5.

2 NUMBERING SYSTEMS

Many number systems are in use in digital

technology.
The most common are :
Decimal
Binary
Octal
Hexadecimal

DECIMAL SYSTEM
Composed of 10 numerals or symbols
Using these symbols as digits of a number, can
express any quantity.
Called the base-10 system because it has 10
digits.
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

DECIMAL EXAMPLE

3.1410
53210
1082410
64900010

BINARY SYSTEM
There are only two symbols or possible digit
values, 0 and 1.
This base-2 system can be used to represent
any quantity that can be represented in
decimal or other base system

BINARY EXAMPLE

1110
1011110
1111011100
10000101111011

OCTAL SYSTEM
The octal number system has a base of eight
Eight possible digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

OCTAL EXAMPLE

Octal Example
5410
765421
1047664
4123170137

HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM
The hexadecimal system uses base 16.
It uses the digits 0 through 9 plus the letters A,
B, C, D, E, and F as the 16 digit symbols.
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

HEXADECIMAL EXAMPLE

BD
452EA
E451B2CD3
35412BABE

NUMBERING CONVERSION
OCTAL

DECIMAL

BINARY

HEXADECIMAL

DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION

Reverse of Binary-To-Decimal Method :
20
1

21
2

22
4

23
8

24
16

25
32

26
64

27
28
29
128 256 512

2710 = 16+8+0+2+1
= 11011
18110 = 128+0+32+16+0+4+0+1
= 10110101

DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION

Repeat Division Method :
EG : 2710
27/2 = 13 balance 1
13/2 = 6 balance 1
6/2 = 3 balance 0
3/2 = 1 balance 1
1/2 = 0 balance 1
Result : 2710= 110112

EG : 18110
181/2 = 90 balance 1
90/2 = 45 balance 0
45/2 = 22 balance 1
22/2 = 11 balance 0
11/2 = 5 balance 1
5/2 = 2 balance 1
2/2 = 1 balance 0
1/2 = 0 balance 1
Result : 18110=
101101012

DECIMAL TO OCTAL CONVERSION

Ex : 17710
177/8 = 22 balance 1
22/8 = 2 balance 6
2/8 = 0 balance 2
Result 17710 = 2618

Ex : 398510
3985/8 = 498 balance 1
498/8 = 62 balance 2
62/8 = 7 balance 6
7/8 = 0 balance 7
Result 398510 = 76218

DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
Ex : 37810
378/16 = 23 balance 10 = (A)
23/16 = 1 balance 7
1/16 = 0 balance 1
Result 37810 = 17A16

DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
Ex : 694210
6942/16 = 433 balance 14 = (E)
433/16 = 27 balance 1
27/16 = 1 balance 11 = (B)
1/16 = 0 balance 1
Result 37810 = 1B1E16

BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION

20
1

21
2

22
4

23
8

24
16

25
32

26
64

110112
= 24+23+02+21+20
= 16+8+0+2+1
= 2710
101101012
= 27+06+25+24+03+22+01+20
= 128+0+32+16+0+4+0+1
= 18110

27
28
29
128 256 512

BINARY TO OCTAL CONVERSION

0

000

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

Example:
100 111 0102 = (100) (111) (010)2 = 4 7 28
1 101 0102 = (001) (101) (010)2 = 1 5 28

BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

EXAMPLE :
101 11012 = (101) (1101)2 = 5 D16

11 1001 10112 = (11) (1001) (1011)2 = 3 9 B16

1011 0010 11112 = (1011) (0010) (1111)2 = B 2 F16

OCTAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION

Example :
2378 = 2(82)+ 3(81)+ 2(80) = 15910
95348 = 9(83)+ 5(82)+ 3(81)+ 4(80) = 495610

OCTAL TO BINARY CONVERSION

0

000

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

Example:
4 7 28 = (100) (111) (010)2 = 100 111 0102
1 5 28 = (001) (101) (010)2 = 1 101 0102

HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL
Example :
2E16 = 2(161) + 14 (160) = 4610
9BC316 = 9(163) + 11 (162) +12 (161) +3 (160) =
3987510

HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

5 D16 = (101) (1101)2 =101 11012

3 9 B16 = (11) (1001) (1011)2 =11 1001 10112
B 2 F16 = (1011) (0010) (1111)2 =1011 0010 11112

NUMBERING CONVERSION

X/2
(+2 x )

BINARY
Table (div 4)

Table (div 4)

DECIMAL

Table (div 3)

Table (div 3 )

OCTAL

HEXADECIMAL

CONVERSION VALUE
Binary - Hexa

Power 2

20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210

1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024

Power 8

80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87

1
8
64
512
4096
32768
262144
2097152

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

Binary - Octal

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111