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List of Figures List of Examples List of Tables Preface to the Irish Edition Acknowledgements 1 General Introduction Historical background of quantity surveying; functions of bill of quantities; contract documentation; processes used in quantity surveying work; other measurement approaches; agreed rules of measurement; national standard building elements; other functions of the quantity surveyor; changes in quantity surveying techniques. 2 Measurement Procedures General rules; basic principles; tabulated rules; dimensions paper; measurement procedures; entering dimensions; spacing of items; waste; order of dimensions; timesing; deductions; measurement of irregular figures; alterations to dimensions; figured dimensions; numbering and titles of dimension sheets; order of taking-off; adjustment of openings and voids; descriptions; number of units; measurement of similar items; extra over items; deemed to be included items; accuracy in dimensions; drawn information; use of schedules; standard products; take-off lists; query sheets; preambles; provisional sums; prime cost sums; work in special conditions; composite items; worked examples. 3 Mensuration Applications Introduction; girth of buildings; rectangular buildings; buildings of irregular outline; measurement of areas; irregular areas; trapezoids; segments; bellmouths, as at road junctions; measurement of earthworks; sloping site excavation; cuttings and embankments; measurement of pitched roofs; lengths of rafters; lengths of hips and valleys; roof coverings. 28 12 vii ix x xi xiii 1

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Substructure Preliminary investigations; general items; site preparation; excavation to reduce levels; excavation of foundation trenches; disposal of excavated material; surface treatments; basement excavation; concrete foundations; concrete beds; precast concrete floors; other substructure work; brick and block walling; facework; damp-proof courses; damp-proof membranes; insulation; worked example; take-off list.

41

Brick, Block and Stone Walling Measurement of brick and block walling; measurement generally; external walls; internal walls; chimney breasts and stacks; incidental works; damp-proof courses; rough and fair cutting; projections; special bricks/blocks; surface features; facework ornamental bands; facework quoins; composite walls; metal sheet cladding; rubble walling; natural stone; worked examples.

69

Fires, Flues and Vents Chimney breasts and stacks; brickwork and blockwork in breasts and stacks; flues; fireplaces; flues to gas-fired appliances; vents; worked examples.

108

Floors and Partitions Suspended floors; suspended concrete slabs; suspended timber floors; plates; floor joists; joist strutting; floorboarding; partitions; stud partitions; system partitions; worked examples.

116

Pitched and Flat Roofs Introduction; pitched roofs; covering materials; interlocking tiles; slates, plain tiles, roof void ventilation; measurement of roof coverings; flashings; roof timbers; flat roofs; roof timbers; asphalt; built-up felt; sheet metal; rainwater goods; worked examples.

142

Internal Finishes Sequence of measurement; wall finishes; floor finishes; skirtings and picture rails; ceiling finishes; painting and decorations; worked example.

199

10

Windows Order of measurement; windows; window schedules; worked examples.

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Doors Order of measurement; doors; door frames; worked examples.

253

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Staircases and Fittings Timber staircases; standard timber staircases; metal staircases; fittings; standard joinery fittings; worked example.

272

13

Water, Heating and Waste Services Order of measurement; drawings for water supply and waste services installations; connection to water mains; pipework generally; water storage tanks or cisterns; holes for pipes; sanitary appliances; builders work in connection with services installations; schedules of water and waste services; heating and hot water installations; worked example.

285

14

Electrical Services General approach to measurement; general rules; mains supply; transport installations; equipment; fittings; cables; conduit, trunking, cable trays and busbar trunking; final sub-circuits; sundries and builders work; worked example.

316

15

Drainage Order of taking-off; drains; excavation of pipe trenches; disposal of water, beds and surrounds and vertical casings; drain pipes; pipe accessories; manholes/inspection chambers; sundries and associated works; sewage disposal plant; septic tanks; cesspits; soakways; worked example.

328

16

External Works Roads, drives and paths; grassed areas; fencing and gates; trees, shrubs and hedges; worked example.

354

17

Bill Preparation and Production Presentation of a bill of quantities; structure of a bill of quantities; preliminaries; preambles clauses or specification; measured work; provisional, prime cost sums and contingencies; dayworks; collection and summaries; processes involved in the preparation of a bill of quantities; alternative formats of bills of quantities; computer applications; building software services; CATO enterprise; building information modelling; general conclusions.

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Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations Appendix 2: Mensuration Formulae Appendix 3: Metric Conversion Table Appendix 4: Specifications for Internal Finishes Bibliography Index

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CHAPTER ONE

General Introduction
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF QUANTITY SURVEYING
The quantity surveying profession largely developed through the 20th century and in this century, but has now grown to such an extent that it forms the second largest sector or specialism in the membership of the Society of Chartered Surveyors (SCS) in Ireland and the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) in the UK. Quantity surveyors are employed in private practices, public offices and by contractors, and they undertake a great diversity of work. In more recent times, quantity surveyors are engaged increasingly in the financial management of contracts, ensuring that clients secure value for money and that the completed projects provide substantial added value to the clients property asset. In addition to being construction cost consultants, quantity surveyors are playing an increasingly important role today in project management, value management and facilities management. Furthermore, they are sometimes engaged as lead consultants for large projects, where they are responsible for the delivery of all professional services from inception to completion. The earliest mention of surveying as a profession in Ireland was in 1750. An Irish clergyman and architectural writer, John Payne, vicar of Castlerickard in County Meath, put his name to a True Bill of Materials required for the Improvement at the Barrack of Horse at Trim as a full bill made by me John Payne, Clerk and Surveyor of Quantities. The earliest quantity surveying firm of which records are available is a Reading firm in the UK which was operating in 1785. There is little doubt that other firms were in existence at this time and a number of Scottish quantity surveyors met in 1802 and produced the first method of measurement. Up to the middle of the nineteenth century it was the practice to measure and value the building work after it had been completed and bills of quantities were not prepared. The need for quantity surveyors became evident as building work increased in volume and building clients became dissatisfied with the method adopted for settling the cost of the work. In the seventeenth century the architects were responsible for the erection of buildings, as well as their design, and they employed a number of master craftsmen who performed the work in each trade. Drawings were of a very sketchy nature and much of the work was ordered during the course of the

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job. On completion each master craftsman submitted an account for the materials used and labour employed on the work. It later became the practice for many of the master craftsmen to engage surveyors or measurers to prepare these accounts. One of the major problems was to reconcile the amount of material listed on invoices with the quantity measured on completion of the work. Some of the craftsmens surveyors made extravagant claims for waste of material in executing the work on the site and the architects also engaged surveyors to contest these claims. General contractors became established during the period of the industrial revolution and they submitted inclusive estimates covering the work of all trades. Furthermore they engaged surveyors to prepare bills of quantities on which their estimates were based. As competitive tendering became more common the general contractors began to combine to appoint a single surveyor to prepare a bill of quantities, which all the contractors priced. In addition, the architect on behalf of the building owner usually appointed a second surveyor, who collaborated with the surveyor for the contractors in preparing the bill of quantities, which was used for tendering purposes. In later years it became the practice to employ one surveyor only who prepared an accurate bill of quantities and measured any variations that arose during the progress of the project. This was the origin of the independent and impartial quantity surveyor as he operates today. An excellent account of the development of quantity surveying in Ireland between 1860 and 1960 is provided by Aston (2007).

FUNCTIONS OF BILL OF QUANTITIES

Frequently, one of the principal activities of the clients quantity surveyor is the preparation of bills of quantities, although this surveyor would also perform a number of other functions. Consideration will now be given to the main purposes of a bill of quantities: (1) First and foremost it enables all contractors tendering for a contract to price on exactly the same information. (2) It limits the risk element borne by the contractor to the rates entered in the bill and thereby results in more realistic and competitive tenders. (3) It prompts the client and design team to finalise most project particulars before the bill is prepared, and ideally based on full production drawing and project specification. (4) After being priced it provides a satisfactory basis for the valuation of variations and adjustments to the final account. (5) Priced bills also provide a useful basis for the valuation of certified stage payments throughout a contract. (6) It gives an itemised list of the component parts of the building, with a full description and the quantity of each part, and could form an approximate

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checklist for the successful contractor in ordering materials and components and assessing his requirements of labour and other resources, and in programming the work. (7) After being priced, it provides a good basis for the preparation of cost analyses for use in the cost planning of future projects. (8) If prepared in annotated form, it will help in the locational identification of the work. With the increasing size and complexity of building operations, it would be a challenge for a contractor to price a medium to large-sized project without a bill of quantities. In the absence of a bill of quantities being prepared on behalf of the client, each contractor would have to prepare their own bill of quantities in the limited amount of time allowed for tendering. This places a heavy burden on each contractor and also involves additional costs which must be spread over the contracts in which they are successful. It could also result in higher cost to the client, as contractors may feel compelled to increase their prices to cover the increased risks emanating from this approach. Bills of quantities are not used to the same extent in non-traditional procurement arrangements like design and build. In design and build contractors normally price a brief provided by the employer which would usually include a schematic design and specification, which the contractor has to further develop into a scheme and fixed price.

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION
It will probably help the student at this stage to describe briefly the form of the contract documents on a traditional building contract incorporating a bill of quantities. The principal documents are as follows: (a) Conditions of Contract: The most common are the standard sets of conditions published by the Royal Institute of Architects in Ireland (RIAI). They define the terms under which the work is to be undertaken, the relationship between the client, architect and contractor, the duties of the architect and contractor, and terms of payment. These forms include the main RIAI form of contract (with or without quantities). The with quantities form is that traditionally known as the yellow form in Ireland, where the bill of quantities forms part of the contract documentation. The without quantities form is traditionally known as the blue form in Ireland, where the drawings and specification form part of the contract documentation and is the only basis on which the contractor prices the work. (b) Specification: This amplifies the information given in the contract drawings and bill of quantities, and describes in detail the work to be executed under

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the contract and the nature and quality of the materials, components and workmanship. Where there is a bill of quantities, the specification will not be a contract document unless so prescribed, and it may be incorporated in the bill of quantities in the form of preambles. (c) Bill of Quantities: This consists of a schedule of items of work to be carried out under the contract with quantities entered against each item, prepared in accordance with the Agreed Rules of Measurement, 4th Edition (ARM4). (d) Contract Drawings: These depict the details and scope of the works to be executed under the contract. They must be prepared in sufficient detail to enable the contractor to satisfactorily price the bill of quantities. (e) Form of Tender: This constitutes a formal offer to construct and complete the contract works in accordance with the various contract documents for the tender sum. Several alternative building procurement systems evolved in the 1980s and 1990s, giving greater choice and flexibility, and often resulting in faster completion and the transfer of greater risk to the contractor. These included design and build, management contracting, construction management, and design and manage. In more recent years the Irish government has introduced new Public Sector Building Contracts that shift significant risk onto the contractor. This creates, for the first time in Ireland, standard forms of building contract for a variety of public sector procurement arrangements (Howley and Lang, 2007).

PROCESSES USED IN QUANTITY SURVEYING WORK

The traditional method of preparation of a bill of quantities can conveniently be broken down into two main processes: (1) Taking-off, in which the dimensions are scaled or read from drawings and entered in a recognised form on specially ruled paper, called dimensions paper, and (2) Working-up which comprises squaring the dimensions, transferring the resultant lengths, areas and volumes into a convenient order for billing. The billing operation involves describing the work making up the complete project together with the quantities involved in a suitable order under Work Section or elemental headings. Developments in specialist software have eliminated much of the traditional working-up process by allowing for the production of the bill of quantities directly following the input of the dimensions in the taking-off process. The most common approach used in Ireland is the Direct Billing method where the quantity surveyor measures the net quantities of each item of work in the sequence it will be presented in the final bill of quantities.

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The term quantities refers to the amounts of the different types of work fixed in position which collectively give the total requirements of the building contract. These quantities are set down in a standard form on billing paper, which has been suitably ruled in columns, so that each item of work may be conveniently detailed with a description of the work, the quantity involved and a suitable reference. The billing paper also contains columns in which a contractor tendering for a particular project enters the rates and prices for each item of work. These prices added together give the Contract Sum. It is the norm today that computer aided software is used in the preparation of bills of quantities, which ultimately print out the final quantities in a standard format. The recognised units of measurement are detailed in the Agreed ARM4. This document is extremely comprehensive and covers the majority of items of building work that are normally encountered. Many items are measured in metres and may be cubic, square or linear. Some items are enumerated and others, such as structural steelwork and steel reinforcing bars, are measured by the tonne. The bill of quantities thus sets down the various items of work in a logical sequence and recognised manner, so that they may be readily priced by contractors. A contractor will build up in detail a price for each item contained in the bill of quantities, allowing for the cost of the necessary labour, materials and plant, together with the probable wastage on materials and generally a percentage to cover establishment charges and profit. It is most important that each billed item should be so worded that there is no ambiguity as to the nature and extent of the item which is being priced. Contractors often tender in keen competition with one another and this calls for very skilful pricing to secure contracts. Where a bill of quantities is prepared in connection with a building contract, it will almost invariably form a contract document. The successful contractor is fully bound by the contents of all the contract documents when they sign the contract. The other contract documents on a normal building contract are the RIAI Articles of Agreement, Conditions of Contract, Contract Drawings and Form of Tender.

OTHER MEASUREMENT APPROACHES

It would be misleading to imply that all measurement is based on the application of formalised rules of measurement. The use of ARM4 rules is mainly associated with traditional procurement systems where the architect is the lead consultant. This involves the preparation of the bills of quantities by the clients quantity surveyor, and also in remeasurement for final account purposes. Other procurement methods, including specification and drawings, design and build, management contracting, etc., usually place the responsibility for preparing documentation, to facilitate pricing, upon the contractor or subcontractor. In these cases, measurement is still necessary as it forms the most

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frequently used mechanism for preparing a price. To achieve speed and reduce the cost of presentation in such circumstances, it is normal to concentrate the measurement on the cost significant items, which are also made inclusive of the associated peripheral aspects of the work. This practice departs from the notion of a standard method of measurement, as the cost significant items vary from project to project. However, the risk of misunderstandings arising are minimised by the measurer and estimator either being one and the same person or at least in close contact with one another. With the progressive adoption of various alternative forms of procurement, there has been a major shift in the point of measurement from the clients quantity surveyor to contractors and subcontractors. The current RICS Measurement Initiative is proposing a suite of measurement rules for consistency and continuity throughout the entire cost and measurement process. The proposed documents will comprise rules and guidance notes covering the various stages of preparing cost estimates, bills of quantities and subsequently the whole life costs of construction. Although it has been established that a number of measurement approaches are employed within the construction industry, this does not alter the need to learn initially how to measure using the ARM4 rules. Once this technique has been mastered, it is a relatively straightforward matter to adapt to other forms of measurement.

AGREED RULES OF MEASUREMENT

A working party was set up in 1991 by the SCS and the CIF to carry out research into the industries views of UK Standard Method of Measurement, 6th Edition (SMM6) and to investigate possible alternatives. The working party produced and examined pilot bills of quantities using a number of alternative methods of measurement in order to assess the differences. Eventually the quantity surveyors divisional committee of the SCS and the CIF agreed that the Principles of Measurement (International) (POMI) with amendments would come into operation from 1st April 1992 for a trial period of 18 months. The Department of Finance advised that their view was that SMM6 should continue to be used on all public sector contracts. The working party met regularly during the 18-month trial period. Both the SCS and the Construction Industry Federation (CIF) surveyed their members to establish their views on the operation of POMI. The CIF also received a report from a sub-committee of estimators setting out their views in relation to POMI. The working party decided to carry out a joint survey of the SCS and CIF members in June 1993. Thirty-four practices, twenty-six contractors and twelve subcontractors responded. Of those who responded 59% preferred POMI with amendments; 29% preferred SMM6 with amendments; 9% preferred SMM7; and 3% preferred other methods. Although 71% of quantity surveyors wanted a change, the working party

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met on 23rd August 1993 to consider the response to the survey and decide on further action. It was then that the recommendation was made that a new ARM should be drafted. In October 1993, the SCS and the CIF agreed to produce an agreed set of Rules of Measurement for use in Ireland. The ARM was designed in a tabular format and based on Work Sections similar to the Standard Method of Measurement, 7th edition (SMM7) in the UK. It was the objective that the ARM would be used on all major construction projects in both the public and private sectors. The ARM was designed to: (1) be an overall simplification of measurement, while still recognising cost significant items; (2) establish a closer link with present-day methods of construction; (3) introduce a tabular layout in work sections; (4) be a set of rules, which must be followed as distinct from principles of measurement; (5) rationalise the input required to produce a bill of quantities, preventing unnecessary measurement; (6) and create a more user-friendly document.

NATIONAL STANDARD BUILDING ELEMENTS

Traditional trade bills of quantities are not compatible with the way the design of a building evolves. In designing, the architect is not thinking in terms of quantities of concrete or brickwork but in terms of elements of the building. A building element can be described as a functional unit of a building. The National Standard Building Elements (NSBE) committee in Ireland selected such design elements as the cost centres for cost control purposes. It is for this reason that the vast majority of quantity surveying practices present bills of quantities in an elemental format. Standard elements are common to the architect, engineer and quantity surveyor and therefore facilitate co-ordinated working between all the design team members. The following is a list of NSBE elements used by quantity surveyors in the production of costs estimates and bills of quantities in Ireland: (06) (19) (21) (22) (23) (24) (27) (28) (31) (32) Preliminaries Substructure External Walls Internal Walls, Partitions Floors, Galleries Stairs, Ramps Roof Structure Frames External Walls: Completions within Openings Internal Walls: Completions within Openings

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(33) (34) (37) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (47) (5-) (6-) (7-) (10) (20) (30) (40) (50) (60) (70) (80)

Floors: Completions within Openings Stairs: Completion within Openings Roofs: Completions within Openings External Wall Finishes Internal Walls Finishes Floor Finishes Stair Finishes Ceiling Finishes Roof Finishes Services (Mainly Piped and Ducted) Services (Mainly Electrical) Fittings and Furniture Prepared Site Site Structures Site Enclosures Roads, Paths and Pavings Site Services (Mainly Piped and Ducted) Site Services (Mainly Electrical) Site Fittings Landscape, Play Areas

OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE QUANTITY SURVEYOR

The clients quantity surveyor performs a variety of functions. The underlying theme of a quantity surveyors work is one of cost management rather than the preparation of bills of quantities and settlement of final accounts, whether they are engaged in private practice or in the public sector. The functions are: (1) Preparing approximate estimates of cost in the very early stages of the formulation of a building project, giving advice on alternative materials, components and types of construction and assisting with feasibility studies. (2) Cost planning and value analysis during the design stage of a project to ensure that the client obtains the best possible value for money, including adding value to property assets, preferably having regard to total costs using life cycle costing techniques. Costs should be distributed in the most realistic way throughout the various sections or elements of the building and tender figures should be kept within the clients budget. (3) Advising on the most appropriate form of building procurement, having regard to the type of project, quality, speed of construction, apportionment of risk and price certainty. (4) Preparation of bills of quantities and other contract documents relating to the project.

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(5) Examining tenders and priced bills of quantities and reporting the findings. (6) Negotiating rates with contractors on negotiated contracts and dealing with cost reimbursement contracts, design and build, management and other forms of contract. (7) Valuing work in progress and making recommendations as to payments to be made to the contractor, including advising on the financial effect of variations. (8) Preparing the final account on completion of the contract works. (9) Advising on the financial and contractual aspects of contractors claims. (10) Giving cost advice and information at all stages of the contract and preparing cost analyses and cost reports to clients. (11) Specialist advice, such as technical auditing, valuations for fire insurance, giving advice on funding, grants, capital allowances and taxation, risk analysis and management, bank monitoring, project management, building services cost advice and other related matters including health and safety and quality control. The contractors quantity surveyor performs a different range of functions. In a contractors organisation, the senior quantity surveying function would typically be the responsibility of a senior chartered quantity surveyor who could have a senior executive or director status. The duties of the contractors quantity surveyor will vary according to the size of the company. These tend to be very wide in scope with the smaller companies, but rather more specialised with the larger firms. In the smaller company, their activities will be of a general nature and include: (1) Preparing bills of quantities for small contracts and agreeing measurements with the clients quantity surveyor. (2) Collecting information about the cost of various operations from which the contractor can prepare future estimates. (3) Preparing precise details of the materials required for the projects in hand and compiling target figures so that the operatives can be awarded production bonuses. (4) Preparing interim costings so that the financial position of the project can be ascertained as the work proceeds and appropriate action taken where necessary; planning contracts and preparing progress charts in conjunction with the general foremen/site manager and making application to the architect for variation orders if drawings or site instructions vary the work. (5) Agreeing subcontractors accounts; placing subcontract orders and comparing the costs of alternative methods of carrying out various operations, so that the most economical procedure can be adopted. (6) Advising on the implementation of contract conditions and different contractual methods.

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In larger companies, the contractors quantity surveyor will not usually cover such a wide range of activities, since different departments handle specific activities. During the training period, the trainee quantity surveyor will probably spend some time in each department. One particular function, which is very complementary to the functions of the quantity surveyor, is that of the estimator. The estimator is vital to the success of the contracting organisation. The estimators main responsibility is to accurately predict the most economic costs for construction, in a way which is both clear and consistent. Estimators also manage the production of the estimate and must ensure that there are adequate resources for this task. They must also co-ordinate other company departments, such as programming, buying and construction, to their work requirements, producing information on time and in the correct format. The estimator is also responsible for liaising with general management on construction methods and available resources. Estimators must fully understand measurement codes and how this affects the build-up of rates used for estimating purposes. For example, they must be aware that all wastage of materials must be taken into account when they are pricing tenders. In addition, estimators are frequently required to prepare tenders based on drawings and specifications. This means that they will have to measure the quantities for that tender. They must also be constantly in tune with the situation both on-site and off-site. They must continually analyse and revise to achieve success in tender competitions.

CHANGES IN QUANTITY SURVEYING TECHNIQUES

The quantity surveyor acts as an essential advisor on matters of cost, between clients, designers, engineers and building contractors. In addition to preparing bills of quantities, they can find employment opportunities in the professional disciplines of quantity surveying with advice on a consultancy basis about development finance, construction cost and life cycle operating costs for construction costs. The future direction of quantity surveying will be influenced by industralisation, structural transformation of economies, information technology breakthroughs and increased globalisation of construction markets. The roles of quantity surveyors have evolved along with these changes and challenges. In 1998 the RICS QS Think Tank Report noted that clients were critical of traditional quantity surveying services and were demanding a different and more comprehensive range of services. In Ireland there are considerable variations of quantity surveying firms, in respect to ownership, structure, size and total workforce. In relatively recent years we have seen established UK practices taking controlling interests in the larger quantity surveying practices in Ireland. Although current practices in Ireland are dominated by traditional practices, there is considerable evidence that practices have diversified from the more traditional boundaries.

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11

This book is focused on the production of bills of quantities, which remains a very important core service provided by professional quantity surveying practices. There is substantial usage of specialist software by quantity surveying firms in the production of bills of quantities which will be discussed in greater detail in Chapter 17.

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Index
Accuracy of Dimensions 22 Adjustment of Openings 20 Agreed Rules of Measurement 67, 12 Deemed to be Included 14, 22 General Attendances 26 General Rules 1213 Measurement Rules 14 Measurement Scope 14 Special Attendances 26 Tabulated Rules 13 Asphalt 152 Attendances 26 Back Drop Manhole 334 Back Inlet Gully 333 Bellmouths 34 Benching 335 Bill of Quantities 4, 12, 37492 Alternative Formats 381 Computer Applications 382 Contingencies 375, 379 Dayworks 375, 378 Functions 23 Measured Work 375, 378 Preambles 375, 378 Preliminaries 375, 377 Presentation 374 Prime Cost Sum 379 Production 3801 Provisional Sums 379 Structure 375 Blockwork 50, 69 Brick, Block and Stone Walling 69107 Attached Piers 72 Brick and Block Walling 6974 Chimney Breasts and Stacks 71 Composite Walls 74 Facework Ornamental Bands 73 Facework Quoins 73 Projections 71 Rough and Fair Cutting 71 Rubble Walling 76 Special Bricks and Blocks 70 Surface Features 72 Worked Example 77107 Builders Work in Connection 287 Building Information Modelling 3902 Ceiling Finishes 2045 Cesspits 337 Channels 335 Chimney Breasts and Stacks 108 Cisterns 287 Cold Water Supply 285 Builders Work in Connection 287 Connection to Water Mains 286 Holes for Pipes 287 Pipework 286 Water Storage Tanks 287 Worked Example 292315 Composite Items 27 Composite Walls 74 Computer Applications 38290 Building Information Modelling 3902 Building Software Services 3838 Cato Enterprises 38890 Concrete Suspended Floors 116 Construction Industry Federation (CIF) 6 Contingencies 379 Contract Documentation 34 Bills of Quantities 4 Conditions of Contract 3 Contract Drawings 4 Form of tender 4 Specification 3 Contractors Quantity Surveyor 9 Cost Planning 8 Damp Proof Courses 50

405

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Index

Damp Proof Membrane 50 Dayworks 379 Deemed to be Included 13, 22 Design and Build 4 Design Schedules 23 Dimensions Paper 14 Alterations to Dimensions 17 Deductions 16 Description Column 15 Descriptions 20 Dimension Column 15 Figured Dimensions 18 Measurement of Irregular Figures 17 Numbering of Dimension Sheets 18 Order of Dimensions 15 Signposting 15 Spacing of Items 15 Squaring Column 15 Timesing Column 15 Title of Dimension Sheets 18 Waste 15 Direct Billing 4 Doors 25371 Door Frames 254 Worked Examples 25571 Drainage 328 Drain Pipes 332 Pipe Accessories 332 Worked Example 339 Drawings 22 Drives 354 Earthworks 348 Cuttings and Embankments 368 Sloping Site Excavation 346 Electrical Services 31627 Builders Work in Connection 317 Busbar Trunking 317 Cable Trays 317 Cables 317 Conduit 317 Final Sub-circuits 317 Fittings 317 Mains Supply 317 Sundries 317 Transport Installation 317 Trunking 317 Worked Example 320 Estimator 10 External Walls 69 Worked Examples 7786 External Works 35473

Drives 354 Fencing 355 Gates 355 Grassed Areas 355 Hedges 356 Paths 354 Roads 354 Scrubs 356 Trees 356 Worked Example 35673 Extra Over Items 24, 32 Facework 50 Fencing 355 Fire, Flue and Vents 108 Breasts and Stacks 108 Chimney Breasts and Stacks 108 Fireplaces 108 Flues 108 Flues to Gas-fired Appliances 108 Vents 108 Worked Example 11115 Fireplaces 109 Fittings 2756 Kitchen Fittings 276 Flashings 149 Flat Roofs 152 Worked Example 1908 Floorboarding 118 Floor Finishes 2023 Floors 11618 Suspended Concrete Slabs 116 Suspended Timber Floors 11618 Worked Example 12233 Flues to Gas-fired Appliances 109 Form of Tender 4 Gable Ladders 150 Gates 355 General Attendances 26 Girth of Buildings 2831 Rectangular Buildings 28 Irregular Buildings 30 Grassed Areas 355 Gullies 333 Heating and Hot Water Installation 28891 Insulation 50 Inspection Chambers 335 Internal Finishes 199236 Ceiling Finishes 204

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407

Floor Finishes 202 Painting and Decorating 2056 Skirtings and Picture Rails 203 Wall Finishes 200 Worked Example 20836 Internal Walls 71 Internal Block Walls 87 Worked Example 879 Management Contracting 4 Manholes 333 Covers 334 Benchings 335 Step Irons 335 Measurement of Areas 314 Bellmouths 34 Irregular Areas 32 Segments 33 Trapazoids 32 Mensuration Applications 2840 Metal Casement Windows 104 Worked Example 1047 Metal Sheet Cladding 75 Metal Staircases 2735 Mortar Mixes 70 National Standard Building Elements 78 Natural Stone 76 Nominated Subcontractors 26 Nominated Suppliers 25 Painting and Decorating 2057 Partitions 11921 Stud Partitions 120 System Partitions 1201 Worked Example 13441 Paths 354 Pipework 286 Pitched Roofs 3940, 14289 Covering Materials 142 Flashings 149 Hips 151 Interlocking Tiles 142 Plain Tiles 147 Roof Timbers 149 Roof Void Ventilation 147 Slates 142 Worked Examples 15689 Preambles 24, 378 Preliminaries 3757 Prepared Site 41 Prime Cost Sums 379

Principles of Measurement (International) (POMI) 6 Provisional Sums 379 Public Sector Building Contracts Quantity Surveyor 1 History 12 Work Processes 45 Functions 910 Changes 1011 Query Sheets 24 Roads 354 Rodding Eye 336 Roof Coverings 1428 Interlocking Tiles 142 Plain Tiles 147 Slates 142 Roof Ventilation 1478 Royal Iristitution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) 1 Rubble Walling 76 Worked Example 98103

Septic Tanks 3367 Shrubs 356 Skirtings and Picture Rails 203 Slate Coverings 142, 146 Soakaways 338 Society of Chartered Surveyors (SCS) 1 Special Attendances 26 Specifications 3, 378 Staircases 2725 Metal 2735 Timber 2725 Worked Example 27884 Standard Method of Measurement, 7th Edition 6 Standard Products 23 Step Irons 335 Stud Partitions 120 Substructure 4151 Basement Excavation 46 Concrete Beds 48 Concrete Foundations 46 Disposal of Excavated Material 44 Excavation of Foundation Trenches 42 Excavation to Reduce Levels 42 General Items 41 Precast Concrete Floors 48 Preliminary Investigations 41

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408

Index

Site Preparation 42 Spot Items 41 Surface Treatment 45 Worked Example 5268 Suspended Concrete Floors 116 Suspended Timber Floors 11617 System Partitions 120 Taking-off 4 Order of Taking-off Take-off Lists 23

Timber Floors Trees 356 Vents 109

11617

19

Wall Finishes 2002 Waste Services 285 Window Schedules 2389 Windows 23752 Worked Examples 23952 Working-up 4