Professional Documents
Culture Documents
[Khulna Campus]
Submitted By:
Batch: BBA - 4B
Group :- 4
ID -----BBA080260787 BBA080260788 BBA080260790 BBA080260792 BBA080260796 BBA050260106
Name -------------------------1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Syeda Bashira Khatun Aminul Islam Pankoj Roy Salma Akter Rumi Mrinaliny Bhoumick Farhana Sumi
REPORT:
A report is a statement that states about biosocial, economic, business, religious, political, cultural, natural and other events of human interests. Based on report, various important decisions are made. The Person who prepares report is known as reporter who provides recommendations as necessary in a report. Any entity whether government owned or private, whether commercial or non commercial requires report to take significant decisions concerning their related interests. So, a report is a communication from someone who has some information to someone who wants to use that information. It should be simple, clear, complete and impersonal presentation of facts useful for making decisions.
BUSINESS REPORT:
The report arises from the Latin word Reportare which means to carry back. So, a report means any description or statement which is carried back to someone who was not present at the scene. A business report may be defined as an organized statement of facts. Lesikar & Pettit defined, A business report is an orderly, Objective communication of factual information that serves some business purposes. Bettly & Kay quoted as, A business report is a written message presenting information that will help a decision maker to solve a business problem. So we can say that in order to solve business related problem which report is presented with information is called business report.
3. Developing hypothesis:
For problem solving research, a researcher should develop hypothesis. A hypothesis is a tentative statement or explanation of some problem.
6. Collection of data:
To solve problems we need some reasonable basic and therefore we need to collect data from different sources. Sources are (a) Primary data (b) Secondary data
8. Making an outline:
When the reports taken the final shape in the writers mind he prepare an outline to write the report. An outline is not essential but it helps in writing a systematic report.
1. Letter form:
Its main parts are: Heading, date, address, salutation, body, complementary close, and signature.
2. Memorandum form:
To follow the memorandum form is a simple way of presenting the report. Here the formalities are not maintained the data mentioned at the top and followed by the name of the receiver.
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reader and report writer and date of submission. Authorization letter: A copy of authorization letter should provide after the title page. Such letter includes objectives, area of research, time and cost, submission date and any other instructions. Letter of transmittal: Such letter transmits the report to sender. Such letter shows the date of submission of report, the name and position of writer, and overview of the report, an invitation for senders comments and suggestion. Acknowledgment: This part appreciates the person or organization from whom support and help was taken to produce the report. Table of contents: The table of contents acts as a map of the report for the reader. It helps to identify particular topics. List of illustrations and graphs: If the report contains many illustrations and graphs then such list provides respective page number and title. Executive summary: An abstract is a summary of a report. It tells the reader what the report is about. It summarizes the important parts of the entire report. As a result, busy executive can save time as no need to read the every page of the report.
(b) Body of the report: 1. Introduction: It is the first part of the body of the report. This
part introduces the reader with the problem at hand. This part includes Authorization for the report.
limitation. Statement of the problem. Developing Hypothesis. Methodology to solve the problem. Definition of special terms and symbols. 2. Description: This part of the report contains on the information that have been collected. The main function of this part is to present data in an organized form. 3. Conclusion: The writer on the basis of facts and data draw something as a result, such result is conclusion. 4. Recommendations: Recommendations are the writers opinions based on the conclusion of the report. It must be realistic. It should be based on the facts and events contained in the report.
The need and purpose of the purpose of the report. Scope of the study with a clear description of the
CLASSIFICATION OF REPORTS:
There are various types of reports. On basis some most important reports are 1. General: 2 types of general report are (a) Oral report: Which report is not presented in written from, present on orally is called oral report. Reporter can change it on his personality. (b) Written report: Which report is present in written from, cannot change that is called written report. 2. Formalities: On this basis report is 2 types (c) Formal report: In order to prepare the report all formalities are maintained that is called formal report. (d) Informal report: At the time of preparing report no formalities and rules are followed is called informal report. 3. Function: Under this 3 types of report are (e) Informative report: Which report presents information of any thing is called informative report. (f) Interpretative report: which report interpret some important part that is called interpretative report. (g) Analytical report: in which report problem solving way in mathematical calculation, statistical analysis etc. are presented is called analytical report. 4. Time interval: There are 2 types of this report (h) Periodic report: which report is prepared timely means daily; weekly; monthly etc. is called periodic report. (i) Special report: which report is prepared in any special occasion is called special report. 5. Subject matter: There are 4 types of this report (j) Financial report: in which report financial information is presented is called financial report. (k) Performance report: In an organization when employees activities and performance are presented in a report is called performance report. (l) Technical report: In which report an organizations technical methods are presented is called technical report. (m) Geological report: In which report an organizations geological features are presented is called geological report. 6. Geography report: There are 2 types of this report
(n) Internal report: which report is just publish within an organization that is called internal report. (o) External report: which report is publish outside of the organization that is called external report. 7. Length: There are 2 types of this report (p) Short report: which report does not contain much information only brief topics are included is called short report. (q) Long report: which report contains all information elaborately is called long report. 8. Direction: There are 2 types of this report (r) Vertical report: The report which is presented to superior to subordinate of an organization is called vertical report. (s) Lateral report: The report which is presented all level of employees means same and crosswise level employees of an organization are called lateral report. All types of report can be classified into two types of report. Those are oral or informal report and written or formal report.
Points differences
1. Definition
ofInformational report
Analytical report
In order to gatherThe report prepared after information fromanalyzing the investigation thisinvestigated information. report is prepared.
2. Decision making In such report noExecutive can take recommendation isdecision because of available, soexisting analysis and decision making notrecommendation. helpful. 3. Experience Reporter may notReporter must have require vastexperience and efficient experience toto draft such a report. prepare such a
report.
Points differences
4. Conclusion
ofInformational report
Analytical report
There is noConclusion is a part of conclusion in suchsuch report. report. 5. Index & booksIn such report thisIn such report this are reference are not used. added. 6. Writing structure The structure ofThe structure of report report writing is notwriting is followed. followed. 7. Size Comparatively smallComparatively large size. size. 8. Personal opinion Reporter does notReporter can add his have to scope to addopinion to the report. his opinion. 9. Recommendation Recommendation Recommendation is from the reporter isessentially required here not needed. from the reporter. For these above differences we can differentiate between informational and analytical report.
THE GRAPEVINE:
Communication which does not follow any official or prescribed rules and regulations is called informal communication. An informal communication network includes connections which do not exist in formal work. By no means it has official sanction. Informal communication grows out of social interactions among people who work together in an organization. The grapevine is a major informal communication pathway in an organization. The grapevine shows admirable disregard for rank or authority and may link organization members in any combination of directionsvertical, horizontal and diagonal. Whenever a congregation takes place like promotions, retrenchment or even some secret matters anywhere, the
grapevine sure to develop. Keith Davis (1985) rightly points out that organization cannot fire the grapevine because they did not hire it. It is simply there. Informal communication is compared with the grapevine, a term with a unique origin, because informal communication follows as the grapevine spreads in any direction and anywhere. The term grapevine arose during the civil war in America. Intelligence telegraph lines were then loosely strung from tree to tree appearing somewhat like grapevines and the wild grapevines also grew over the lines in some areas. As a result, messages sent along these lines were often ambiguous, confusing and destroyed. Today the term applies to all informal communication particularly to spreading rumors. For this reason, the grapevine, a non-official channel within the organization for transmission of information is often called the rumor mill.
Characteristics of grapevines:
Some basic characteristics of the grapevine have been identified. They are: 1. Bigger Impact: The grapevine has a bigger impact on employees than the formal channels. This is because significantly a large number of employees consider the grapevine to be their primary source of information as well as the reliable channel of transmission about events within the firm. 2. Pervasive: The grapevine is pervasive. It exists at all levels in the organization. 3. Flexibility: It is more flexible than formal channels and it embellishes information to a greater extent than formal channels do. 4. Speed: Information spreads fast through the grapevine. The more important the information the greater the speed. 5. Distortion: It is true that rumors spread fast through the grapevine. But rumors that start out as true become distorted as they pass long the grapevine. 6. Oral Mode: Most of the messages sent through the grapevine are oral rather than written or nonverbal. Written channels are used when words of mouth are not convenient. 7. Many Receivers: Receivers of grapevine messages usually communicate with several other individuals rather than with only one. 8. Unsaid Information: The grapevine normally carries information that the formal system does not wish to transmit and intentionally keeps the information unsaid.