ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY

Fig. 1. Bones of the human head (in Technicolor!).

Notes:
[1] Labeled as part of the frontal division are the orbit (where your eye fits), lacrimal bones (those situated near your lacrimal
i.e. tear-generating glands, basta yung nasa may mata), the nasal bone, and the maxilla (the part of your skull where the
upper teeth are attached i.e. your upper jaw). The lower jaw is called the mandible.
[2] The parts (lobes) of the brain make use of the same nomenclature (sans zygomatic the human brain is not big enough to
go that low, see).


Fig. 2. Main parts of the body.
Notes:
[1] The parts are labeled as follows:
C Head
C Trunk
C Chest/back area
C Arm
C Forearm
Wrist (going further down, we see the [a] hand and its
[b] digits i.e. your fingers)
C Thigh
Leg
Foot (at the back is your ankle)
[2] The front part of the body is labeled anterior.
[3] The back thereof is labeled posterior.
[4] The inner/middle is labeled medial.
[5] The outer is labeled lateral.



PARIETAL
OCCIPITAL
FRONTAL
TEMPORAL
ZYGOMATIC



Fig. 3. (Sucky drawing of) a human arm, labeled by area (with the aid of a two-by-two to help you visualize).

Parts of the chest:
[1] Trunk
[2] Chest proper Ribs (aside: when counting, start from the second rib)
[3] Abdomen see Figs. 4 and 5
[4] Back



Fig. 4. (Sucky drawing of) a human abdomen, divided into quadrants.

Notes:
[1] Dividing the abdomen by quadrants is done for purposes of analyzing/locating/documenting injury (e.g. stab wound in right
upper quadrant thats where your liver is, and when your liver is it, chances are that you will bleed to death).
[2] As you can see, the navel area serves as the origin point of the division.


LATERAL
ANTERIOR
MEDIAL
POSTERIOR
Right Upper
Quadrant
Right Lower
Quadrant
Left Upper
Quadrant
Left Lower
Quadrant


Fig. 5. (Sucky drawing of) a human abdomen, divided into regions.

Notes:
[1] Dividing the abdomen by regions is also done for purposes of analyzing/locating/documenting injury.

Types of injuries:
[1] Stab wound by pointed & sharp-edged object (e.g. knife)
[2] Puncture wound by pointed object (e.g. ice pick)
[3] Hacked wound by bladed object (e.g. katana, bolo)
[4] Incised wound by sharp-edged instrument; linear injury (i.e. when Goemon Ishikawa cuts you up)
[5] Lacerated wound edges of cut are not even/not linear (i.e. when the guy from Texas Chainsaw cuts you up)
[6] Gunshot would by bullets (YOU DONT SAY!)
Entry/entrance wound bullets point of entry
Exit wound - well, duh.
Determining the presence of exit wounds is material to ascertain whether the bullet is still inside
the victim.
o Odd-even rule: If the number of gunshot wounds is even, there are no bullets inside the
body; if the number of gunshot wounds is odd, there is a bullet inside the body
It is also important in determining the position and distance of assailant, as shown in the figure
below:



Fig. 6. I cant really describe this figure, so lets leave it at basta.

[7] Abrasion collar left by bullet entering the skin
Determining the presence of abrasion collars is material to ascertain the position of the assailant.
Sir: If there is no abrasion collar, what does that tell you?
Lowell: Suicide.
*cue laughter*
If there is no abrasion collar, the assailant fired directly in front of the victim.
[8] Hematoma localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, usually in liquid form within the tissue (i.e.
pasa)
[9] Contusion wound in which the skin has not broken, often having broken blood vessels and discoloration (i.e.
pag nagbukol)
Bukol + pasa = Contusion hematoma
[10] Burns by explosion, fire, etc. (again, YOU DONT SAY!)
Epigastric
Region
Umbilical
Region
Pelvic
Region
Hypochondriac
Region (L/R)
Lumbar Region
(L/R)
Iliac Region
(L/R)
Flame (3 in.)
Smoke (6 in.)
Unburned
Gunpowder
(12 in.)

Parts of female genitalia:
[1] Labia (minora and majora)
[2] Hymen
In rape: injury laceration; pinpointing of location clock-type (e.g. laceration of hymen at the four-
oclock position)

DEATH

What is death?
Death is the termination of life, the complete cessation of all vital functions without possibility of resuscitation.

For legal purposes, when do you determine that a person is dead?
First, perform ECG (electro-cardiogram); flatlining of ECG = death (event thereof attached to records of patient).

What changes happen to the body when a person dies?
[1] Temperature drops/cools down ~ 3h after death
[2] Changes in the muscles
First, muscles becomes flaccid think lantang gulay) ~ 3h from temp. drop
Then, rigor mortis ~ (slow process) ~ 12h upon death (complete rigor mortis)
Then, muscles become completely flaccid ~ 12h from complete rigor mortis (24-36h from death)
And finally, decomposition
[3] Changes in the blood ~ post-mortem lividity (blood goes down to the most dependent parts of the body) ~ 3h
from death
Importance: in determining position of body when it died

How would you know if a person died of homicide or suicide (aside from suicide notes)?
[1] Stiffening of muscles (or trigger finger, in case of suicide by shooting)
Different from rigor mortis
In traumatic death: cadaveric spasm (i.e. pagkamatay, matigas na agad) due to tension, adrenaline ~
localized stiffening ~ all other parts of the body (muscles) stiffen 3h from temperature drop

How would you know if a person died of drowning?
[1] Cadaveric spasm; hands firmly clenched evidence of struggle to swim upwards

In case of slit/cut throat, how do you determine whether it is a suicide or homicide?
[1] If homicide, normally, slit would be below the Adams apple
[2] If suicide, slit would be diagonal and begins above the Adams apple