HH 514 NUTRITION - CARBOHYDRATE -

OUR GROUP MEMBER :

SUZANA BT. BADRI ( F2018 )

NOR IZYAN BT. RIDYAN ( F2037 ) NUR AEN BT. ANWARI ( F2029 )

NUR AINI MARDZIAYAH BT. JAMALUDIN (F2004 )

WHAT IS CARBOHYDRATE ???

DEFINITION OF CARBOHYDRATE
Carbohydrates are one of the main types of nutrients. All carbohydrates are primarily molecules of sugar that are used to fuel the body and provide energy. They are basically chemical compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which join together to form molecules. Most , but not all , carbohydrate have a ratio of one carbon molecule to water molecule : Formula = CH O Carbo - ( C ) Hydrate - with water ( HO )

TYPES OF..

 Simple Carbohydrate :Carbohydrates are called simple or complex, depending on their chemical structure . Simple carbohydrates include sugars found naturally in foods such as fruits, vegetables, milk, and milk products . They also include sugars added during food processing and refining . The simple carbohydrate are those that chemist describe as a) Monosaccharide's single sugar b) Disaccharides sugars composed of pairs of Monosaccharide's
* mono = general formula CnH2nOn

 Complex Carbohydrate : Complex carbohydrates include whole grain breads and cereals, starchy vegetables and legumes. Many of the complex carbohydrates are good sources of fiber. Polysaccharide composed of straight or branched chain of monosaccharide Complex carbohydrate foods have been shown to enter the blood stream gradually and trigger only a moderate rise in insulin levels, which stabilizes appetite and results in fewer carbohydrates that are stored as fat.

DIGESTION :
- Carbohydrates are foods containing sugars and starches, including the healthful dietary fiber found in whole grains and the swiftly-absorbed simple sugars found in candy - Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth and proceeds through the digestive tract as most carbohydrates are broken down into their simplest forms for use as fuel. Insoluble fiber forms are eliminated through excretion.

ABSORPTION :
- Glucose is unique in that it can be absorb to some extent through the lining of the mouth, but for the most part , nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine . Glucose and galactose traverse the cells llining the small intestine by active transport ; fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion , with slows its entry and produce or smaller rise in blood glucose

FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATE
Carbohydrates are the macronutrient that we need in the largest amounts. 45% - 65% of calories should come from carbohydrate. We need this amount of carbohydrate because:

WHAT?????????

* Carbohydrates are the bodys main source of fuel. * Carbohydrates are easily used by the body for energy. * All of the tissues and cells in our body can use glucose for energy. * Carbohydrates are needed for the central nervous system, the kidneys, the brain, the muscles (including the heart) to function properly. * Carbohydrates can be stored in the muscles and liver and later used for energy. * Carbohydrates are important in intestinal health and waste elimination. * Carbohydrates are mainly found in starchy foods (like grain and potatoes), fruits, milk, and yogurt. Other foods like vegetables, beans, nuts, seeds and cottage cheese contain carbohydrates, but in lesser amounts.

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF CARBOHYDRATE TO HUMAN

ADVANTAGE
-Good diet in daily - Blood circulation in the body - To reduce muscle tissue breakdown - Give energy to the human body - Thinking will be more active -Obesity

DISADVANTAGE

- High blood pressure - Muscle tissue breakdown will - Fatigue will set in - Brain power will diminish

EXCESSIVE AND LACK OF CARBOHYDRATE TO HUMAN

EXCESSIVE

LACK

- Give energy -Weight Gain - High Blood Sugar Levels - High Triglycerides - Low HDL Cholesterol Levels

-Tiredness or fatigue -Not in accordance with standard weight BMI - Cause blood deficiency - Low Triglycerides - High HDL Cholesterol Levels

CONCLUSION

As conclusion , carbohydrates are important they serve as source of energy as well as serving as structural components for organisms . As polysaccharides , carbohydrates form big molecules , which are considerate macromolecules .