UNIT I

1. What are the sources of energy?

Electrical energy is produced from energy available in various
forms in nature. The sources of energy are
The Sun
The wind
Water
Fuels
Nuclear energy
2. What are the limitations of conventional energy sources?
1.Resources are limited some are seasonal
2.Most of them emit harmful gases contributing to global warming
3. Requires large areas
3. What are available energy sources for various power plants?
1.Conventional energy sources or Non-renewable energy sources
2. Non conventional energy sources or Renewable energy sources
4.What are the major power limitations of conventional energy sources?
1.Resources for power generation i.e, coal, gas etc., are limited
2.The hydro power is seasonal and varies depending upon the rainfall in the catchment areas
3.Submersion of land area due to raise in water level
4.Centralized power generation and distribution of the same to long distances will
result in high losses.
5.The energy conversion process from thermal power projects results in emission of
green house gases
5. List out the various conventional and non conventional power plant:
Types of conventional power plant:
1. Hydro power plant
2. Steam power plant
3. Nuclear power plant
4. Gas turbine power plant
Types of non-conventional power plant:
1. Tidal power plant
2. Wind power plant
3. Geothermal power plant
4. Solar power plant
5. Wave power plant
6. What is meant by fuel cell?
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel into
electricity without involving combustion cycle.
7.What are the types of fuel cell?
1. Alkaline fuel cell
2. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
3. Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
4. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
5. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
8. What are the purposes of energy storage?
Increase system generation capacity
Enable dispatch of cogeneration plants
Shift energy purchases to low cost periods
Increase system reliability
Integration with other functions

9. What are the methods of energy storage?
CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE
o Hydrogen
o Ammonia
o Biofuels
ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE
o Batteries
o Fuel cells
ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE
Capacitor
Supercapacitor
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
MECHANICAL ENERGY STORAGE
Fly Wheels
Compressed Air Energy Storage
Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage
10. What are the environmental impacts of wind emergy?
(1) The greenhouse effect caused by increased CO
2
in the atmosphere; (2) Loss of coolant accidents in
nuclear reactors; (3) Increased radon concentrations in buildings with very low air infiltration rates; (4)
Acid rain from the combustion of fossil fuels; and (5) Explosions of liquified natural gas (LNG).

UNIT II

1. Name the four major circuits in steam power plant.
- Coal and ash circuit
- Air and flue gas circuit
- Feed water and steam circuit
- Cooling water circuit
2.. What are the types of coal?
Peat
Lignite
Bituminous coal
Anthracite coal.
3. What consists of feed water and steam flow circuit in steam power?
The feed water and steam flow circuit consists of feed pump, economiser boiler drum super
heater, turbine and condenser.
4. What consists of cooling water circuit and coal & ash circuit in steam power plant?
The cooling water circuit consists of a pump, condenser and cooling tower. The coal and ash
circuit consists of coal delivery, preparation of coal, handling of coal to the boiler furnace, ash
handling and ash storage.
5. What is crusher and its crushing method?
A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large solid chunks of raw materials iinto
smaller chunks. Crushers are commonly classified by the degree to which they tragment
the starting material.
Crushing Methods:
1.Impact
2.Shear
3.Attrition
4.Compression
6. What is Deaeration?
Mechanical and chemicall deaearation is an integral part of modern boiler water protection and
control. Deaeration coupled with other aspects of external treatment,provides the best and highest
quality feed water for boiler use.
7.What is the purpose of deaeration?
The purpose of deaeration are:
1. To remove oxygen,carbon dioxide and other noncondensable gases from feedwater.
2. To heat the incoming makeup water and return condensate to an optimum temperature
3. Minimizing solubility of undesirable gases
4. Providing the highest temperature water for injection to the boiler.
8.What are the types of deaerators?
1. Tary-Type Deaerating heaters
2. Spray-Type Deaerating heaters
9.What is meant by cooling Towers?
It is a tower or building like device in which atmospheric air circulates in direct or indirect contact
with warmer water and water is thereby cooled. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of
water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid.
10. List the factors to be considered while choosing a site for steam power station:
1.Supply of fuel
2.Availability of water
3.Transportation facilities
4.Cost and type of land
5.Nearness to load centres
6.Distance from populated area
23.List the thermal power plant in Tamilnadu.
Alathiur(2*18MW), Tamilnadu, Madras cements
Ennore(2*60MW,3*110MW) Tamilnadu Electricity Board
Neyveli(6*50MW,2*100MW) Tamilnadu Neyveli lignite corp Ltd.
24. Advantage of thermal power plant.
1. The fuel used is quite cheap.
2. Less initial cost as compared to other generating plants.
3. It can beinstalled at any place iirespective of the existence of coal. The coal can be
transported to the site of the plant by rail or road.
4. It require less space as compared to Hydro power plants.
5. Cost of generation is less than that of diesel power plants.
25. Disadvantage of thermal power plant.
1. It pollutes the atmosphere due to production of large amount of smoke and fumes.
2. It is costlier in running cost as compared to Hydro electric plants.
26. Define super heater:
A Super heater is a device used to convert saturated steam into a dry steam used for power generation
or prosesses steam which has been super heated is known as superheated steam.
27. Define bleeding in steam power plant?
Assume I kg of steam is expanded in the turbine. Before complete amount of steam -is
expanded, some amount of steam (m kg) is -extracted ' Extracting the steam in the turbine before
exhaust is called bleeding. This bled steam is used to heat the feed water.
28. What is the use of belt conveyors?
Belt conveyors are mostly used for transporting coal over long distance with large quantity. An
endless belt is made to run over a pair of end drums and pulleys and supported by series of roller at
regular intervals.
29. What is thermal efficiency?
The ratio of heat equivalent of mechanical energy transmitted to the turbine shaft to the heat of
combustion of coal is known as Thermal efficiency of Steam power station.
30. Define draught, what is the use of draught in thermal power plants?
Draught is defined as a small pressure difference required between the fuel bed (furnace) and
outside air to maintain constant flow of air and to discharge the gases through chimney to the
atmosphere. Draught can be obtained by chimney, fan, steam jet (or) -air jet (or) combination of these.
The uses are
- To supply required quantity of air to the furnace for combustion of fuel.
- To draw the combustion products through the system.
- To remove burnt products from the system
31.Why ash handling system is' needed?
- To remove the ashes from the furnace ash hopper
- To transport the ashes from furnace ash - hopper to a storage
- To dispose the ashes from the storage
32. What is the main purpose of chimney?
The main purpose of chimney is to emit the flue gases at a considerable height to avoid
nuisance to the surrounding people.
33. What consists of air and flue gas circuit?
Air and flue gas circuit consists of forced draught fan, air-pre-heater, boiler, furnace, super
heater, economiser, dust collector, induced draught fan and chimney.

34. What are all the operating conditions for improving the cycle efficiency in Rankine cycle?
Increasing the average temperature at which heat is supplied.
Decreasing or reducing the temperature at which heat is rejected.
35. Rankine cycle efficiency is given by ..

plied Heat
Workdone
Q
Wnet
Rankine
sup 1
= =

36..List the disadvantages of gas turbine power plant.
1.No load and Partial load efficiency is low
2.High sensitive to component efficiency
3.The efficiency depends on ambient pressure and ambient temperature
4.High air rate is required to limit the maximum inlet air temperature. Hence exhaust
losses are high
5. Air and gas filter is required to prevent dust into the combustion chambers.
37. List the factors which affect the performance of gas turbine power plants.
1. Part load efficiency
2. Fuel consumption
3. Air mass flow rate
4. Thermal efficiency
5. Regeneration
38. What are the working fluids in gas turbine?
1.Air
2.Helium
3.Argon
4.Carbon dioxide
39. List the advantages of gas turbine power plant.
1. Low capital cost
2. High reliability
3. Flexibility in operation
4. Capability to quick start
5. High efficiency e.t.c.
40. List the major components of gas turbine.
1.Compressor
2. Combustion chamber and
3. Turbine
41. .List the types of gas turbine power plants.
1.Open cycle gas turbine powerplant
2. Closed cycle gas turbine power plant
43.Mention the various processes of the Brayton cycle.
Isentropic compression
Constant pressure heat supplied
Isentropic expansion and
Constant pressure heat rejection.
44. Draw the p-V and T-s diagram of Brayton cycle.
or
Sketch the limited pressure cycle on p-V and T-s diagram and name various processes.










45. Is it always useful to have a regenerator in a gas turbine power cycle? Why?
It is not always useful to have a regenerator in a gas turbine cycle. Regenerator causes pressure
drop of 0.035 to 0.2 bar in compressed air and about 0.035 bar in exhaust gases. These pressure
drops affect to contain extend the gain in efficiency due to regeneration.
46. What is the expression for optimum pressure ratio for maximum specific work out put
in Brayton cycle?
Optimum pressure ratio
( ) 1 2
1
3

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

T
T
R
P

47. Sketch the schematic arrangement of open cycle gas turbine plant and name the
components.















48. What are the advantages of breeder reactors?
- It gives high power density than any other reactor
- High breeding is possible
- High burn-up of fuel is achievable
- The operation of the reactor is not limited by Xe poisoning

49. What are the demerits of breeder reactor?
- Highly enriched fuel is required
- Control is difficult and expensive
- Safety must be provided against melt down
- Handling of sodium is a major problem

50. What are the advantages of Sodium in fast-breeder reactors?

- Sodium has very low absorption cross-sectional area
- It posses good heat transfer properties at high temperature and low pressure
- It does not react with any of the structural materials used in primary circuits
51. What is the purpose of control rods?

The control rods are used to start the chain reaction, maintain the chain reaction at required
level and to shut down the reactor during emergency.
52. What is meant by Nuclear fission?
Uranium exists in different isotopes of U238, P234 and U235. Out of these, P235 is most
unstable. When unstable heavy nucleus is bombarded with high-energy neutrons, it splits up roughly
into two equal fragments and about 2.5 neutrons are released and a large amount of energy is
produced. This process is called nuclear fission.
53. Name the different components of nuclear reactor?
1. Nuclear fuel 2. Moderator 3. Control rods 4. Reflectors
5. Reactor vessel 6. Biological shielding 7. Coolant
54. What are the merits of nuclear power plants?
The advantages are
The amount of fuel required is small; therefore, there is no problem of transportation, storage
etc.
The demand for coal, oil and gas is reduced which are tending to rise in cost as the stocks are
becoming depleted.
These plants need less area as compared to any other plant. A 2000MW nuclear plant needs 80
acres whereas thermal stations need about 250 acres of land.
Most economical in large capacity. The operating cost is quite low and once the installation is
completed, the loading of the plant is always operated as a base load plant.
55.What is pressurized water reactors(PWR)?
The PWR belongs to the lidht water type. The moderator and the coolant are both light
water(H2O). The cooling water circulates in two loops, which are fully separated from one another.
PWR keep water under pressure, so the water heats but does not boil even at the high operating
temperature.
56.What is boiling water reactor(BWR)?
In a boiling water reactor, Light water plays the role of moderator and coolant as well. Part of
the water boils away in the reactor pressure vessel, thus a mixture of water and steam leaves the
reactor core.
57..What is Molten Salt Reactor(MSR)?
A molten salt reactor is a type of nuclear reactor where the primary coolant is a molten salt.
Molten salt refers to a salt that is in the liquid phase that is normally a solid at standard temperature
ionic liquid, although technically molten salts are a class of ionic liquids.
58. Nuclear Powerplant safety.
Radiation doses can be controlled through the following procedures:
1.The handling of equipment via remote in the core of the reactor
2. Physical shielding
3. Limit on the time a worker spends in areas with significant radiation levels
4. Monitoring of individual doses and of the working environment
5. Safety mechanism of a Nuclear power reactor
59. List the Nuclear power plants in India.
1. Kaiga(3*22MW), Karnataka
2. Kakrapar(2*22MW), Gujarat
3. Kudankulam(2*100MW), Tamilnadu
4. Kalpakkam(2*17MW), Tamilnadu

60. State some advantages of Pressurized Water reactor?
- The pressurized water reactor is compact
- In this type, water is used as coolant, moderator and reflector water is cheap and
available in plenty)
- It requires less number of control rods.
61. What are the advantages of gas cooled reactor nuclear power plant?
1. Fuel processing is simple
2. The use of C02 as coolant completely eliminates the possibility of explosion in reactor.
3. No corrosion problem
62. What is breeding in nuclear reactor?
The process of producing fissionable material from a fertile material such as uranium 238
(U238) and thorium 232 (Th 232 ) by neutron absorption is known as breeding.
63. Name the coolants commonly used for fast breeder reactors?
Liquid metal (Na (or) Na K)
Helium (He)
Carbon dioxide.
64.What is meant by radioactivity?
It refers to the german name of Radio-Activitat. Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration
of atomic nuclei. The nucleus emits particles or electromagnetic rays during this process.
65 .What is the unit of Radioactivity?
1.Roentgen 2.RAD(Radiation Absorbed Dose)
3.RBE(Relative Biological Effectiveness) 4.REM(Roentgen Equivalent in Man)
5.Gray(GY)-100 rads 6.Sievert(SV)
66 .What are the types of Radioactive decay?
1.Alpha decay 2.Beta decay
3.Gamma decay 4.Poistron emission(Beta positive decay)
5.Electron capture
67 .What is Uranium enrichment?
In most types of reactor, a higher concentration of uranium is used to make fuel rod. This
produced by a process termed enrichment. The enriched uranium containing more than natural 0.7%
U-235.
68 .What are the two ways of uranium enrichment?
1.Gas centrifuge process
2. Gas diffusion
69 .What is the purpose of reprocessing of nuclear waste?
The used fuel contains 96% uranium,1% plutonium and 3% radioactive wastes. Reprocessing
is used to separate the waste from the uranium and plutonium which can be recycled inti new fuel. The
reprocessing effectively reduces the volume of waste and limits the need to mine new supplies of
uranium, so that extending the time of resources.
70. What are the fuels used in nuclear power plant?
U-238
71. Define Chain reactions.
Many heavy elements, such as uranium, thorium, and plutonium, undergo both spontaneous
fission, a form of radioactive decay and induced fission, a form of nuclear reaction. Elemental isotopes
that undergo induced fission when struck by a free neutron are called fissionable; isotopes that
undergo fission when struck by a thermal, slow moving neutron are also called fissile. A few
particularly fissile and readily obtainable isotopes (notably 235U and 239Pu) are called nuclear fuels
because they can sustain a chain reaction and can be obtained in large enough quantities to be useful
72. Define nuclear reactor
Nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and
sustained at a steady rate, as opposed to a nuclear bomb, in which the chain reaction occurs in a
fraction of a second and is uncontrolled causing an explosion
73.Define Nuclear Fusion.
Fusion means joining smaller nuclei to make a larger nucleus. The sun uses nuclear fusion of hydrogen
atoms into helium atoms . This gives off heat and other radiation.
74.What is Neutron life time?
The prompt neutron lifetime, is the average time between the emission of neutrons and either their
absorbtion in the system or their escape from the system. The term lifetime is used because the
emission of a neutron is often considered its birth, and the subsequent absorption is considered its
death.
75 .What is Uranium-235 chain Reactor?
In a chain reaction, particles released by the splitting of the atom go off and strike other uranium atoms
splitting those. Those particles given off split still other atoms in a chain reaction. If an least one
neutron from U-235 fission strikes another nucleus and causes it to fission, Then the chain reaction
will continue.
76 .What is four factor formula?
The four factor formula is used in nuclear engineering to determine the
multiplication of a nuclear chain reaction in an infinite medium. The formula is:
- Reproduction Factor - The thermal utilization factor
- The resonance escape probability - The fast fission factor
77.List the four types of radiation associated with nuclear fission.
1. Alpha radiation
2. Beta radiation
3. Gamma radiation
4. Neutron radiation
78 .Define Alpha radiation.
This is basically the atomic nucleus of the element(He) consisting of two protons and two neutrons. It
is not very penetrative and the danger to man arises if an alpha emitting element,such as plutonium,
then the alpha radiation be very damaging.
79.Define Beta radiation.
Beta radiation consists of electrons or their positively charged counterparts. This can penetrate the
skin, but not very far.
80.Define Gamma radiation.
Gamma radiation is penetrative in a manner similar to X-rays and has similar physical properties. It
can be stopped only by thick shields of lead or concrete.
81.Define Neutron radiation.
Neutron radiation consists of the neutrons emitted during the fission process. Neutrons are also very
penetrative, but less so then gamma-radiation.


82 Write about atomic number?
The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. The number of protons in a given atom is an atomic
number (Z). The atomic number for H is 1 and He -is 2.
83. Write about isotopes of an element?
Some elements have the same number of protons in the nucleus but different number- of
neutrons. As a result, these elements have the same atomic number but different mass number. Such
type of elements which ' have the same atomic number same number of protons - the -same chemical
properties but different mass numbers due to different number of neutrons, are known as I the isotopes
of an element.
84. What are the requirements to sustain fission process?
- The bombarded neutrons must have sufficient energy to cause fission
- The number of neutrons produced must be able to create the rate of fission
- The fission process must generate energy
- The fission process must be controlled
85. Define multiplication factor of a fission process.
number of neutrons of any one generation
k =
number of neutrons of immediately preceding generation.
86 . Define fertile materials and breeding in reactors
There are materials like U
235
and Th
232
which are not fissile but can be converted into fissile
materials by the bombardment of neutrons. Such materials are known as fertile materials.
The process of converting more fertile material into fissile material in a reaction is known as
breeding.
87. What are the desirable properties of a good moderator?
- It must be as light as possibleIt must slowdown the neutron as quick as possible
- It must have resistance to corrosion
- It must have good machinability
- It must have good conductivity and high melting point
88. What are the desirable properties of a coolant?
- It should not absorb neutron
- Have high chemical and radiation stability
- Non-corrosive
- Have high boiling point
- Non-toxic
89. Name few types of reactors.
Fast reactors, Thermal reactors, natural fuel reactors, Enriched Uranium reactors, water
moderated reactors, heavy water moderated reactor, graphite moderated reactor, gas cooled reactors
and Sodium cooled reactors.
90. What are the advantages using CO
2

as coolant?
- Gases do not react chemically with the structural materials
- Gas can attain any temperature for a particular pressure
- They do not absorb neutron
- The leakage of gas will not affect the reactivity
- The gas coolant provides best neutron economy

UNIT III

1. What is the principle of Hydel power generation?
Energy from flowing water is used to spin a generator
2. What is the principle of pumped storage scheme?
The basic principle of pumped storage scheme is to convert the surplus electrical energy generated by
a power plant or available in a system in off-peak periods, to hydraulic potential energy, in order to
generate power in periods where the peak demand on the system exceeds the total available capacity
of the generating stations.
3.Write the formula to calculate the hydraulic power produced by a hydroturbine:
The hydraulic power is given by the formula:
P=GpQH
Where P is the hydraulic energy in watts
G is acceleration due to gravity (9.81 M/s2)
P is water density
Q is the flow or discharge
H is the height of fall of water or head in meter.
4.List any four advantages of hydro power:
1.Water source is perennially available
2.Running cost is very low
3.Non-polluting
4.Power generation can be switched on and off in a very short period.
5.List any four disadvantages of hydropower:
1. High capital investment and low rate of return
2. Gestation period is very large
3. Power generation depends on availability of water
4. Transmission cost and losses are high
6.List the factors to be considered for the selection of site for hydro power plant:
1.Availability of water and water head
2.Accessibility of site
3.Water storage capacity
4.Distance from the load center
5.Type of land
7. List the classification of dams:
1. Based on their functions:
(a) storage dams
(b) Diversion dams
(c) Detention dams
2.Based on their shape:
(a) Trapezoidal dams
(b) Arch dams
3.Based on the materials of construction:
(a)Earth dams (b) Rock pieces dams
(c) Stone masonary dams (d) concrete dams
(e) RCC dams (f)Timber and Rubber dams
4.Based on hydraulic design:
(a) Overflow type dam
(b) Non-overflow type dam
5.Based on structural Design:
(a) Gravity dam
(b) Arch dam
(c) Buttresses dam
8. What is the main purpose of reservoir?
The main purpose of reservoir is to store water received from catchments areas during the rainy
seasons and supply the same during the dry season.
9. What is the main purpose of the dam?
The main purpose of the dam is to increase the height of water level and also to increase the
working head of the hydraulic power plant.
10. Why trash rack is used?
The trash rack is used to prevent the entry of debris, which might damage the turbine runners
and chock up the nozzle of impulse turbine.
11. What is the use of surge tank?
The surge tank is used to provide better regulation of water pressure in the system. The surge
tank controls the water when the load on the turbine decreases and supplies water when the load on the
turbine increases. Thus, surge tank controls the pressure variations resulting from the rapid changes in
water flow in penstock and hence prevents water hammer.
12. What is the function of Fore bay?
Fore bay is considered as naturally provided surge tank. It is temporary water storage when the
load on the plant is reduced and provides water for initial increment on increasing load.
13. Explain about penstock?
The pipe between surge tank and prime mover is known as penstock. It is designed to
withstand high pressure. It is made up of reinforced concrete. In very cold areas, the penstock is buried
to prevent ice formation and to reduce the expansion joints.
14. What is the use of spill Ways?
Spillway is like a safety valve of the dam. It discharges major flood without damaging the dam.
It keeps the reservoir level below the maximum level allowed.
15. Write about prime movers?
Prime mover converts the kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy to produce electrical
energy. Pelton wheel, turbine, Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine and Propeller turbine are prime movers
used in hydraulic power plants.
16 .What is the use of draft tube?
The draft tube is used to regain the kinetic energy of water coming out of reaction turbine. It
enables the reaction turbine to be placed over tailrace level.
17. List the equipments present in a power house:
1. Hydraulic turbines
2. Electric generators
3. Governors
4. Gate valves and rehet valves
5. Water circulating pumps
6. Air duct
7. Switch board and instruments
8. Storage batteries and cranes
18.List the types of hydro power plants based on availability of head;
1. High head power plant(head>100m)
2. Medium head power plant(30m-100m)
3. Low head power plants(head<30m)
19.List the advantages of pumped storage power plants:
1. Increases the peak load capacity at low cost
2. High operating efficiency
3.Better load factor
4.Independence of steam flow conditions
20.List any four pumped storage hydro power plants in India:
1. Bihar, Maharastra, 150 MW
2. Kadamparai, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, 400MW
3. Nagarjuna Sagar PH, Andhra Pradesh,810MW
4. Purulia pumped storage project, Avodhva hills,West Bengal, 900MW
5. Srisailam Left Bank PH, Andhra Pradesh,900 MW
6. Tehri Dam, Uttranchal, 1000 MW
21.What are the essential elements of hydro power plant?
1. Catchment area
2. Reservation
3. Dam
4. Surge tanks
5. Draft tubes
6. Power house
7. Switched for transmission of power
22 .What is meant by catchment area and explain its function:
The whole area behind the dam is called the catchment area. The rain water in the area will be drained
into the dam through a dam or river.
23 .Explain Reservoir:
A reservoir may be natural, like a lake on a mountain or artificially built by erecting a dam across a
river.
24 .What is power house?
A power house is a stable structure which houses the equipment in the power plant
25.What is meant by pumped storage power plant?
The pumped storage plants are used for load balancing. During peak load water is used to work
on turbines to produce electricity. Water after working in turbines is stored in the tail race reservoir.
26. What is mini Hydro plants?
The mini power plants operate with 5m-20m head and produce about 1 MW to 5MW of power.
27.What is micro hydro plants?
The micro power plants require a head less than 5m and produce 0.1 MW to 1 MW.
28.Define turbines:
A turbine converts energy in the form of falling water into rotating shaft power. The selection
of best turbine for any particular site depends on the site characteristics.
29. What is tide?
TIDE is a periodical rise and fall of the water level of sea which are carried by the action of the
sun and moon on the water of the earth. The main feature of the tidal cycle is the difference in water
surface elevations at the high tide end, the tidal energy can be converted into electrical energy by
means of a generator.
30. What is the principle of tidal power generation?
Tidal movements of tides in seas are due to difference in water levels caused by (i)
gravitational forces between the Sun, moon and the earth and (2)rotation of the moon and earth. The
kinetic energy of moving tides and the potential energy difference between the high tides and the low
tides can be
converted into electrical energy.
31.What are the various ways of creating tidal energy?
1.Tidal Barrager
2.Tidal fences
3.Tidal turbines
32 .List the various types of turbines used in tidal power station.
1.Bulb turbine
2.Rim turbine
3.Tubular turbines
33 .What are the components of tidal power station?
1.Barrage
2.Turbines
3.Sluices
4.Embankments
34.List any four advantages of tidal power generation.
1.Renewable and sustainable energy
2.No liquid or Solid pollution
3.Little visual impact
4.Reduces dependence upon fossil fuels
35.List the limitations of tidal energy.
1.Orientation problem
2.Requires storage devices
3.Available at a lower rating and time
4.High capital cost
36. Define tidal range
It is expressed as the difference in water levels between two consecutive high tides and low tides.
37. What is spring tide?
At times near full or new moon ,when sun ,moon and earth are approximately in a line,the
gravitational forces of the sun and moon enhance each other.At that time high tides are higher and lo
tides are lower than the average . It is called Spring tide.
38. What is neap tide?
When Sun And moon are at right angles with respect to the earth ,the tidal range is exponentially
small. It is called neap tide.






UNIT IV

1.What are the components of solar energy?
1.Collector
2. Storage unit
2.What is concentration ratio?
Concentration ratio is defined as the ratio between the aperture area and the receiver
absorber area of the collector.
3 . What are the types of collectors used in solar power generation?
Types of collectors
Flat plate collectors(60C)
Focusing or concentrating collectors
Cylindrical parabolic concentrator (100-200C)
Paraboloids, Mirror Arrays( <200C)
4.List any four applications of solar collectors.
1.Solar water heating
2. Solar space heating systems
3. Solar refrigeration
4. Industrial process heat systems
5 .List the four important solar systems.
1.Low temperature cycles using flat plat collector or solar pond
2.Power tower or central receiver system
3.Distributed collector system
4. Concentrating collectors for medium and high temperature cycle
6.List the advantages of solar Energy.
1.Solar energy is free from pollution
2.They collect solar energy optically and transfer it to a single receiver, thus minimizing
thermal-energy transport requirements
3.They typically achieve concentration ratios of 300 to 1500 and so are highly efficient both in
collecting energy and converting it to electricity.
4.The plant requires little maintenance or help after setup
5. It is economical
7.List any four disadvantages of solar energy.
1.Avilable in day time only
2.Need storage facilities
3.It needs a backup power plant
4.Keeping back up plants hot includes an energy cost which includes coal burning
8. What is the principle of solar generation?
Solar energy the energy produced in the sun and collected on the earth. Energy from sun in the form of
heat and light is harnessed . Solar heating system uses the heat energy and solar electric system uses
light energy (photo voltic cell) to generate electrical energy.
9. What is solar cell?
The solar cells operate on the principle of photo voltaic effect, which is a process of generating an emf
as a result of the absorption of ionizing radiation. It is possible to convert solar energy directly into
electrical energy by means of silicon wafer photo-voltaic cells, also called the solar cells, without any
intermediate thermodynamic cycle. Thus a solar cell is a transducer, which converts the suns radiant
energy directly into electrical energy and is basically a semi-conductor diode capable of developing a
voltage of 0.5-1 volts and a current density of 20-40 mA/sq.cm depending on the materials used and
the conditions of sunlight.
10. What is the principle of wind power generation?
Converts kinetic energy in moving air (wind) into electrical energy. If mechanical energy is
directly used it is called a wind mill. e.g.Pump. If mechanical energy is used to generate electrical
energy and then used it is a wind energy converter. Clusters of wind mills is called a wind form.
Winds are essentially caused by the solar heating of the atmosphere. They carry enormous
quantity of energy. Wind as a source of power is very attractive because it is plentiful, inexhaustible,
renewable and non-polluting. There is no depletion of scarce resources. In large portion of the world,
wind blows for 320 days in a year and this gives them an advantage over sunlight in direct conversion
programmes, operating cost of a wind mill is negligible. Further, it does not impose extra burden on
the environment. The ideal maximum efficiency using Froud momentum theory is equal to 59% but an
overall efficiency of 30% could be had due to aerodynamic and other mechanical losses. This gives a
power of about 0.3KW/sq.m for a wind velocity of 10m/s.
11 .List the various components of wind energy system.
1.Rotor
2.Gearbox
3.Enclosure
4.generator
12.What are the two basic design of turbines?
1.Vertical axis (or) Egg beater style
2.Horizontal axis (propeller style) machines
13.Write down the various types of wind power plants.
1.Remote
2.Hybrid
3.Grid connected
14.List any four advantages of wind turbine.
1.Inexhaustible fuel source
2.No pollution
3.Excellent supplement to other renewable source
4.Its free
15.List the disadvantages of wind power generation.
1.Low energy production
2.Expensive maintenance
16. What is meant by biogas?
A mixture containing 55-65 percent methane, 30-40 percent carbon di oxide and rest being the
impurities(H
2
, H
2
S and some N
2
) can be produced from the decomposition of animal,plant and human
waste. It is called biogas.
17.What is meant by digestion?
It is a biological process that occurs in the absence of oxygen and in the presence of anaerobic
organisms at ambient pressures and temperatures of 35-75
0
C
18. What is meant by biomass?
It is an organic matter produced by plants, both terrestrial(those grown on land) and aquatic(those
grown in water) and their derivatives.

19.What are the technologies used in biomass conversion?
- Direct combustion
- Thermochemical conversion
- Bio chemical Conversion.
20. What is the difference between biomass and biogas?
Biomass is the combination of animal waste or dung, crop wastes or agricultural waste. While
biofuel is the fuel or energy produced by using crop waste, the product is ethanol which is used as a
fuel.
Biogas is methane which is produced by fermentation of animal dung in the fermenter or
biogas plant.


UNIT V

1. What do you mean by Economics of power generation?
The art of determining the per unit i.e. one KWh cost of production of electrical energy is
known as Economics of power generation.
2.What is the difference between base load and peak load?
The unvarying load which occurs almost thewhole day is known as base load. The various
demands of load over and above the base load is the peak load.
3. Define the term waste heat recovery?
Waste heat is the heat which is not at all used and exhausted out as a waste product. Waste heat
is normally available from the industry in the form of process steam and water at high temperature.
Also, the waste heat is discharged with the exhaust gases in so many industries. This heat can be
recovered for useful purpose. This process is known-as waste heat recovery.
4. What are the waste materials, which can be used for fuel for power generation?
- Municipal waste
- Industrial waste
- Paper waste
- Rubber waste.
5. Write about waste heat boilers?
The waste heat boilers use the waste heat in gases coming out of diesel engines and gas
turbines at high temperature (or) use the waste as a fuel in the incineration. Some boilers use the
industrial dirty gases for power generation.
6. Definition cogeneration:
A production of electricity and useful thermal energy simultaniously from a common fuel
source. The rejected heat from industrial processes can be used to power an electric generator. Surplus
heat from an electric generator can be used for industrial processes, or for heating purposes.
7. Application of co generation.
- Efficiency Gains
- Moderate Temperature
- Saturated Steam
8. Name two combined power cycles?
- Combined cycle of gas turbine and steam power plant.
- Combined cycle of gas turbine and diesel power plant.
9.Define energy audit.
Energy Audit means studying the energy consumption pattern in the utilities or equipments by
obtaining necessary data analyse the same to identify the areas where wastages or loses occur and
suggest methods to avoid wastages or loss and also other consumption measures to ensure efficient use
of energy.
10. What are the types of energy audit?
i) Preliminary Audit
ii) Detailed Audit
11.Define energy conservation?
It is defined as substitution of energy with capital, labour,material and time. Energy
conservation means reduction in energy consumption but without making any sacrifice of quantity and
quality of production.

12. What are the principles of energy conservation?
The two principles of governing energy conservation policies are maximum thermodynamic
efficiency and maximum cost effectiveness in energy use.
13. What are the steps towards energy conservation?
Formulation of administrative and information programme relatively easy and in expensive to
implement like tune ups, light turn offs, small adjustment in production process etc., effective in
reducing current energy consumption to the extent of 3 to 7%. The responsibility for implementation
of this programme falls on the operators and low level managers.
Re-equipping,Retrofitting and Re-cycling through small incremental investments for gaining 5
to 10% savings. Middle level managers will make these decisions.
Major production process changes through large scale capital expenditure for obtaining savings
from 20 to 90% gain, depending on the nature of operations and facilities involved.
14. What are the types of co generation?
The topping cycle
The bottoming cycle

15. What is meant by topping cycle?
The topping cycle, in which primary heat at the higher temperature end of the Rankine cycleis
used to generate high pressure and temperature steam and electricity in the usual manner.
16. What is meant by bottoming cycle?
The bottoming cycle, in which primary heat is used at high temperature directly for process
requirements.
17. What is a heat pump?
Heat pump is a device, which takes up heat at a lower temperature and by utilizing mechanical
work,discharges heat at a higher temperature