AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SUPPORTS:

Airlines (Passenger & Freight Carriers)

Flying Training Academies General Aviation (Company & Private Aircraft) Helicopters Military Aircraft & Helicopters

Major Components of the Infrastructure

Airports,

Heliports and Civil Enclaves

Air Traffic Management (ATM) Service

En-route Communication, Navigation & Surveillance (CNS) Facilities

Space-based CNS Facilities

Major Organizations Concerned with Aviation

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) International Air Transport Association (IATA)

Civil Airports in India

With Airports Authority of India: Domestic: 89 International: 16 (Of these two are leased out) Civil Enclaves run by AAI: 26 With Companies: 3 (Bangalore, Hyderabad & Kochi) Many more small airports run by State Governments and other organizations

Factors Determining Minimum Runway Length Requirement

Type of Aircraft All-up Weight Elevation Above Mean Sea Level Ambient Temperature Wind Direction & Wind Speed

Factors Governing Choice of Runway Orientation

Predominant Direction of Wind

Topography
Obstacles Operation at neighboring airports

Wind Rose

Airport Reference Code (Defined by ICAO)

A Numeral followed by a Letter

Numeral indicates runway length

Letter indicates Aircraft Size/ Wing Span

Example: 4F (Runway> 1,800 m, Aircraft Airbus A380)

TYPICAL AIRPORT CORE LAYOUT

RUNWAY Parallel Taxiway

APRON

PAX TERMINAL

Standards for Code E Airports (for Boing 777, Airbus A-340 etc.)
Runway Strip: 300m Runway Length: 3660m (Sea Level, Standard Temp) Runway Width: 45m (60m for Code F) Runway Shoulder: 5m Taxiway width: 25m Runway End Safety Area: Length 240m, Width 120m) Runway-Taxiway Separation (C/L to C/L): 190m

City-side Facilities
Car Park, Prepaid Taxi Counter, Airlines Offices, Duty Managers Office, Visitor Entry Ticket Counter, Conveniences.

Departure Area: Concourse, Food Stalls, Book Shop, Conveniences, Baggage X-Ray Machines, Check-in Counters, Customs, Immigration, Security Check, Security Hold Area
Arrival Area: Immigration, Customs, Baggage Delivery Belts, Prepaid Taxi Counter, Hotel Information Counter, Tourist Information Counter Note: Signage in Letters & Pictures for all facilities

Air-side Facilities
Pavements: Runway, Taxi-ways, Apron, Isolation Bay, Cargo Cargo Apron, Cargo Cooling Area, Aircraft Maintenance Hangar Airfield Lighting (Edge, Centre-line, Approach Lights CCR etc) Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) Navigational Aids (ILS, VOR/DME) Surveillance Aids (ASR, SMR, ADS) Communication Aid (VHF Radio, ATN Router, VSAT) Runway Visual Range (RVR) System) Air Traffic Control Tower (ATC Units, SAR Control, Met Office, Briefing Room etc) Aircraft Maintenance Hangars Fire Station Fuel Storage Security System

Revenues from Aviation Infrastructure

Aeronautical Revenues: Directly related to aircraft operations Non-aeronautical Revenues

Aeronautical Revenues
Landing Charge Parking Charge Housing Charge Route Navigational Facility Charge (RNFC) Terminal Navigation & Landing Charge (TNLC)

Non-Aeronautical Revenues
Car Parking Charge Visitors Tickets Cargo Warehousing Charge Concessions (Restaurants, Book Stall, Hotel, Malls) Rentals from Airline & Travel Agencies etc.

Airport Economic Regulatory Authority

Set up an Act of Parliament in 2008, it 1. Regulates: Tariff for all Aeronautical Services Airport Development Fees for New Airports Determines Passenger Service Fee 2. Monitors Performance Standards of Quality, Continuity and Reliability of Service 3. Is authorized to receive data from AAI, all Airport Owners, Airlines and other Service Providers

Cargo Operations
Cargo received from Customer at City-side Cargo Terminal Cargo Terminals are equipped with Automation Cargo Converted to Pellets or Containers Stored (Cold Storage for Perishable Goods) Staged on the Air-side of the Cargo Terminal for loading Cargo carried to Cargo Apron or General Apron as needed Cargo Aprons are used for Parking Freighters Excess Capacity in Passenger Aircraft is used for Cargo At Hub Airports, Cargo is required to transferred from One Aircraft to Another.

Aviation Security

Airport Security Aircraft Security Security of Off-Base Infrastructure

Airport Security
Perimeter Security City-side & Air-side Security

City-side and Air-side Security

X-Ray Baggage Inspection (Registered & Cabin Baggage) Multi-Energy X-Ray Systems Door Frame Metal Detectors Hand-held Metal Detectors Chemical Sensors Trained Dogs Whole-Body Scans Checks for Hopping Flights

Perimeter Security
2.5 to 3.5 M Tall Perimeter Fence (BCAS Standard) Barbed-wire On Top Perimeter Road to facilitate Inspection Sensors: 1. CCTV Coverage 2. Microwave Fence 3. Gravity Sensors Fence to Stop Human & Wildlife Intrusion Entry Points in Fence to be Controlled

Obstacle Clearance Around Airports (Radius of 20 km)

Surfaces defined by ICAO Annex 14 (Obstructions to aircraft movement) Compatibility with Navigational Aids (Annex 10)

Compatibility with Operating Procedures (ICAO PANS/OPS 8188)

Development of A Green Field Airport

Establish Need: Study Air Traffic History in the Area, Forecast traffic growth, Study demography and industry In the catchment area to estimate potential Passenger and Cargo load. Establish Feasibility: Topographic Survey, Runway Orientation, Airport Code, Aeronautical Study, Technoeconomic Feasibility Study, Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment. Land Acquisition if Feasibility is established. Prepare Detailed Project Report (DPR): Details follow Obtain Clearances: Environment, Forrest, Defence, etc & Central Cabinet approval. Choose a Consortium for Public Private Partnership, Form SPV and implement the Project

Salient Features of DPR

Forecasts: Passenger & Cargo Air Traffic: Peak & Average, Design Parameters Aircraft Mix Airport Location & Accessibility Land Use, Master Plan for Air & Land sides Phases of Development Environmental Impact Assessment Cost Estimates Internal Rate of Return Business Plan, Model, Debt-Equity Ratio Documentation for Inviting Proposals

Airports with Public Private Participation (PPP)

Equity Capital Indian (51 % or more) Government (26 %) Private (Balance) Foreign (49 % or less)

Central (13 %)

State (13 %)

Salient Developments during last few years

New Kochi Airport by a Co-operative Society New Bangalore & Hyderabad Airports with PPP

Leasing out of Delhi & Mumbai Airports

Upgrade of 11 domestic airports as International

New Airports on the Anvil

Navi Mumbai International Airport at Belapur Domestic Airport near Sindhu Durg

Domestic Airport near Shirdi

International Airport near Rajgurunagar (?) International Airport in Goa

Planned Upgrades to Airports in India

Multimodal International Hub At Nagpur (MIHAN) Ozar Civil Enclave to introduce Wireless Control of NAVAIDS

Instrument Landing System at Pune and at other Air Force Civil Enclaves

Load Classification Number (LCN) (Traditional British System)

LCN of an Aircraft indicates single-wheel load it exerts on Pavement
LCN of a Runway indicates ability of pavement to support load

Aircraft can land if the Runway LCN is at least equal to Aircraft LCN

Typical LCNs

Wheel Loading (LBS)

Wheel Loading (KG)

Tire Pressure (psi)

LCN

Typical Aircraft

30,000 13,500 40,000 18,600 60,000 27,200 1,00,000 45,400

85 90 100 120

30 40 60 100

Boeing 737 Airbus 320 Airbus 300 Boeing 747

Current ICAO Classification

Pavement Classification Number (PCN) (A Number followed by four Letter Suffixes) Aircraft Classification Number (ACN) The PCN Number should be at least equal to the CAN To enable safe operation

PCN
A Number to indicate load bearing capacity
(Based on may factors, hence no Unit attached) Followed by four letters separated by Slashes: (1) Pavement type ( F: Flexible, R: Rigid) (2) Sub Grade Strength: (A: High, B: Medium, C: Low) (3) Max Tire Pressure Acceptable (W: Any Pressure, X: 1.5 MPa [217psi], Y: 1 MPa [145psi], Z:0.5 MPa [72psi]) (4) Method of working out the Number (T: Technical Evaluation, U: By Usage) An Example: 60/F/A/W/T

ACN
This Number expresses the effect of the aircraft on the Runway Pavement. It depends, besides the aircraft weight and the configuration of the Undercarriage, on: (1) Tire Pressure (psi or MPa) (2) Type of Pavement (Rigid or Flexible or Rigid) (3) Strength of Sub Grade (% CBR for Flexible and MN/Cu m or Lbs/Cu in for Rigid)

An Example: ACN for Boeing 737-200 with Max Weight 572 KN & Tire Pressure 1.26 MPa
Flex Pavement:
Sub Grade Strength ACN A (High) 31 B (Medium) 32 C (Low) 37 D (Very Low) 41

Rigid Pavement
Sub Grade Strength ACN A (High) 35 B (Medium) 37 C (Low) 39 D (Ultra Low) 41

Air Traffic Service

CNS

ATM (Air Traffic Management)

(Communication, Navigation, Surveillance)

Flight Information Regions (FIR) (Indias Jurisdiction)

35% Terrestrial Airspace, rest Oceanic Four Regions: Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata & Mumbai (Gauhati, a sub-regional centre)

Aircraft To Aircraft Separation

Vertical Separation Longitudinal Separation Lateral Separation

Phases of Flight
Take Off
Climb Cruise Descent Land

Flight Rules
Visual Flight Rules (VFR) Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)

Air Navigation

Dead Reckoning Position Fixing

Route Navigation & Non-precision Approach Aids

VHF Omni Range (VOR): Provides Bearing

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME): Provides Slant Range

Non Precision Approach (NPA): Based on VOR & DME

Aircraft reports over VOR/DME Site at a specified safe height: Initial Approach Fix (IAF)
Descends along a specified safe radial for a specified distance, turns to align with Runway Centerline: Final Approach Fix (FAF)

Non Precision Approach & Precision Approach

Runway

Final Approach Fix

Initial Approach Fix

Instrument Landing System (ILS)

Provides Lateral Guidance to keep aircraft on the Centre Line of the Runway Provides Vertical Guidance to keep aircraft descending on line subtending 3 degree angle from touch-down point

Instrument Landing System (ILS)

Category
I II III A III B III C

RVR (m)
550 350 200 50 0

Decision Height (m) 60 30 0 0 0

Note: Cat III C requires no Visual Aids

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Global Positioning System (GPS): USA Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS): Russia Galileo: European Space Agency Regional Navigation System: India

Space Based Augmentation Systems (S-BAS) (For improving accuracy of GNSS Systems)
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS): For GPS: USA
European Geostationary Navigation Overlay (EGNOS): ESA Geostationary Augmented GPS Air Navigation (GAGAN): India

Freedoms of the Air

In 1944, Chicago Convention resulted in the formation of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) In 2007, all ICAO Members signed Two Freedoms Agreement & left Five Freedoms Agreement open For Bilateral negotiations

Five Freedoms of the Air

1) Right to fly over a foreign country without landing there 2) Right to refuel or carry out maintenance in a foreign country on the way to another country 3) Right to fly from ones own country to another 4) Right to fly from another country to ones own 5) Right to fly between two foreign countries while the flight originates or ends in ones own country

ICAO, IATA, DGCA, AAI

ICAO: An arm of United Nations. Lays down Standards & Recommended Practices for Safe Operation of Air Traffic IATA: A Trade association of Airlines, Travel Agents etc. DGCA: Government of Indias Regulator for Aviation

AAI: Air Traffic Service Provider in Indian Air Space

Emergency Broadcast for Search & Rescue

Air- Ground Search & Recue: (1) VHF: 123.5 MHz (2) UHF: 243 MHz
Satellite Aided Search & Rescue: UHF: 406 MHz