YjA jA A nI



BPBFg G AC NnC BNaA ~iDA PABnA a MBE

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 A@@Ap@A`@
 Common Errors in Legal translation

##

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 j}jjve}v
 {veUB
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##345:85:3<3
aa_safwah@yahoo.com
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H6M6EjK?M6AB#MKEqljK?UA:8&gDG:%KYTMEuLEK Th
M6EKKW@HWMj KBMEoK9Kj8K KCKuj7
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 KDCWi??Mj?MBEA MNKMKE8AMK<jqTaM?j
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 MEjK?MKE8iEAB .!ea

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# ##EMqD#E#F
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# #1#Y#"MD#x#EQpD#N##F
##bbY#"MbbD#bbx#EQbbpD#bb#EbE#hEbbQLD#bbED#bbT#bbQmP#EbbTF#bbXD#bb#Qbb
# ##1##"MD#x#EQpEL#EQD#DoQD
# #=#EU






 

 


the ruling was made by the judge

 the judge ruled

the complaint was filed by the plaintiff

the plaintiff filed a complaint

It was held that

the court held

# #
# ##=#Y#"MD#x#EQpD#E#n#/#ED#m#i#E\##EF

# ##=#EU

# ##The documents were mysteriously destroyed

# #1#ED#TD#DmF##P#OX#\##/#m##zet#SDiQqD#P##NMqQD
# ##1#1#1#E}D#ETD###iD##iD#/#MD#h##uD##EME
# #

# ##OD#iD##iDn#EF#E|J#F#pD#F#F##Mt#Q#ED#N#N#0#EET
# ##EU
 
reached a conclusion"
"granted a continuance"
involved in a collision"
"take action"



 
"concluded"
"continued"
"collided"
"act"

# #
# #






# #1#SE]yEL#E#|EQpD##iL#EPDkL#SEqD#DieQpD#Q###EUET
#bTD#ib#bj#F#b#Eb##/#1#1#1#1#ibD#m##F#iD##EQpD##XD#Nq#i
##E}bD#ETD##xE##E#F#zet##D#SE]yD#DieQpD#mU#F####ED
# ##1#ED#EyD##EDmD#xD##QP###D#uP#!D#hmD#EyD#NEpF##Q
# #=#EU
 
The plaintiff



 
Susan Jones

The defendant

Michael Fitzhugh

The day in question

June 3rd

The scene of the accident

In the parking lot

Her place of employment

Pizza Hut

# ###

# #1#mEL#P##!D#D#D#DieQpD##OEpD##D#u\#N##ELDl


"The court in Chester v. Morris, a case involving a similar traffic accident, held that a person
riding a bicycle must adhere to the same standards as a person driving a car, although it limited its
holding to the facts of that case, which included the fact that the bicyclist was intoxicated.
# #



"Chester v. Morris involved a similar traffic accident. The court held that a bicyclist must adhere to
the same standards as a person driving a car. The opinion is limited to situations in which the
bicyclist is intoxicated.

# #1#ED#EyD##lyD#XF#EM#LEqD#zD##P
#+#Morris#,##iD#i|+#Chester#,###i#L#}#E#F#LEqD#zD####0
# ##1#1#XDliD#NDl#SD#!D#mqD#E\##E\#myL#E#D#R}
# #




# #

Chester v. ##}b##bD#F#cmubL#bLhD#ObpD#TD#NPE#E#MP#D#EyD#0

#ib##/#bXDliD##NbDl#mbj#h#zeubD##Q#F#Slm#i#lmD#ThE\#}##Morris
# ##+#bicyclist,##F#Em\#E##a person riding a bicycle,#XDliD#Nm#kD#zeu#SlEtF
# #1#ED#QP##Q\#EQqD#liL#D#SDlEMD##yQD##j#hE
# #
# #=#EyD##OED##OEpD#N#=#EqEd
# #sE##hiyL#DE##E##SEhDmD##hi#Qq#D##L
# #=#EU
 



 

Every town, city, or village"

"Every municipality"

"Cease and desist"

"stop"

"Give, devise and bequeath"

"give"

"Null and void"

"void"

# #
# #D##"D#P##E]##D\D##m#mD#EQpD#N#=#EphEp
##bD#rb##b#Dkb##/#bTD#Gbt#b#b#EbD##mb#EQbpD#F#XD##i
#bl#J#EbD#mbDh#b#EbXm##ED#TD#_M##D\D##mD#EQpD##DmE
# ##1#$$#E#\F#E#NQ#zeu#hE
# #=#EU
 
The fact that he was drunk is extremely
important



 
The fact that he was drunk is important




The holding is very narrow.

The holding is narrow.

It is really important that he was not wearing

a helmet.

It is important that he was not wearing a

helmet.

He was undoubtedly drunk.

He was drunk.

It is manifestly obvious
bicyclists are dangerous

that

drunken

It is obvious that drunken bicyclists are

dangerous

# #
# #=#RLET##_mx##_|P##!D#PD#SED#EQpD#N#=#ELEp
alleged
maybe
quite possibly
at best/at least
might be
seems to
appears to
perhaps
so-called
implicates
probably
tends to

# #=#+#hiuD#,#E}D#D#EQpD#N#=#EET

 



 

not uncommon"

" common"

"failed to show inability"

"showed ability"

"not insignificant"

"significant"

"not uncomplicated"

"complicated"

"no small part"

"large part"

"not inappropriate

"appropriate

" not incapable"

"capable"



# #

# #1#D#Ep##E###SE##SDlEM#EQpD#N#=#EpEP
#/##E#F##ED#TD#t##j#F##E#D##SDlEMD##L#XD#}#i
#F##b#bEd##bp#bmL#Ebp#E]b|F#Eb#bTD#yb#F#bXD#b#QbD##F#
# #1#iP
# ##=#j##EU

"I would argue that Chester v. Morris is not applicable."
"It should be noted that Chester v. Morris was decided before the statute was amended."
"Evidence that the defendant was drunk does not operate to remove the issue of contributory
negligence"
"Despite the fact that the defendant was drunk, he operated his bicycle carefully."
"In fact, he should be commended."
"During the course of his ride, he never fell off his bicycle"
"It has been determined that he was wearing his helmet."
"It is obvious that a drunken bicyclist is a danger on crowded streets."
"It is clear that he had the right of way. He was clearly justified in crossing the street"
"Chester v. Morris is distinguishable (or worse, clearly distinguishable). It does not apply
because it involved an intoxicated bicyclist"





"Chester v. Morris is not applicable."

"Chester v. Morris was decided before the statute was amended."
"Evidence that the defendant was drunk does not remove the issue of contributory
negligence"
"Despite the defendant's drunkenness, he operated his bicycle carefully."
"He should be commended."
"During his ride, he never fell off his bicycle"
"He was wearing his helmet."
"A drunken bicyclist is a danger on crowded streets."
"He had the right of way. He was justified in crossing the street"
"Chester v. Morris does not apply because it involved an intoxicated bicyclist"

# #

# #
# #




# #

# #muQD#OpD##iL#qMD#oD#D#DieQpD#=#DmtE
#bbD#Ebb#bb#Ebb#F#mubbQD#ObbpD#DiMQbbpD#bb#EbbD#bb#UbbD#DbbD#bbl
###iEqbD#S#EbED#F#J#/#+#Plain English)#qbMD#boD#bEL#0#bED#boD
#QbbP#bbED#EbbTD#Ebbx#R]MbbxF##/#mbbD#kbb#bbQL#RbbE#bbUiD#bbED#EybbD
# #1#qMD#D#DieQpEL
# #=#qMD#oD#D##E#LED##SDlEMD##SE]yD##L##E#
# #
Legalistic Style

Plain English

at present -

now

at the place --

where

at the present time--

now

at the time that -

when

at that point in time -

then

at this point in time -

now OR currently

by means of -

by

by reason of -

because

for the duration of -

during OR while

for the purpose of -

to

for the reason that -

because

from the point of view -

from

in a case in which -

when OR where

in accordance with -

by OR under

in close proximity -

near

in connection with -

with OR about OR concerning




in favor of -

for

in light of the fact that -

because OR given that

in order to -

to

in point of fact -

in fact (OR OMIT altogether)

in reference to -

about

in regard to -

about

in relation to -

about OR concerning

in terms of -

in

in the course of -

during

in the event that -

if

in the nature of -

like

inasmuch as -

because OR since

on a number of occasions -

often OR sometimes

on the basis of -

by OR from

on the part of -

by

to the effect that -

that

until such time as -

until

with a view to - to
with reference to -

about OR concerning

with regard to -

about

##hbbbD##mubbbD##hbbbMD#Ebbbx##qbbbMD#bbbD#kbbb#ieQqbbbP#=#bbbE#bbb]

#F#mbbD#bbE#/#mubbD##hbbMD#Ebbx##bbED#bbD#DieQbbpD#bb#bb|###/#SEbbEPD
# #1#D#\##E#DmD#RD##GD##_MxF#qMD#D#DieQpD






# #
# #1##h##D##mxE#EQD##SE]yD#=#mu#hE\
##bbF##"bb#Dkbb##/#bb#h#bb#EbD#bbpDL#EDieQbbpD#mbbxED#SE]ybbD#bb#Eb
#DieQbpD#}b##/#mubD##hbM#QEbx##bL#EQbpD#ED#TD##Ex##Q
# #1#mkEL#EpF#E#qMD#D
##bD#EieQqbP##ubD#SEDmD##EiD#SmDk##ED#EieQq#SE]yD#k
##NbD##EbL#EMyb##i#E#D#TD##SE]yD#k#U#hX#1#1#EE\F#Ex
# ##1#XF##Slm\#!D#mD##EE\#Qq###1#1#lDD
*@s]?]@]OA@?O?IK@@HTLAL?N@Xs?@e

 8?gr@
 
Plain English

words used only by lawyers

accord (verb) -

give

acquire -

get

additional -

more

additionally -

also

adjacent (to) -

next (to) OR near

adjudicate -

determine/try

afforded -

given




aforementioned - none --

omit

ambit -

reach OR scope

any and all -

all

approximately -

about

ascertain -

find out

assist -

help

as to -

about

as well as -

and

case at bar -

this case

attempt (verb) -

try

cease -

stop

circumstances in which -

when OR where

cognizant of -

aware OR knows

commence -

start

conceal -

hide

consensus of opinion -

consensus

consequence -

result

contiguous to -

next to

counsel

lawyer

deem -

find/believe

demonstrate -

show

desire -

want

donate -

give

echelon -

level

elucidate -

explain/clarify

endeavor (verb) -

try

ensue -

take place/follow

evidence (verb) -

show/demonstrate

evince -

show

exclusively -

only

exhibit (verb) -

show/demonstrate

exit (verb) -

leave




expedite -

hurry

facilitate -

help

firstly, secondly -

first, second, ...

foregoing -

these

forthwith -

immediately

frequently -

often

fundamental -

basic

has a negative impact -

hurts OR harms

indicate -

show/say/mean

individual (noun) -

person

inquire -

ask

locate -

find

manner -

way

methodology -

method

modify -

change

narrate -

say

negatively affect -

hurt/harm

notify -

tell

notwithstanding -

despite

numerous -

many

objective (noun) -

goal

observe -

see OR watch

obtain -

get

owing to -

because

period of time -

time OR period

permit -

let OR allow

personnel -

people

pertains to -

refers/belongs to

point in time -

time OR point

portion -

part

possess -

have

post hoc -

hindsight




prior to -

before

procure -

get

provide -

give

provided that -

if OR but

provision of law -

law

purchase -

buy

purport -

claim/intend

rate of speed -

speed

referred to as -

called

remainder -

rest

render assistance -

help

request (verb) -

ask

require -

need

respond -

answer

retain -

keep

said (adjective) -

the/this ("this contract" not "said contract")

stipulates -

says

subsequent -

later

subsequent to -

after

subsequently -

after OR later

substantiate -

prove

sufficient -

enough

sufficient number of -

enough

termination -

end

the case at bar -

this case

the fact that -

that

the instant case -

this case

the manner in which -

how

upon -

on

utilize -

use

verbatim -

word for word




was aware -

knew

whereas -

since/although

# #
# #
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# #
# #
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# #XDmD##lhEyD
**TOM GOLDSTEIN & JETHRO K. LIEBERMAN: THE LAWYERS GUIDE TO WRITING
WELL . UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS . SECOND EDITION
**LISA WEBLEY: LEGAL WRITING . UK 2005
**PETER BUTT : MODERN LEGAL DRAFTING . UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY.
** A JURIST ALFRED PHILLIPS LAWYERS LANGUAGE
**J. ALEXANDER TANFORD, INDIANA UNIV. HOW TO WRITE GOOD LEGAL STUFF

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