[CHAPTER 1 NOTES]

o Introduction Acountryshistoryandcultureareparamountintheshapingoflaws/punishments Lawletsusglimpseintothepastwhilerevealingcurrentvaluesandbeliefs Canadaisademocracyelectedofficialsrepresentourneeds/opinionsatthetime o WhatisLawandwhydowehaveit? Rules:forgames/organizationsappliesonlytoparticipantsormembers Laws:applytoallmembersofsocietyatalltimes Pressuregroupslobbythegovernmenttochangethelaw Tochangelaws:gothroughcourtsororganizeapeacefuldemonstration Morelawsareneededasasocietygrows Lawssettledisputesthroughdiscussion/negotiationorthroughthecourts RulesofConduct:lawsmitigateconflictsandcreatesaferlivingspaces ProtectingRightsandFreedoms:Policeenforcelaws;Charterprotectsrightsofindividuals& ensuresthatlawmakers/enforcersarentreckless ProtectingPeople:Protectslabourersagainstexploitation o TheDivisionsofLaw Procedurallaw:outlinesstepstoprotecttherightsgivenundersubstantivelaw Substantivelaw:listrightsandobligationsofeachpersoninsociety Publiclaw:relationshipsbetweengovernmentsandthepeople(Crownattorneyvs.Defendant) Criminallaw:rulespassedbyparliamentinCriminalCode Definesactsascrimes&setspenaltiesforcrimes Purposes:topunishoffenders&protectsociety/itsmembers Chargesmustbeprovedbeyondareasonabledoubt Constitutionallaw:limitsgovernmentalpower Definesstructureoffederal,provincial,&territorialgovernmentsandtheirpowers Canadasconstitution:outlinesmostbasiclaws(ConstitutionAct,1982) Administrativelaw:relationshipsbetweencitizens&governmentagencies Majorinfluenceondailylife(e.g.CRTC,LiquorControlBoard) Privatelaw:Relationshipsbetweenprivatecitizensandcitizens/organizations(Plaintiffvs. Defendant) FamilyLaw:relationshipsbetweenparents/childrenandindividualslivingtogether ContractLaw:outlinesrequirementsforlegallybindingagreements Rights&responsibilitiesofpartiesinvolved Termsnotfulfilledbreachofcontract TortLaw:dealswithwrongsthatonepersoncommitsonanother(notbreachofcontract) Medicalmalpractice/negligenceiscommoncausefortortaction PropertyLaw:Controluse,enjoyment,andrentalofproperty(anythingwithcashvalue) LabourLaw:Relationshipsbetweenemployersandemployees Include:minimumwage,payequity,properdismissal,workingconditions,compensation o TheEarlyHistoryofLaw CodeofHammurabi:fromBabylonia(nowIraq);carvedlawsincolumnsofstone Processofwriting/organizinglaws=codification KeyelementinCodeofHammurabi:retribution(eyeforaneye,toothforatooth),orpunishment foracrime Sep. 28th, 2011

MosesandMosaicLaw:Restitution(payingsomeonebackorrestoringsomethingtohowitwas before)hasbecomeapopularformofpunishment Romanlaw:emphasisonequity(lawsbeingfair,just,andapplicabletoall) o TheDevelopmentofCanadianLaw CommonLaw:developedfromdecisionsmadebyjudges;maderegularpunishmentsforcrimes Akareportedcaselaw,sincepreviousdecisionswererecordedandpublished(givenacitation) Precedent:anactthatservesasaguide/ruleforhowthingsshouldbedecidedinthefuture Lawyersoftenpresentoldcases RuleofLaw:principlethatsocietyisgovernedbylawthatappliesequallytoallpersonsnooneis abovethelaw AssociatedwithMagnaCarta(documentsignedbyKingJohnofEnglandin1215) Guaranteedrightofhabeascorpus(anypersonimprisonedwithoutanexplanationentitledto appearinthecourtswithinareasonabletime) EnglishParliament&royaltycompetedforpoweruntil1688 KingJamesIItriedtogainmorepowerattheexpenseofparliament;nobles&bishopsofChurch ofEnglandforcedhimtoflee 1689:ParliamentpassedtheBillofRights(freespeech,elections,freedomofassembly)deemed theGloriousRevolution Statutes:lawspassedbyparliamentorprovinciallegislature o TheDevelopmentofCanadasConstitution Firstconstitution(Jul1,1867):BNAAct Determineswhichlevelofgovernmenthasjurisdictionoverwhichissues 1982:Canadagainedcontroloveritsownconstitutionwithanamendingformula TomakechangesitwouldneedconsentofParliamentand2/3provinceswith50%ofpopulation toapprovethechange o HowLawsareMadeinCanada Federally,thereare308MPsfromdifferentelectoraldistricts/ridings(eachhasapprox.thesame# ofvoters) Passageofabill:CabinetMinisterintroducesbill1stand2ndreadings(debatedin2ndstage) committeestage(billstudiedindetail)3rdreading(briefdebate)sameprocessinSenate GGsignslaw(DavidJohnston) Provincial:sameprocess,butnosenate,andbillsaresignedoffbythelieutenantgovernor(Steven Point) Municipal:electedcouncilvotesonbylaws Note:Section1.8hasbeenleftoutofthesenotes

Law 12

Sep. 28th, 2011

Law 12