AAE 520 Uncertainity and System Response

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics
AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

References
Coleman,H.W and Steele,W.G. Experimentation and Uncertainty Analysis for Engineers, John
Wiley & Sons, 1989
Matlab Signal Processing Toolbox Manual
LabView Manual

Software
Matlab
LabView
Measurement Uncertainty
Transducer
Transmission
Signal
Conditioner
Input
Circuit
Processing Display
Physical
Property
Areas of Concern
.Accuracy
.Static Sensitivity
.Frequency Response
.Loading (Impedance Matching)
Generic Transducer System
Anyone comparing results of a mathematical model with experimental data (and perhaps also with
the results of other mathematical models) should certainly consider the "degree of goodness" of
the data when drawing conclusions based on the comparisons. In Figure a the results of two
different mathematical models are compared with each other and with a set of experimental data.
In Figure b the same information is presented, but a range representing the likely amount of error
in the experimental data has been plotted for each data point.It should be immediately clear that
once the "degree of goodness" of the data is taken into consideration, it is fruitless to argue for the
validity of one model over another based only on how well the results match the data.
degree of goodness
1. What question are we trying to answer? (What is the problem?)
2. How accurately do we need to know the answer? (How is the answer to be used?)
3. What physical principles are involved? (What physical laws govern the situation?)
4. What experiment or set of experiments might provide the answer?
5. What variables must be controlled? How well?
6. What quantities must be measured? How accurately?
7. What instrumentation is to be used?
8. How are the data to be acquired, conditioned, and stored?
9. How many data points must be taken? In what order?
10. Can the requirements be satisfied within the budget and time constraints?
11. What techniques of data analysis should be used?
12. What is the most effective and revealing way to present the data?
13. What unanticipated questions are raised by the data?
14. In what manner should the data and results be reported?

Experimental Approach - Questions
(Ref. Coleman and Steel)
Is uncertainty analysis always necessary ?

Four types of Experiments

(a) quick-sort
Flow visualization is used to establish the global nature of a flowfield. The visual results are then used to
determine where to place probes.
In development work, one needs to know whether something will work. A fast low cost yes or no answer
is needed.
In such a cases uncertainty analysis is not essential.

(b) report of field test, development test, or acceptance test

(c) report of research

(d) calibration test

No alternative to Uncertainty Analysis in (b),(c) and (d)
Need for Uncertainty Analysis
Three different replication levels are

Zeroth Order is described by the following conditions time is frozen; the display of
each instrument is considering to be invariant A single sample is taken.
The values of uncertainty at this level are often assigned "one-half the smallest
scale division" or some similar rule of thumb.

First Order: At this order, time is the only variable; with the experiment running, the
display for each instrument is assumed to vary stochastically about a stationary
mean. The first order uncertainty interval includes the timewise variation of the
display and its interpolation uncertainty. Valid estimates of the mean and standard
deviation are obtained.

N'th Order: At this order, time and the instrument identities are considered to be
variables. For each conceptual replication, each instrument is considered to have
been replaced by another of the same type.
An example is the wind tunnel measurements of aircraft model drag in various
facilities around the world using the same model.
Replication Levels
True Value
NBS Standard
True Average
x
k
Measured Value
Bias Error |
Total Error
o
k

Random Error
c
k

o
k
= | + c
k

Measurement Error
Bias Error
Systematic Error
Remains Constant During Test
Estimated Based On Calibration
or judgement

Precision ( Random Error )
Index - Estimate of Standard
Deviation
True Value
Unbiased, Precise, Accurate
True Value
Biased, Precise, Inaccurate
Unbiased, Imprecise, Accurate if N>>1 Biased, Imprecise, Inaccurate
Errors
Accuracy
Measure of how close the result of the experiment comes to
the true value
Precision
Measure of how exactly the result is determined without
reference to the true value
Bias Error
Reproducible inaccuracy introduced by calibration or
technique. Sometimes this error is correctable
Random Error
Indefiniteness of result due to finite precision of experiment.
Measure of fluctuation in result after repeated
experimentation

Normal Distribution ( Gaussian or Bell Curve )

The normal distribution is a two parameter family of curves. The first parameter, , is the mean.
The second, o, is the standard deviation.

The usual justification for using the normal distribution for modeling is the Central Limit Theorem
which states (roughly) that the sum of independent samples from any distribution with finite mean and
variance converges to the normal distribution as the sample size goes to infinity.

The normal pdf ( probability density function) is:

2
2
2
) (
2
1
o
t o
=
x
e y
normalized so that the area under the curve = 1.0
Normal Distribution
X
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Y
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Mean,
sigma, o
Parameter Estimation.

A desirable criterion in a statistical estimator is unbiasedness. A statistic is unbiased if the expected
value of the statistic is equal to the parameter being estimated.
Unbiased estimators of the parameters, , the mean, and o, the standard deviation are:
N
x
x
N
i
=
1
1
) (
1
2
=

N
x x
S
N
i
estimate of the mean,
[ mean(data) ]
estimate of the standard deviation, o
[ std(data) ]
0 20 40 60 80 100
800
820
840
860
880
900
920
940
960
980
1000
Time

A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Signal from Hot Wire in a Turbulent Boundary Layer
Output from an A/D Converter (in counts) at Equal Time Intervals
Data Sample
Long Time Record
Short Time Record
850 900 950 1000 1050 1100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Estimate of the Probability Density Function
[ hist(data,# of bins) ]
Errors in the Estimate of the Mean
For a normal Distribution

N
s
t x
95
=
- true mean
x - estimate of the mean
s- estimate of the standard deviation
N - number of samples
t
95
- 95% confidence interval from Students t distribution
t
95
= ~2 for N>20
The notation
95 .
5 . 5 . 12 =
Means we are 95% confident that the mean lies
between 12.0 and 13.0
) 1 (
)
/
1 (
95
error x
N
x s
t x
=
=
Mean
95% Confidence Intervals
Number of Samples
100 1000 10000
E
r
r
o
r
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
1.0
.5
.3
.2
.1
.05
Std. Dev/Mean
| |
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
) 1 ) 1 ( 2 (
2
1
100 For
.975 interval) Confidence 1 (
2
1
.025 interval) Confidence 1 (
2
1
Interval Confidence 95% For
on Distributi Square Chi -
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1
+ ~
>
= + =
= =
< <
n p
n
p
p
n
nS
n
nS
p p
_
_
_
o
_
1
) (
1
2
=

N
x x
S
N
i
Standard Deviation
95% Confidence Interval
Standard Deviation
95% Confidence Interval
Number of Samples
100 1000 10000
T
r
u
e

V
a
l
u
e
/
E
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
d

V
a
l
u
e
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.00
1.01
p
1
= .025
p
2
= .975
Suppose the quantity of interest Q is to be calculated from the measured
quantities
by the equation

Propagation of Errors
General Uncertainty Analysis
,........ ,
2 1
x x
,.......) , (
2 1
x x Q Q =
If there are variations in the readings, at any instant it is and not
that is measured. This consequently causes a variation in Q. If the
are small then by the Taylor's series expansion the calculated Q is given as
i i
x A +
i
x
s
i
' A
......... ,.......) , (
2
2
1
1
2 1
*
+ A + A + =
dx
dQ
dx
dQ
x x Q Q
...... ,.......) , (
2
2
1
1
2 1
*
+ A + A = = A
dx
dQ
dx
dQ
x x Q Q Q
or
Consider that many measurements have been made and that
is the deviation for each reading set. It's standard deviation over
many readings is given as
n
Q A
=
N
n Q
Q
N
S
1
2 2
) (
1
1
Substituting for Q A
(
(
+
+ A A + A
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ A A + A
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
+ A + A
......... .......... ..........

........ ) )( ( 2
.......... ) )( ( 2
1
1
...) (
1
1
3
1
2
1 3 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1 2 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
N N
N N
Q
N
n Q
dx
dQ
dx
dQ
dx
dQ
dx
dQ
dx
dQ
dx
dQ
N
S
dx
dQ
dx
dQ
N
S
If the measurements are independent , then there errors will be uncorrelated
and the cross term will be zero. That is in the sums , etc., any
term is as likely to be positive as negative (assuming independent variations)
then these sums tend to zero for large N. Hence
n
N
) (
2
1
1
A A
(
+ A
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ A
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

..... .......... ..........
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2 1
2
1
2
1
2
N N
Q
N dx
dQ
N dx
dQ
S
But is the standard deviation in the measurement
.

Therefore, the standard deviation in the calculated result is
=
N
N
S
1
2
1 1
1
1
1
x
Q
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= .........
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
S
dx
dQ
S
dx
dQ
S
Q
.Examine the data for consistent. No matter how hard one tries, there will always be some data
points that appear to be grossly in error. The data should follow commonsense consistency, and
points that do not appear "proper" should be eliminated. If very many data points fa11 in the
category of "inconsistent," perhaps the entire experimental procedure should be investigated for
gross mistakes or miscalculations.

.Perform a statistical analysis of data where appropriate. A statistical analysis is only appropriate
when measurements are repeated several times. If this is the case, make estimates of such
parameters as standard deviation, etc.

.Estimate the uncertainties in the results. We have discussed uncertainties at length. Hopefully,
these calculations will have been performed in advance, and the investigator will already know the
influence of different variables by the time the final results are obtained.

.Anticipate the results from theory. Before trying to obtain correlations of the experimental data,
the investigator should carefully review the theory appropriate to the subject and try to glean some
information that wi11 indicate the trends the results may take. Important dimensionless groups,
pertinent functional relations, and other information may lead to a fruitful interpretation of the data.

.Correlate the data. The word "correlate" is subject to misinterpretation. In the context here we
mean that the experimental investigator shou1d make sense of the data in terms of physical
theories or on the basis of previous experimental work in the field. Certainly, the results of the
experiments should be analyzed to show how they conform to or differ from previous
investigations or standards that may be employed for such measurements.

(Ref. Holman, J. P., Experimental Methods for Engineers")
COMMON SENSE ERROR ANALYSIS
Design of experiments
Using Uncertainty Analysis
The choice of test and data reduction procedures can have an
important impact on the accuracy of the results
It is important to specify the level of replication - 0th, 1st or Nth
order
Reliable means for cross-checking and/or externally validating
the results are necessary
In experiments where data are reduced by computer,
uncertainty analysis can be done by sequential perturbation
using the data reduction program
Other Issues
Threshold
Resolution
Linearity
Hystersis
Applications of Curve Fitting

Generate a Calibration Curve
Removal of measurement noise.
Filling in missing data points (for example, if one or more measurements
were missed or improperly recorded).
Interpolation (estimation of data between data points; for example, if the
time between measurements is not small enough).
Extrapolation (estimation of data beyond data points; for example, if you
are looking for data values before or after the measurements were taken).
Differentiation of digital data. (For example, if you need to find the
derivative of the data points. The discrete data can be modeled by a
polynomial, and the resulting polynomial equation can be differentiated.)
Integration of digital data (for example, to find the area under a curve when
you have only the discrete points of the curve).
To obtain the trajectory of an object based on discrete measurements of its
velocity (first derivative) or acceleration (second derivative).
Method of Least Squares
Straight Line Fit (Regression Analysis) to
b mx y + =
Set of Data Points (N points)
i i
y x ,
Problem - Find m and b
Vertical Deviation
) be (can = y y d
i i
Minimize the Sum of the Squares of the Deviation
{ }
0 0
minimum ) ( ) (
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1 1
2
=
)
`
c
c
=
)
`
c
c
= + = =

N
i
N
i
i
N
i
N
i
N
i
d
b
d
m
b mx y y y d
2
1
2
=

n
d
N
i
y
o
Uncertainty
x
y
b mx y + =
y y d
i i
=
i i
y x ,
b
Curve fitting analysis is a technique for extracting a set of curve parameters
or coefficients from the data set to obtain a functional description of the
data set. The algorithm that fits a curve to a particular data set is known as
the Least Squares Method. The error is defined as

where e(a) is the error, y(x) is the observed data set, f(x,a) is the functional
description of the data set, and a is the set of curve coefficients which best
describes the curve.
To solve this system, you set up and solve the Jacobian system generated
by expanding equation. After you solve the system for a, you can
obtain an estimate of the observed data set for any value of x using the
functional description f(x, a).
General Curve Fit
| |
2
) ( ) , ( ) ( x y a x f a e =
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
Velocity (ft/sec)

H
o
t

W
i
r
e

O
u
t
p
u
t

(
v
o
l
t
s
)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Velocity (ft/sec)

H
o
t

W
i
r
e

O
u
t
p
u
t

(
v
o
l
t
s
)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Velocity (ft/sec)

H
o
t

W
i
r
e

O
u
t
p
u
t

(
v
o
l
t
s
) Polynomial Fits
to Hot Wire Data
Linear
2nd Order
4th Order
The oscilloscope is basically a graph-displaying device -- it draws a graph of
an electrical signal. In most applications the graph shows how signals
change over time: the vertical (Y) axis represents voltage and the horizontal
(X) axis represents time. The intensity or brightness of the display is
sometimes called the Z axis.
Oscilloscope
URL for a description of oscilloscope operation
http://www.tek.com/Measurement/App_Notes/XYZs/intro.html
Analog Oscilloscope
Vertical Amplifier
Volts/Div
Delay
Line
Trigger
Sweep Generator
Sawtooth Waveform
Time/Div
Time Base
Amplifier
Vertical Plates
Horizontal Plates
Input Signal
(Waveform to be
Observed)
Electron
Beam
CRT
Screen
A/D
A/D
CPU
D/A
Computer
Interface
CRT
Memory B
u
s
s
Input
Input
(Trigger)
Amp
Amp
Digital Oscilloscope
Data Acquisition (DAQ) Fundamentals
The personal computer
Transducers
Signal conditioning
DAQ hardware
Software
CPU
Central Processing
Unit
Input
Device
Output
Device
Memory
Buss
Keyboard
Disk
A/D Converter
CRT
Printer
Disk
D/A Converter
Address Control Data
Computer
A/D
Converter
Sampled Analog
Input Signal
Digital Output
B bits/Sample
101011
000
001
010
011
110
101
100
111
Digital
Output
Analog Input
0
Full
Scale 1/2 LSB
A/D PERFORMANCE SPECS

Resolution describes the smallest standard incremental change in output voltage of a DAC or the
amount of input voltage change required to increment the output of an ADC between one code change
and the next adjacent code change. A converter with n switches can resolve 1 part in 2 n . The least
significant increment is then 2 bn , or one least significant bit (LSB). In contrast, the most significant bit
(MSB) carries a weight of 2 b1 . Resolution applies to DACs and ADCs, and may be expressed in
percent of full scale or in binary bits. For example, an ADC with 12-bit resolution could resolve 1 part in
2 12 (1 part in 4096) or 0.0244% of full scale. A converter with 10V full scale could resolve a 2.44mV
input change.
Accuracy. An accuracy specification describes the worst case deviation of the
DAC output voltage from a straight line drawn between zero and full scale; it includes all errors.
Quantizing Error ,Gain Error ,Scale Error (full scale error), Hysteresis Error ,Offset Error (zero error)
and Linearity,
Conversion Rate is the speed at which an ADC or DAC can make repetitive data conversions.
Input Impedance of an ADC describes the load placed on the analog source.
Number of Channels
Analog to Digital Converter
12 Bit A/D - Resolution = one part in 4096 2
12
=
Binary Word - 101100111101
MS
B
LSB
Integer
Output Voltage Scale
4095
.
.
.
.
.
1
0
9.9975
.
.
.
.
.
.0024
0
+Full Scale - 1 LSB
.
.
.
.
.
1 LSB
0
Unipolar Mode (0-10 Volts) Volts=10/4096*Icount
Bipolar Mode
-5.0 to 5.0
V=5/2048*(Icount-2048)
Dynamic Response of Measurement Systems
Zero Order System
) (t Kx y =
Step response
- First Order System
First Order System
) (t Kx y
dt
dy
= + t
) 1 (
/
0
t t
e Kx y =
t / t
Impulse response
First Order System
t /
0
t
e Kx y =
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
t / t
1 = t
2 = t
5 . = t
t / t
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

1 = t
2 = t
5 . = t
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
time
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Sinusoidal Response - First Order System
10
-1
10
0
10
1
-30
-20
-10
0
G
a
i
n

d
B

10
-1
10
0
10
1
-30
-60
-90
0
P
h
a
s
e

d
e
g

First Order System
Sinusoidal Response
et
et
) ( tan
) sin(
1
1
2 2
et
e
t e
= u
u +
+
=
t
Kx
y
Input
Output
Amplitude Decrease and Phase Shift
Step response - Second Order System
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

t
n
e
factor damping -
frequency natural -
) ( 2
2 2
2
2
,
e
e e ,e
n
n n n
t x K y
dt
dy
dt
y d
= + +
Second Order System
systems
damped critically for time the half in
value static of to5% comes System
overshoot 5%
response fastest for -
ns oscillatio no - damping critical -
7 .
1
=
=
,
,
Second Order System - Sinusoidal Response
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= +
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =

2
1
2
2
2
1
2
tan ) sin(
2 1
) sin(
n
n
n n
t
KX
y t X x
e
e
e
e
,
| | e
e
e
,
e
e
e
n
e e /
Phase
(deg)
Amplitude
(dB)
0 20 40 60 80 100
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Impulse response - Second Order System
Second Order System - Impulse
Response
) 1 sin(
2
0
| e ,
,e
+ =

t e Kx y
n
t
n
Logarithmic Decrement
t,
,
t,
o
, e
t
t
t ,e o
t ,e
,e
2
1
2
1
2
ln ) ln(
2
2
) (
2
1
~
=
= = =
+
n
n
t
t
n
n
e
e
x
x
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (Hz)
A
m
p
l i
t
u
d
e

R
a
t
i
o
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (Hz)
A
m
p
l i
t
u
d
e

R
a
t
i
o
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (Hz)
A
m
p
l i
t
u
d
e

R
a
t
i
o
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (Hz)
A
m
p
l i
t
u
d
e

R
a
t
i
o
Low Pass Filter
Removes High Frequency Noise
High Pass Filter
Removes DC and Low Frequency Noise
(Such as 60, 120 Hz)
Band Pass Stop Band
Filters and Transfer Functions
In general, the z-transform Y(z) of a digital filters output y(n) is related to the
z-transform X(z) of the input by:
Filtering with the filter Function
It is simple to work back to a difference equation from the z-transform relation
shown earlier. Assume that a(1) = 1. Move the denominator to the left-hand
side and take the inverse z-transform. In terms of current and past inputs, and
past outputs, y(n) is:
This is the standard time-domain representation of a digital filter, computed
starting with y(1) and assuming zero initial conditions. This representations
progression is
) (
) 1 ( ... ) 2 ( 1
) 1 ( ... ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
z X
z na a z a
z nb b z b b
z X z H z Y
na
nb

+ + + +
+ + + +
= =
) ( ) 1 ( ... ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 1 ( .. ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( na n y nb a n y a nb n x nb b n x b n x b n y + + + + + + + =
) 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 1 ( ) 3 (
) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
y a y a x b x b x b y
y a x b x b y
x b y
+ + =
+ =
=
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (Hz)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

R
a
t
i
o
0 10 20 30 40 50
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Frequency (Hz)
P
h
a
s
e

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
)
Ripple Band Pass 10
20 / Rp
Ripple Band Stop 10
20 / Rs
Elliptic Filter

[b,a]=ellip(5,1,20,.5)
10
-1
10
0
10
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Frequency
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
10
-1
10
0
10
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Frequency
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
10
-1
10
0
10
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Frequency
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
10
-1
10
0
10
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Frequency
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
10
-1
10
0
10
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Frequency
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
Bessel Filter Butterworth Elliptic Filter
Chebyshev I Filter Chebyshev II
10
-1
10
0
10
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Frequency
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
Effect of Filter Order
Chebyshev II
N= 2
N= 5
N= 10
Fs = 100;
t = 0:1/Fs:1;
x =.5+ sin(2*pi*t*5)+.25*sin(2*pi*t*40);
% DC plus 5 Hz signal and 40 Hz signal sampled at 100 Hz for 1 sec
Example Signal
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time (sec)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
v
o
l
t
s
)
Total Signal
Low Frequency
Signal
High Frequency
DC Level
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time (sec)
A
m
p
l i t u
d
e
(
v
o
l t s
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time (sec)
A
m
p
l i t u
d
e
(
v
o
l t s
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time (sec)
A
m
p
l i t u
d
e
(
v
o
l t s
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time (sec)
A
m
p
l i t u
d
e
(
v
o
l t s
)
Original
Signal
Filter
Filtfilt
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (Hz)
A
m
p
l i t u
d
e
R
a
t i o
Cheby2
Low Pass
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (Hz)
A
m
p
l i t u
d
e
R
a
t i o
Cheby2
High Pass
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (Hz)
A
m
p
l i t u
d
e
R
a
t i o
Cheby2
Band Pass
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (Hz)
A
m
p
l i t u
d
e
R
a
t i o
Cheby2
Stop Band
Recovers
DC + 3Hz
Recovers
40 Hz
Recovers
3Hz
Recovers
DC + 40Hz
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Frequency (Hz)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

R
a
t
i
o
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time (sec)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
v
o
l
t
s
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time (sec)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
v
o
l
t
s
)
b= 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1
a= 1.0
10 Point Averaging Filter

AAE 520 Uncertainity and System Response

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AAE 520 Uncertainity and System Response

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Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

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