APA Citing and Referencing Guide

Citations
1. When you take the authors words and change them to your own words, it is called paraphrasing. You still have to give credit to the author because the idea(s) did not originate from your head. Examples: 1) Smith (1999) reported that. 2) Research (e.g. Yancey, 2001) shows that 3) According to Johnson and Frank (2002) 4) (Sedgewick & Adams, 1993). 2. Do not use authors first names in the text. 3. Do not state authors university affiliations or designations (e.g. Professor, PhD) 4. Direct quotes: i. When you copy the authors words verbatim (word for word) that is called a direct quotation. Direct quotations need to be put in quotation marks ( ). Citations for direct quotations also require page numbers. i. Examples: 1) Smith (1999, p.2) reported there is a correlation between violence in television and aggression in children. Note that in this direct quote, the period (full stop) comes before you close the quotation. 2) There is a correlation between violence in television and aggression in children (Smith, 1999, p.2). ii. If you omit material in the middle of your direct quote, use three ellipsis points to indicate that there is omitted material. a. Example 1) Children who watch televisionappear more aggressive (Frank, 2002, p.3). The three ellipsis points show that there is actually some text in between these two statements, but that you have excluded these words (or sentences) in your quotation. iii. Try to avoid having direct quotations that are longer than 40 words. If you have a direct quotation that is longer than 40 words, you do not need to have any quotation marks, but the direct quote needs to be indented (2 tab spaces). a. Example: Doe (2008) mentioned try to avoid having direct quotations that are longer than 40 words. If you have a direct quotation that is longer than 40 words, you do not need to have any quotation marks, but the direct quote needs to be indented. (p. 1). 5. Primary and secondary citations i. A primary citation (paraphrased or directly quoted) is when you read the article/book and use what you read in your paper. The examples given above are primary citations. ii. A secondary citation (paraphrased or directly quoted) is when you read 1 author who quotes a second author and you want to use this second authors information in your paper. You did not personally read this second authors work you read the first authors work. Therefore you cannot cite this second author like a primary citation. a. Examples: 1) Children who watch more than 2 hours of television a day appear to be more aggressive than children who watch less than 2 hours of television a day (Smith, 2002, as cited in Frank, 2003).

2) There is a correlation between violence in television and aggression in

children (Smith, 2002, as cited in Frank, 2003, p. 3). 6. Try to avoid tertiary citations i.e. you want to cite what Author 1 said Author 2 said that Author 3 said. So what you really want to cite is Author 3, but Author 3s work was in Author 2, and Author 2s work was in Author 1, whom you read. It becomes too confusing. 7. You need to have secondary citations but you do not need to have secondary references. For example: Smith, 2002, cited in Johnson, 2003. You will reference Johnson, but not Smith. Refer to the following section on how to reference. 8. Multiple authors i. If there are between 3-5 authors, the first time you use this citation, list all the authors. Subsequently, state the 1st author & then write et al. Example o Johnson, Smith, Duvall, Autry (2003) stated [1st time] o Johnson et al. (2003) stated [2nd time & all subsequent times] ii. If there are 6 or more authors, you can use Johnson et al. all the time. iii. However, in the references section, ALL authors need to be listed. 9. Listing two or more works by different authors: i. The works must be listed in alphabetical order by the first authors surname. Citations should be separated with semicolons o Example: Several studies (Frank, 2003; Johnson, 2001; Smith, 2008) have shown that... ii. Exceptions are only when one major citation is separate from the rest. Insert the word see also, after the major citation and before the rest of the citations o Example: Past research on this area (Johnson, 2001; see also Frank 2003; Smith, 2008)... 10. In the reference list, all references MUST be stated alphabetically. 11. When citing a source more than once in ONE paragraph, omit the year after the first time. 12. When one paragraph is based on one source: i. DO NOT place one citation at the end of the paragraph ii. Place citations at the end of every sentence, with the year omitted after the first time (Remember, this ONLY applies if the whole paragraph is from one source). iii. When explaining one study in a single paragraph, the paragraph should be introduced by stating the authors. Then, stated that you will be explaining this study in the subsequent sentences. Example: A study by Smith and Smith (2008) showed that time constraint does influence recall of words. Briefly, the authors showed that [explain the study]. Note that this only applies when you are explaining ONE study in one paragraph.

References 1. The following is a list of the more commonly used references. For more information, refer to the APA Publication Manual (5th edition) in the library. 1) Journal reference:

Author, A. (date). Title of article. Title of Journal, vol, pp.-pp. Wine, J. (1971). Test Anxiety. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 92-104. 2) Book reference: Author, A. (date). Title of book. Location: Publisher Thorndike, E.L. & Lorge, I. (1944). The teachers wordbook of 30,000 words. New York: Columbia University Teachers College. 3) Chapter in an edited book: Author, A. (date). Title of chapter. In B. Editor (Ed.). Title of book (pp-pp). Location: Publisher. Rachman, S.J. (1976). Observational learning and therapeutic modelling. In M.P. Feldman & A. Broadhurst (Eds.). Theoretical and experimental bases of behaviour therapies (pp.245-295). London: John Wiley & Sons. 4) Magazine/Newspaper: Author, A. A. (year, month date). Title of article. Title of magazine, volume, pp.-pp. Smith, S. (2000, April 9). Anxiety. Time, 135, 28-31. 5) Lecture: Lecturer, A. (year, month). Title of lecture. Lecture presented to class, name of institution. Waterman, M. (1995, July). Thought and language. Lecture presented to Psychology 111, University of ABC. 6) World Wide Web sources: Author / Organization. (date). Title of article. Date retrieved from the World Wide Web: URL address. National Consumers League. (1997). Helping seniors targeted for telemarketing fund. Retrieved February 3, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.fraud.org/elderfraud/helpsen.htm. a. If there is no author/organization, then just start with the title of the article. Example:

Helping seniors targeted for telemarketing fund. Retrieved February 3, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.fraud.org/elderfraud/helpsen.htm. b. If there is no author/organization and no title, then just list the website address. However, it is not very safe to cite a website that does not list an author/organization and title. Be wary of websites that do not seem to have legitimate sources. 7) Online journal article: Author (date). Title of article. Title of Journal, vol. Date retrieved from URL. Smith, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8(4). Retrieved February 20, 2001, from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html 8) A print journal or newspaper article retrieved from an online database: Author (date). Title of article. Title of Journal, vol, pp-pp. Date retrieved from XXX database. Vello, J.A. & Cohen, D. (1999). Patterns of Individualism and Collectivism across the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 279-292. Retrieved September 18, 2002 from PsycARTICLES database. 2. However, a couple of things to note: a. Alphabetize the list of references. b. Journal titles should be spelled out fully. c. The references should be double-spaced. d. Listing of references should be continuous. Do not press <Enter> twice when you are typing a new reference. e. Secondary references are NOT required. f. The first line is not indented but the rest of the lines (for the same reference) are indented. For example: Nevid, J.S., Spencer, A.R., & Green, B. (2000). Abnormal Psychology in a Changing World (4th ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall.

3. A reminder: a. This is a general guide to the basic citation and references in APA. For detailed

explanations, refer to the relevant resources (books or credible websites). b. APA is not the same as MLA formatting.