GP ASSIGNMENT Q.

(a) Using the Problem Tree analysis as a tool of Project Formulation, discuss the causes and effects of lack of clean water at Lake Chivero. (b) Stakeholders can be a hindrance to Project formulation and implementation if their interest are not catered for. Discuss.

Introduction In a project formulation stage a number of diagnostic tools can be used to identify and analyze a problem in a bid to find a developmental solution to it. Various methods such as Problen tree analysis, Stakeholder analysis, Logic Framework analyisis, Goal-oriented project planning can be adopted. We shall use the first two methods to further elaborate their usefulness as important tools in project formulation.

Problem Tree Analysis The problem tree is an effective tool for the identification and analysis of the relevant causes of the main problems, which will later form the bases for formulating solutions and objectives. In this method we first identify the core problem. Then we analyze the causes and effects of such problem in order to come up with a clear solution. In our case the core problem is lack of clean water at Lake Chivero. As you are aware Lake Chivero is the source of water supply to over 3.5 Million (Stas office 2002) people in Harare, Chitungwiza, Norton ,Epworth and Ruwa . The Chivero catchment is also a sub-catchment of the larger Upper Manyame catchment, which includes the town of Norton. The entire Chivero catchment has an estimated population of about 2.5 million people according to Central Statistic Office (2002) and covers a surface area of about 2,220 km2 Department of Water records, consisting of approximately 10% urban and 90% rural developments. The latter comprises communal and commercial farming lands in nearly equal proportions. The lake, created via a dam constructed in 1952, is located about 35 km south-west and downstream of Harare. Lake Chivero was designed for a full capacity surface area of 26.5 km2, a volume of 247,181,000m3 and a mean

depth of 9.3 m, with the deepest point measuring about 27 m. The lake overflow level is at 1,368m above mean sea level. Lake Chivero receives water from the following major rivers: Manyame, Mukuvisi and Marimba. The Harare city council treats and supplies water to all the towns in the Chivero catchment and plays a major role in water quality management in the area. We shall use the problem tree to arrange the hierarchy of causes and effects around the core problem of lack of clean water as shown in Fig 1 below. Fig 1 Illustration of problem tree Effects
High death rate High government expenditure on drugs Low production of fish and market gardening

High rate of diseases

High effects on ecological system

Core Problem

Lack of clean water

Release of toxic Industrial waste and raw server into streams

Water plant not being serviced

Lack of water purification chemicals

Lack of monitoring by EMA Lack of Skilled Manpower Bureaucracy by authorities Lack of Funds

Causes

Lack of spares for the plant

We will discuss the three problem tree causes that lead to certain effects and how they can be address to eventually resolve the core problem. (a) Release of industrial toxic waste and raw sewer into the upstreams. Water resources and pollution in the Harare metropolitan area, according to Nhapi et al. (2006) was that the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) levels in Lake Chivero have reached critical levels considering that the lake supplies drinking water to a very large population. Heavy metals such as lead, iron, zinc are also discharged into the lake. In addition, the City of Harares sewage plants pumps into Lake Chivero and it treats about 50% of the sewage that it receives. This means that an enormous quantity of untreated sewage, containing toxins with the potential to severely compromise human health is pumped into the lake daily. Majority of infections related to consumption of poorly treated ware were mainly caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasites (MOH&CW 1995). The effects are that people are exposed to a variety of water borne diseases. The cholera epidemic which started in august 2008 claimed the lives of approximately 4000 have strongly been linked to the deterioration in clean water supply. Harare is currently facing the effects of the recent typhoid outbreak. (Water and sanitation in Harare).Thousands of fish have died since 1996 in Lake Chivero due to deoxygenating, compounded by excessive pollution and heavy metal poisoning. This indicated the gravity of ecological disaster.(herald 2007). There is a decline in Fishery production as well as irrigation schemes downstream since the market will not buy contaminated products.

Lack of monitoring mechanisms and enforce punitive environmental laws on offenders by the government arm the Environment Management Agency (EMA) has contributed immensely to water pollution on Lake Chivero.

(b) Water plant not being serviced. Due to mass exodus of qualified personnel to greener pastures, the City of Harare has always been operating with less than ten engineers dealing with water issues for a population of more than 2 million people and Harare has a ratio of about 1 engineer for 100,000 residents. A grouping of Zimbabwean local authority engineers believes this ratio should be about 1:20,000 for effective management. The water purification plant is also very old and spares cannot be sourced due to lack of funds. (c) Lack of water purification chemicals. With no proper means to source funds the City of Harare is incapable of buying water purification chemicals. Inefficiencies due to bureaucratic process and sudden changes of policies, have compounded the problem of lack supply of clean water from lack Chivero. For instance, in May 2005, the government decided to place the function of water supply under a national water agency, ZINWA. First, ZINWA has no experience in water supply for such a big city as it has been concentrating on water supply in small towns only, where it has traditionally struggled to perform. Second, ZINWA follows government procurement procedures and these are riddled with bureaucracy (and possibly corruption) when water supply requires quick decision-making at the operational and tactical levels. On the other hand, ZINWA is supposed to raise its own funds and this is difficult as the government will interfere with tariff-setting whilst also not providing enough funds for capital development. Third, the wastewater management function was initially left with the city council although it is the area that requires immediate attention as it has a direct impact on the water quality in the supply dams, resulting in more chemicals being required to purify the water as revealed by Mckendrick, (1982).

Solutions The City of Harare, EMA and various stakeholders must be involved in programs to eliminate the pollutant flows into Lake Chivero by properly managing the wastewater system. This starts from the reduction of wastewater generation to the urgent rehabilitation of sewage treatment plants. The abstraction of water from the Chivero and Manyame dams needs to be optimised and the water treatment capacity extended to meet current and projected demand. The whole distribution and reticulation system should be rehabilitated and optimised through modern methods of network analysis and modelling. Harare has to quantify and deal decisively with water losses through a comprehensive leak detection and water loss reduction programme. All new developments should be co-ordinated and their impact on water quantity and quality assessed. A programme for the replacement of old pipes needs to be developed, budgeted for and implemented. As pointed out already, water quality is the immediate problem that requires urgent capital investment whilst water supply could be resolved by using water demand measures. Water supply could also be improved by developing more treatment facilities to draw water from Lake Manyame after dealing with the current pollution issues. Utilities must therefore be accountable to the people they serve and not to political interests. The consumers should know what they are paying for, that is, there should be transparency in information sharing, production of annual reports including publishing of accounts, and so on. It is recommended that a corporatized body, free from political influence and with a higher degree of autonomy, be established to run the water services for Harare and the neighbouring towns. Such a body would need a sound and flexible system for setting tariffs and enacting/enforcing reasonable regulations.

Stakeholders Analysis Another method which is very useful in project formulation is stakeholder analysis. Who are the stakeholders? They are individuals, groups, organizations or authorities who stand to benefit directly or indirectly from a developmental activity and have an interest in the outcome of such development. We can further divide the stakeholders into distinct categories namely Primary, Secondary and Key. For primary stakeholders, they have a direct influence in the project activities and it includes core project beneficiaries. The secondary stakeholders are those who are indirectly affected by the project whilst Key stakeholders are the agents of change and they often come from the primary stakeholders group. The main reason for this distinction is to prioritise the level of attention to be paid to them during project formulation and its effective implementation. So why do we carry out stakeholder analysis during project formulation? This is done to ensure We understand their interests and influences for quick decision making processes. Establish an effective communication channel for smooth implementation of the project. We give them a sense of ownership through full participation. We close all the gaps that might be a hindrance to the success of the project.

In our case if stakeholders can be a hindrance to project formulation then we must find ways to cater for their interest. The case of the Nile river water rights is causing problems to the implementation of projects upstream and if left unattended the situation will degenerate into war amongst stakeholder sates. In 1959, Egypt and the newly independent Sudan signed a deal that gave them "full utilisation of the Nile waters". Using the river's annual average flow of 84bn cubic metres of water, it was agreed that Egypt had the right to use 55.5bn cubic metres a year, with Sudan's share at 18.5bn cubic metres. The other 10bn cubic metres was reserved for seepage losses and evaporation in Lake Nasser, behind the Aswan dam. Upstream countries were not allocated a share. ( X. Rice. Guardian. June 2012)

From the above we learn that the interests of upstream states namely Uganda, Tanzania Sudan, were ignored in the agreement process hence the problem. How do we ensure stakeholders are catered for during project formulation? The following steps, take care of the awareness, capabilities and inclusion of stakeholders in project formulation to avoid any hindrances to its implementation. Identify and categorise stakeholders Assess stakeholder interests Assess stakeholder influence and importance Provide a stakeholder participation strategy

Identify and categories stakeholders Stakeholder can be categorized as Government, Financier/Institutions, local communities, vulnerable/gender groups, employees, NGOs as well as the management or owners of the project. The list must be prioritised on who are the primary, secondary and key stakeholders. It is important to note that opponents need to be serious considered as they may prevent or disrupt the project implementation. This will help to strategize the method and level of interaction during the project formulation. Assess stakeholder interest The survey process must be conducted to establish the stakeholder expectations, benefits, willingness to participate and elimination of areas of conflict. Stakeholders who are important to the project are those whose needs the project seeks to address hence we must strive to converge their interests with our project objectives. Assess stakeholder influence and importance Stakeholders whose decision making level is high in project formulation are ranked higher. The influence a stakeholder has is the power one has over the project. A stakeholder can exercise his powers by directly controlling the decision making process weather positive.

Fig 2. Illustration of importance and influence of stakeholders HIGH IMPORTANCE

Those who need a strategic plan for them to participate

The key decision makers who are involved thoroughly in the project

Those who need to be informed but do not hinder the project.

Those whose ideas and participation must be acknowledged and may hinder project progress

LOW Action to be taken ; -

INFLUENCE

High influence and high importance

These key decision makers need more attention and include government, shareholders, financiers, management and must be participate in the whole project process. They should be involved in the formulation of policies, negotiation and signing of contracts and any other relevant important official project documents including authorizations and approvals.

High influence and low importance

These may not fully participate actively but are individuals, organisations or institutions that help facilitate execution of an activity. These are key and may be ceremonial people who through their influential status can used to convince other staholders.

High importance and low influence These are stakeholders who are valued and need to be intensively consulted during project implementation. There should be more emphasis on the surveys of cultural and traditional values. For example Dam construction in rural areas in Zimbabwe would require consultation with Chiefs and traditionalist of the area to perform rituals on project kick-off. Failure to do so would be regarded as disrespect of traditional values by the Chiefs.

Low importance and low influence These just need to be informed and made aware of the benefits of the project. Analysis of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT Analysis) of stakeholders to the project, will help understand how best to deal with different stakeholder groups. Meetings, trainings, workshops, questionnaire are some of the strategies employed to ensure stakeholders are involved in the project.

Conclusion If stakeholders are involved from the onset, then their interests are drawn out and addressed immediately thereby minimizing project risks. It is therefore important in project formulation to cater any conflict of interests between stakeholders by ensuring their full participation until the project ends. References The Herald (2009) Harare water sources condemned: WHO experts call for urgent remedial action. Zimpapers publishing Harare February 16

Magadza CHD (1997) water pollution and catchment management in Lake Chivero. A polluted lake. UZ publications Harare.

Marshal BE (1997) Lake chivero the impact of eutrophication in lake chivero, a polluted lake. U Z publication Harare.

CSO (Central Statistical Office) (2002). Census 2002: Zimbabwe, Preliminary Report. Central Census Office, Government of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.

Mckendrick, J. (1982). Water supply and sewage treatment in relation to water quality in Lake Mcllwaine. In Lake Mcllwaine; The Eutrophication and Recovery of a Tropical African Man-Made Lake. Moyo, N. A. G. (ed.) (1997). Lake Chivero: A Polluted Lake. University of Zimbabwe Publications,

Harare, Zimbabwe.

Nhapi, I., Siebel, M. A. & Gijzen, H. J. (2001). Dry season inflow and export of nutrients from Lake Chivero. Proceedings of the Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers

Thornton, J. A. (1980). A comparison of the summer phosphorous loading to three Zimbabwean water-supply reservoirs of varying trophic states. Water SA,

Gawler, M (2005), Project Design in the context of Project Cycle Management: WWF Sourcebook, Artemis Services, France.

Brown, A. L. (1992), The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Handbook and Guide-lines for Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, UNDP