Frequency Modulation

Analog and Digital Communications Autumn 2005-2006

Oct 06, 2005

CS477: Analog and Digital Communications

Spectral Analysis of FM

Exponential modulation is non-linear

Bandwidth of the transmitted signals depends upon the amplitude of the information signal Hard to analyze with Fourier transforms

Narrowband approximation makes analysis a little easier NBFM and NBPM

For narrowband approximation to hold:

j ( t )j 1 rad

Oct 06, 2005

CS477: Analog and Digital Communications

NBFM and NBPM

Consider the bandpass transmitted signal:
(2 x c( t ) = A c cos f ct + ( t ))

x c( t ) = x ci ( t ) cos2f ct x cq( t ) sin2f ct

x ci ( t ) = A c cos ( t ) = A c[1
2(t) 2!

+ ] + ]

x cq( t ) = A c sin ( t ) = A c[ ( t )

3(t) 3!

For narrowband approximation:

x ci ( t ) A c;
Oct 06, 2005

x cq( t ) A c ( t )
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CS477: Analog and Digital Communications

NBFM and NBPM

Thus, for NBFM and NBPM:
x c( t ) A c cos2f ct A c ( t ) sin2f ct
j X c( f ) 1A c ( f f c) 2A c( f f c); 2 ) PM x ( tR ( t ) = 2f x ( t ) FM

f > 0

( f ) =

X (f ) j f X ( f ) =f

PM FM

Oct 06, 2005

CS477: Analog and Digital Communications

Tone Modulation
x (t ) = ( t ) = A m sin2f m t A m cos2f m t ) x ( tR 2f x ( t ) PM FM PM FM PM FM

) ( t ) = sin2f m t A m = m ( Am ) f f

Thus, for NBFM and NBPM: 1

Oct 06, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 5

Tone Modulation with NB

x c( t ) A c cos2f ct A c ( t ) sin2f ct x c( t ) A c cos2f ct A c sin2f m t sin2f ct

= A c cos2f ct + X c( f ) A c ( f f c) +
Oct 06, 2005

A c 2 A c 2 A c 2 A c 2

cos2( f c f m ) t cos2( f c + f m ) t ( f ( f c f m )) ( f ( f c + f m )); f > 0

6

CS477: Analog and Digital Communications

Tone Modulation with NB

x c( t ) A c cos2f ct +
A c 2 A c 2

cos2( f c f m ) t cos2( f c + f m ) t ( f ( f c f m )) ( f ( f c + f m ))

X c+ ( f ) A c ( f f c) +

A c 2 A c 2

Ac f c f m
A c 2

A c 2

fc

f c+ f m

Oct 06, 2005

CS477: Analog and Digital Communications

Tone Modulation with WB

(2 x c( t ) = A c cos f ct + ( t )) (2 x c( t ) = A c cos f ct + sin2f m t ) = A c[cos sin2f m t ) cos2f ct ( sin( sin2f m t ) sin2f ct ]

NOTE: cos sin2f m t ) and sin( sin2f m t ) are periodic (

Try to write their Fourier series expansion!
Oct 06, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 8

Tone Modulation with WB

cos sin2f m t ) = J 0( ) + ( sin( sin2f m t ) =
where n > 0 and
J n( )
1 2 R

P
n even

2J n( ) cosn2f m t

P
n odd

2J n( ) sin n2f m t

ej (

sin n)

x c( t ) = A c
Oct 06, 2005

1 P n= 1

J n( ) cos2( f c + nf m ) t
9

CS477: Analog and Digital Communications

Tone Modulation with WB

x c( t ) = A c
1 P n= 1

J n( ) cos2( f c + nf m ) t
J 0( ) J 1( )

J 2( )
f c f m

J 2( ) J 3( )
fc f c+ f m
f

J 3( )

J 1( )

All values in the line spectrum are scaled by A c (Do Example 5.1-2 and Exercise 5.1-3 in text)
Oct 06, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 10

FM Bandwidth
Consider Tone Modulation Observation for 1 j J n( )j falls off quickly for j n= j > 1 Consider components only for j n j Significant frequency components lie within f c f m
Observation for 1 j J n( )j is insignificant for j n j > 1 Consider components only for j n j = 1 Significant frequency components lie within f c f m
Oct 06, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 11

FM Bandwidth: Single Tone

B = 2M ( ) f m ; M ( ) 1 M ( ) depends upon the allowable distortion level

Usually approximated by M ( ) = + 2;

> 2

B = 2( + 2) f m = 2( A m f 4 + 2f m ) For worst case, use: A m = 1; f m = W

B T = 2( f + 2W); > 2
What is the corresponding value of ? ( = fW ) Is this the maximum value? NO! A smaller may result in larger B T

Oct 06, 2005

CS477: Analog and Digital Communications

12

FM Bandwidth: Generic Signal

Estimate BW using worst case tone modulation! Define Deviation ratio: D = f ) B T = 2M ( D ) W W Approximations: 2DW = 2f ; D 1 BT = 2W; D 1 Carsons rule: B T 2( f + W) = 2( D + 1) W Carsons rule is applied for extreme values of deviation ratio. It underestimates the BW for practical systems. For practical systems (2 < D < 10) : Use B T 2( f + 2W) = 2( D + 2) W; D> 2 (Do Example 5.2-1 and Exercise 5.2-1 in text)
Oct 06, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 13

Transmission BW: Summary

Condition(s) Single Tone Generic Signal

D 1; 1 D 1; 1
Carsons Rule D; extreme Practical designs

2 f m 2f m
2( + 1) f m 2( + 2) f m

2DW 2W
2( D + 1) W 2( D + 2) W

(2 < D < 10)

Oct 06, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 14

Generating NBFM Signals

Direct method

Use a voltage-controlled oscillator

Output frequency is proportional to input voltage Use information signal as the input voltage

Restricted to low power applications Most circuits unstable at carrier frequency

Not suitable for commercial FM broadcast Require sophisticated feedback control

CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 15

Oct 06, 2005

Generating NBFM Signals

Indirect method:
x c( t ) A c cos2f ct A c ( t ) sin2f ct (NBPM/NBFM)
(t) = x(t)
900

x c(t) (NBPM)

A c cos2f ct

R 1
Input
Oct 06, 2005

NBPM Modulator
= 2Tf

NBFM Output
16

CS477: Analog and Digital Communications