 ( ) 95 . 0 ( ) 4 (
3
(c) The 10
th
truck is the third overloaded truck.
There are 2 overloaded trucks in the previous 9 trucks.
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 003143 . 0
) 05 . 0 ( ] ) 95 . 0 ( ) 05 . 0 ( [
7 2 9
2
C
31. (a) It is given that X ~ Po(1.6).
6 . 1
) 0 (

e X P
samples out of 10 which contain no fish, then Y ~ B(10,
6 . 1
e
).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 2653 . 0
) 1 )( ( ) 1 (
9 6 . 1 6 . 1 10
1

e e C Y P
(b) 3 0.47506905 ) 6 . 1 ( 1 ) 1 (
6 . 1 6 . 1
>

e e X P
samples out of 10 which contain more than 1 fish, then
Z ~ B(10, 0.475069053).
78
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 01438 . 0
) 524930947 . 0 ( 53) (0.4750690 ) 1 (
9 10
1
C Z P
(c)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 2430 . 0
) 524930947 . 0 ( 53) (0.4750690 ) 5 (
5 5 10
5
C Z P
(d) 019 . 2 10 ) ( E
6 . 1

e Y (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)
errors on a page, then X ~ Po(2).
(a)
8647 . 0 1 ) 1 (
2

e X P
(b) E(number of errors) =
600 2 300 ) ( E 300 X
(c)
142876539 . 0
! 3
) 2 (
! 2
) 2 (
! 1
) 2 (
1 ) 3 (
3 2 2 2 2
2
>

e e e
e X P
pages out of 300 contain more than 3 errors, then
Y ~ B(300, 0.142876539).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 0.0005646
) 857123461 . 0 ( ) .142876539 0 ( ) 25 (
275 25 300
25
C Y P
(d) E(number of pages containing at least 1 error)
4 . 259 8647 . 0 300
) 1 ( 300

X P
Challenging Questions (p. 12.56)
1. (a) As there are on average 2.5 accidents per month, then
there are on average 30 12 5 . 2 accidents per year.
(b) As there are on average 2.5 accidents per month, then
there are on average 5 2 5 . 2 accidents per 2 months.
accidents in 2 months, then X ~ Po(5).
006738 . 0 ) 0 (
5

months elapsed until no accidents appear in a month, then
Y ~ Geo(
5 . 2
e
).
0.06349 ) ( ) 1 ( ) 4 (
5 . 2 3 5 . 2

e e Y P (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)
(d) Let Z be the random variable representing the number of
months out of 12 in each of which no accidents appear,
then Z ~ B(12,
5 . 2
e
).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 0.06942
) 1 ( ) (
) 1 )( ( ) 1 ( 1 ) 2 (
10 5 . 2 2 5 . 2 12
2
11 5 . 2 5 . 2 12
1
12 5 . 2

>

e e C
e e C e Z P
2. (a) Let X and Y be the random variables representing the
number of cars using tunnels A and B per minute
respectively, then X ~ Po(3) and Y ~ Po(2),
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 0.02021
! 4
) 2 (
! 3
) 3 (
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 4 3 (
4 2 3 3

e e
Y P X P Y X P
(b)
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 0.1755
! 4
) 3 (

! 1
) 2 (
! 3
) 3 (
! 2
) 2 (
! 2
) 3 (

! 3
) 2 (
! 1
) 3 (
! 4
) 2 (
) 0 ( ) 4 (
) 1 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
) 3 ( ) 1 ( ) 4 ( ) 0 ( ) 4 (
2
4 3
2 3 3 2 2 2 3
3 2 3 4 2
3
+ +
+ +

+ +
+ + +
e
e
e e e e
e e e
e
Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P
Y P X P Y P X P Y X P
(c) As there are on average 3 and 2 cars using tunnel A and B per
minute respectively, then there are on average 6 and 4 cars
using tunnel A and B per 2 minutes respectively.
Let M and N be the random variables representing the
number of cars using tunnels A and B per 2 minutes
respectively, then M ~ Po(6) and N ~ Po(4),
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 0.02925
! 4
) 6 (
! 1
) 4 (
! 3
) 6 (

! 2
) 4 (
! 1
) 4 (
! 2
) 6 (

! 3
) 4 (
! 2
) 4 (
! 1
) 4 (
! 1
) 6 (

! 4
) 4 (
! 3
) 4 (
! 2
) 4 (
! 1
) 4 (
) 0 ( ) 4 (
) 1 ( ) 3 ( ) 0 ( ) 3 (
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 (
) 0 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 1 (
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 0 ( ) 1 ( ) 4 ( ) 0 (
) 3 ( ) 0 ( ) 2 ( ) 0 (
) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 (
) 5 (
4
4 6 4
4
3 6
2 4 4
4
2 6
3 4 2 4 4
4
6
4 4 3 4 2 4 4
4 6
+
1
1
]
1
+
+
1
1
]
1
+ +
+
1
1
]
1
+ + +
+
1
1
]
1
+ + + +

+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
< +

e
e e
e
e
e e
e
e
e e e
e
e
e e e e
e e
N P M P
N P M P N P M P
N P M P N P M P
N P M P N P M P
N P M P N P M P
N P M P N P M P
N P M P N P M P
N P M P N P M P
N M P
(d)
3
) 0 (

e X P and
2
) 0 (

e Y P
Let C be the random variable representing the number of
1 minute period out of 5 in each of which no cars use
tunnel A, then C ~ (5,
3
e
).
Let D be the random variable representing the number of
tunnel B, then D ~ (5,
2
e
).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 008044 . 0
) 1 )( ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) 2 (
4 2 2 5
1
3 3 2 3 5
2

e e C e e C D P C P
(e)
5 2 3
) 0 ( ) 0 (

e e e Y P X P
tunnel A and B, then Z ~ B(5,
5
e
).
fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 03279 . 0
) 1 )( ( ) 1 (
4 5 5 5
1

e e C Z P

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12 Some Special Discrete Probability Distributions

12 Some Special Discrete

and Y follows a Poisson distribution

4. (a) fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 2684 . 0 ) 8 . 0 )( 2 . 0 ( ) 1 (

16. (a) S follows the Bernoulli distribution.

As Tom and Mary have the same chance of winning a game if

Let X be the random variable representing the number of games

C (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)

The expected value and the standard deviation of the

27. (a) X ~ B(n, p)

(c) Sample mean

X P (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)

10. P (the number greater than or equal to 2)

Let X be the random variable representing the number of rolls

Let X be the random variable representing the number of

15. (a) P (a red ball is drawn)

Let X be the random variable representing the number of

fig.) sig. 4 to (cor. 444 . 2

be the mean of the distribution.

21. Let X be the random variable representing the number of

NSS Mathematics in Action Module 1 Vol.2 Full Solutions

3. Let X be the random variable representing the number of bulbs

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