02-Construction Stages and Column Shortening Analysis in Tall Buildings

Midas Gen One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures
Construction Stage Analysis and Column Shortening in Tall Buildings

Midas IT Technical Seminar 17th February 2012
Ravi Kiran
Contents
Construction Stage Analysis
Column Shortening & Related Issues

Effects of Column Shortening Procedure for Accounting Compensation at Site Useful Features for Construction Stage Analysis
Project Applications
Live Demonstration
Midas Gen Technical Seminar
One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures
Why Construction Stage (CS) Analysis

In general structures are analyzed assuming that the structure is built and loaded in a moment.
Construction of structures is a time taking process and during this period Material Properties,
Loads and Boundaries conditions may change.
Dead Load + Live Load Wind
LL,WL,EQ Acts
Other Dead Loads (Partions, Finishes)
Self weight of slab Earthquake
ConstructionStructure Completed Sequence
Conventional Analysis Vs. Construction Stage Analysis
Stage 1
Stage 2
Case 1 Conventional Analysis
Case 2 CS Analysis
Conventional Analysis Vs. Construction Stage Analysis
Case 1 Conventional Analysis
Case 2 CS Analysis
Where CS Analysis is Required Long Span Trusses
Long Span Slabs, Beams constructed in multiple stages

Prestressed concrete Structures CS analysis should be performed for all structures where there is a change in Support Conditions, Loading and varying material properties (Concrete).
Contents

Live Demonstration
Column Shortening
Column Shortening and Related Issue When any member is loaded with Axial Load, it undergoes axial deformation
Why is this Important

E = ( / ) L = (PL/A E)
Column Shortening
Column Shortening and Related Issue P2, L2
P1, L1
The differential shortening happening between the vertical members may cause additional forces and stress in Beams and Slabs
Column Shortening
Column Shortening and Related Issue Steel Structures - Linear elastic Behavior
Stress Strain Strain is constant for a given Stress during loading & unloading
E = ( / ) L = (PL/A E)
Column Shortening
Column Shortening and Related Issue Concrete Structures

Nonlinear Inelastic Behavior But in general analysis and design behavior of concrete is treated as Linear Elastic Material
Neither Stress Strain Nor Strain is constant for a given Stress During loading & unloading
Elastic Strain + Inelastic Strain
Column Shortening
Column Shortening and Related Issues Concrete Structures
Elastic Shortening
Inelastic Shortening
Creep Shortening. Shrinkage Shortening.
Ei = ( / ) L = (PL/A Ei)
Modulus of Elasticity changes with time.
Column Shortening
Column Shortening and Related Issue
With increased height of structures the effect of column shortening (Elastic & Inelastic) take on added significance and need special consideration in design and construction.
Elastic Shortening of 80 Storey Steel Structure ~ 180 mm to 255 mm.
Elastic Shortening of 80 Storey Concrete Structure ~ 65 mm.
Total Shortening of 80 Storey Concrete Structure ~ 180 to 230 mm.
Inelastic Shortening ~ 1 to 3 times Elastic shortening.
Column Shortening
Column Shortening and Related Issue Two basic prerequisites for accurately and efficiently predicting these effects are
Reliable Data for the creep and shrinkage characteristics of the particular concrete mix Analytical procedures for the inclusion of these time effects in the design of structure.
Some of the popular predictive methods for predicting creep and shrinkage strains are
ACI 209 -92 Bazant Bewaja B3 CEB FIP (1978, 1990) PCA Method (Mark Fintel, S.K.Ghosh & Hal Iyengar) GL 2000 (Gardner and Lockman) Eurocode
Column Shortening
The total strain at any time t may be expressed as the sum of the instantaneous, creep and shrinkage components:
Where, e (t) = Instantaneous strain at time t, c (t) = Creep strain at time t, sh (t) = Shrinkage strain at time t.
Column Shortening
The instantaneous strain in concrete at any time t is expressed by
Where, (t) = stress at time t, Ec(t) = Elastic modulus of concrete at time t, given by
fct = Compressive strength at any time t, given by
& are constants depending on Type of Cement & Type of Curing
Column Shortening
Column Shortening and Related Issue Inelastic Shortening = Creep + Shrinkage Creep
Creep is time-dependent increment of strain under sustained stress. Basic creep occurs under the condition of no moisture movement to and from the environment. Drying creep is the additional creep caused by drying.
Shrinkage
Shrinkage is the time-dependant decrease in concrete volume compared with the original placement volume of concrete. Drying Shrinkage is due to moisture loss in concrete.
Autogenous Shrinkage is caused by hydration of cement.

Carbonation shrinkage results as the various cement hydration products are carbonated in the presence of CO
Drying creep has its effect only during the initial period of load.
Column Shortening
Column Shortening and Related Issue Factors affecting the Creep & Shrinkage of Concrete
Cement Paste Content Water Cement ratio Mixture Proportions Aggregate Characteristics Degrees of Compaction Length of Initial Curing Curing Temperature Curing Humidity Concrete Temperature Concrete Water Content
Concrete Composition Concrete (Creep & Shrinkage)
Initial Curing
Member Geometry and Environment (Creep & Shrinkage)
Environment
Geometry
Size and Shape Concrete age at load Application During load Period Duration of unloading Period Number of load Cycles Type of Stress and distribution across the Section Stress/Strength Ratio
Loading History Loading (Creep Only) Stress Conditions
Column Shortening
Column Shortening and Related Issue Inelastic Shortening = Creep + Shrinkage Creep
As per ACI 209R-92 the creep coefficients are predicted as =
Shrinkage
As per the ACI 209R-92, shrinkage can be predicted by After 7 days for moisture cured concrete
After 1-3 days for steam cured concrete
Where, t = time in days after loading. vu = Ultimate creep coefficient = 2.35 c c = Product of applicable correction factors
Where, t = time in days after the end of Initial Curing (sh)u = Ultimate Shrinkage Coefficient = 780 sh x 10-6 m/m sh = Product of applicable correction factors
Contents

Live Demonstration
Column Shortening
Effects of Column Shortening
Absolute shortening is rarely of practical interest.
Differential shortening between adjacent vertical elements is the most important factor for
engineer.
Axial Shortening of vertical elements will not effect those elements very much,
horizontal elements like beams and slabs

and non structural elements are affected.
Column Shortening
Effects of Column Shortening Structural Effects Slabs may not be truly horizontal after some time. Beams could be subjected to higher bending moments. Load transfer.
Non Structural Effects Cracks in Partition Walls. Cracks in Staircases Deformation of Cladding. Mechanical Equipment. Architectural Finishes. Built in Furnishings.
These non structural elements are not intended to carry vertical loads and are therefore not subjected to shortening.
Column Shortening
Effects of Column Shortening
Deformation and breakage of Facades, windows & Parapet walls
Reverse Inclination of Drainage Piping System
Deformation of Vertical Piping System
Deformation and breakage of internal partitions
Contents

Live Demonstration
Column Shortening
Movement Related to Construction Sequence Pre-slab installation shortenings Shortenings taking place up to the time of slab installation Post-slab installation shortenings Shortenings taking place after the time of slab installation
:Compensation : Design Level : Pre-slab Installation shortening : Post-slab Installation shortening
Column Shortening
Procedure for Accounting Column Shortening
Column Shortening
Climatic Condition
Loading Condition Conditions
Pre-Analytical Prediction & Continuous Monitoring
Construction Progress
Other Conditions
Experimental Measurements & Construction Survey
Correctio n
Precise prediction of shortening
Column Shortening

Analytical Measurement
Experimental Measurement
Using Software or Manually (Manual calculation is almost impossible)

Reflection of physical properties in calculation from material experiment: Youngs Modulus, Poissons Ratio, Mean Compressive strength, Volume to Surface ratio, Shapes, sizes etc.
Field Measurements
Installation of sensors or gages in members for determining the actual shortening. Understanding and noting the following: Curing procedure / Temperature, Actual Shortening, Change in Ambient Temperature (Important), Actual Humidity, Deviation from Defined Construction Stages, Manipulation of factors in analytical Calculation, Re-Analysis
Reflection of effects of Climate on shortening: Average Temperature , RH etc.

Construction Sequence: Stage duration, Additional Steps, Member Age, Load activation age, Boundary activation age etc. Reflection of the above effects on site masterschedule.
Method has Limitation
Column Shortening
Field Measurements
Determination of Installation location
Installation of Gauge
After Installation
After Installation of Gauge
After Casting of Concrete
Field data collection
Column Shortening
Engineering Re-Analysis
Manipulation of the construction stage as per site condition
Perform 3D CS Analysis
Construction stage of each group
Activation of Construction stages
Contents

Live Demonstration
Column Shortening
Compensation at Site
2nd correction 1st correction
1st correction
Column Column
Column Shortening
Compensation at Site
CON'C Casting face
Height of correction
SLAB THK.
The order of construction

installation of column forms
insertion of FILLER
Column Rebar
B (= Height of correction
filler
insertion of correcting FILLER
Installation of SLAB forms
securing the thickness of slab.
Contents

Live Demonstration
Useful Features for CS Analysis
Construction Stage Wizard for Building Strcuture

The wizard readily allows us to define the timing of elements created and loadings applied in the construction stages during the erection of a building. You may find it more convenient to first click the [Automatic Generation] button to define the basic construction stages and modify them as necessary.
Construction Stage Analysis for Composite Members

Define an analytical model for each construction stage by assigning activated or inactivated sections corresponding to each construction stage of a composite section. By using Composite Section for Construction Stage, we can consider the construction sequence with creep and
shrinkage effect.
Material Stiffness Changes for Cracked Sections

Specific stiffness of specific member types may be reduced such as the case where the flexural stiffness of lintel beams and walls may require reduction to reflect cracked sections of concrete. Section stiffness scale factors can be included in boundary groups for construction stage analysis. The scale factors are
also applied to composite sections for construction stages
Spring Supports For Soil Interaction

Point Spring Support (Linear, Comp.-only, Tens.-only, and Multi-linear type)
Surface Spring Support (Nodal Spring, and Distributed Spring)

Springs can be activated / deactivated during construction stage analysis.
[Nonlinear point spring support]
[Pile Spring Support]
[Surface Spring Support]
[Nodal Spring and Distributed Spring]
Tendon Loss
Pre-stress load can be considered in construction stage analysis. Tendon primary / secondary forces are provided with pre-stress loss graph
Contents

Live Demonstration
Burj Khalifa (Dubai, UAE)

CS:1
CS:30
Height No. of floors Location Function / Usage Designer Architect General Contractor
705 m 160 Dubai, United Arab Emirates Office Building & Residential Building Adrian D. Smith Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Samsung Development
overview
SK S-Trenue (Seoul, Korea)
Area No. of floors Location Function / Usage Structure Type Foundation Type Lateral load resisting system
39,600 m2 36 Seoul, Korea Office Building Composite Structure Mat Foundation RC Core + Steel + RC Composite Frame
overview
Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower (Hanoi, Vietnam)
Height No. of floors Location Function / Usage Structure Type Architect Contractor
345m 70 fl., 49 fl. Hanoi, Vietnam Hotel, Office, and Residential building Reinforced Concrete Structure Heerim, Samoo, Aum & Lee, Hellmuth Obata + Kassabaum Keangnam
overview
Contents

Live Demonstration
Live Demonstration
Structural Plan
Storey's :- 40
Storey Height :- 3.15 m Total Height :- 126.85 m
Typical Floor Plan
Live Demonstration
Material and Sectional Properties
Size
Level 1st to 10th fck 50 40 C1 1200 x 1200 1000 x 1000 C2 900 x 900 800 x 800
Wall Thk. 500 500
11th to 20th 21st to 30th

31st to 40th Girder
35
30 30
800 x 800
600 x 600
700 x 700
600 x 600
500
500 -
900 x 600
Link Beam
30
700 x 500
Live Demonstration
Construction Schedule
Partition Load : 5 weeks after first slab casting. Finish Load : 5 Weeks after Partition Wall Construction.
Stage 1
Stage 4
Final Stage
Live Demonstration
Procedure
Time Dependant Material Properties
Define Creep and Shrinkage Properties . Define time Dependant Material Properties. Define Time Dependant Material Link. Change Element Dependant Material Property
Define Construction Stage

Define Construction stages using Building Wizard for CS analysis Create LL group and add LL to LL group. Define CS for LL
Perform Analysis
Results
BMDs and SFDs for different CS. Deformations for different CS. Column Shortening Graph.
Q&A

02-Construction Stages and Column Shortening Analysis in Tall Buildings

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Midas Gen One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures

Construction Stage Analysis and Column Shortening in Tall Buildings

Column Shortening & Related Issues

Midas Gen Technical Seminar

Construction Stage Analysis

One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures

Why Construction Stage (CS) Analysis

Other Dead Loads (Partions, Finishes)

Self weight of slab Earthquake

ConstructionStructure Completed Sequence

Midas Gen Technical Seminar

Construction Stage Analysis

One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures

Conventional Analysis Vs. Construction Stage Analysis

Case 1 Conventional Analysis

Midas Gen Technical Seminar

Construction Stage Analysis

One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures

Conventional Analysis Vs. Construction Stage Analysis

Case 1 Conventional Analysis

Midas Gen Technical Seminar

Construction Stage Analysis

One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures

Where CS Analysis is Required Long Span Trusses

Long Span Slabs, Beams constructed in multiple stages

Column Shortening & Related Issues

Midas Gen Technical Seminar

One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures

Why is this Important

Midas Gen Technical Seminar

One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures

Column Shortening and Related Issue P2, L2

Midas Gen Technical Seminar

One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures

Midas Gen Technical Seminar

One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures

Column Shortening and Related Issue Concrete Structures

Elastic Strain + Inelastic Strain

Midas Gen Technical Seminar

One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures

Column Shortening and Related Issues Concrete Structures

Modulus of Elasticity changes with time.

Midas Gen Technical Seminar

One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures

Column Shortening and Related Issue

Elastic Shortening of 80 Storey Steel Structure ~ 180 mm to 255 mm.

Elastic Shortening of 80 Storey Concrete Structure ~ 65 mm.

Total Shortening of 80 Storey Concrete Structure ~ 180 to 230 mm.

Inelastic Shortening ~ 1 to 3 times Elastic shortening.

Midas Gen Technical Seminar

One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures

Midas Gen Technical Seminar

One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures

Column Shortening and Related Issue

Midas Gen Technical Seminar

One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures

Column Shortening and Related Issue

The instantaneous strain in concrete at any time t is expressed by

fct = Compressive strength at any time t, given by

& are constants depending on Type of Cement & Type of Curing

Midas Gen Technical Seminar

One Stop Solution for Building and General Structures

Autogenous Shrinkage is caused by hydration of cement.