KEYBOARD INTERRUPTs 8086

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The Purpose of Interrupts

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Interrupts are particularly useful when interfacing I/O devices that provide or

require data at relatively low data transfer rates .

If the person using the keyboard typed one character per second. The software of

the Processors waited an entire second between each key stroke for the person to type another key .
This process was such a tremendous waste of time that designers developed

another process, Interrupt processing to handle this situation.

Interrupt processing allows the microprocessor to execute other software

while the keyboard operator is thinking about what key to type next.

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DOS and BIOS Interrupts

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DOS and BIOS interrupts are used to perform

some very useful functions, such as displaying data to the monitor, reading data from keyboard, etc.
They are used by identifying the interrupt option

type, which is the value stored in register AH and

providing, whatever extra information that the

specific option requires.
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Introduction
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SOFTWARE INTERRUPT:

The 8086 INT instruction can be used to cause the 8086 to do any one of 256 possible interrupt types.

The desired type is specified as part of the instruction. Software interrupts produced by the INT instructions have many uses.

For example: INT 3 instruction to insert breakpoints in programs for debugging.

Another use of Software interrupt INT is to test various interrupts-service procedures. For example: INT 0 instruction to send execution to a divide-by-zero interrupt service procedure without having to run the actual division program.

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INT Instruction
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The term type in the instruction format refers to a number between 0 and 255 which identifies the interrupt. When an 8086 executes an INT instruction.

It will:
1. 2. 3.

Decrement the stack pointer by 2 and push the flags onto the stack. Decrement the stack pointer by 2 and push the contents of CS onto the stack. Decrement the stack pointer by 2 and push the offset of the next instruction after the INT

number instruction on the stack.

4.

Get a new value for IP from an absolute memory address of 4 times the type specified in the instruction. For an INT 8 instruction. For example, the new IP will be read from address 00020H.

5.

Get a new value for CS from an absolute memory address of 4 times the type specified in
the instruction plus 2. For an INT 8 instruction, for example, the new value of CS will be read from address 00022H.

6.

Reset both IF and TF. Other flags are not affected.

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INT 21h Instruction

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Hence in this section we are going to see about INT

instructions used for Keyboard.(INT 21 h-DOS Interrupt)

The int 21 h instructions are used to interrupt through

the Keyboard, Files, Directives.

Depending on the value that is moved to the ah the

operations will be done.

The following slides will explain the different operations

performed.
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INT 21h Instruction

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INT 21h / AH=1 - read character from standard input, with echo, result is stored in AL. if there is no character in the keyboard buffer, the function waits until any key is pressed.

example:
mov ah, 1 int 21h

INT 21h / AH=2 - write character to standard output.

entry: DL = character to write, after execution AL = DL.

example: mov ah, 2 mov dl, 'a' int 21h

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INT 21h Instruction

INT 21h / AH=5 - output character to printer. example: mov ah, 5 mov dl, 'a' int 21h

entry: DL = character to print, after execution AL = DL.

INT 21h / AH=7 - character input without echo to AL. example: mov ah, 7 int 21h INT 21h / AH=9 - output of a string at DS:DX. String must be terminated by '$'. example: msg db "hello world $ .code mov ax,@data mov ds,ax mov dx,offset msg mov ah,9 int 21h ret

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INT 21h Instruction

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INT 21h / AH=0Ah - input of a string to DS:DX, Example: mov ax,@data mov ds,ax mov ah,0Ah int 21h

INT 21h / AH=25h - set interrupt vector; input: AL = interrupt number. DS:DX -> new interrupt handler. INT 21h / AH=2Ah - get system date; return: CX = year (1980-2099). DH = month. DL = day. AL = day of week (00h=Sunday)

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Other INT 21h Instruction

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INT 21h / 6h;direct console input or output.

INT 21h/0Bh; Get input Status

INT 21h/0Ch; Flush keyboard buffer and read standard input INT 21h/0Eh; Select default drive INT 21h/19h; Get current default drive INT 21h/25h; Set interrupt vector INT 21h/35h; Get interrupt Vector INT 21h/39h; Make directory

INT 21h/3Ah; Remove directory

INT 21h/3Bh; Set current directory

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Other INT 21h instruction

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INT 21h/3Ch;create or truncate file

INT 21h/3Dh;Open Existing file INT 21h/3Eh;Close file INT 21h/3Fh;Read from File INT 21h/40h;Write to file

INT 21h/41h;Delete File

INT 21h/42h;Set current File Position INT 21h/47h;Get current Directory INT 21h/4Ch;return control to the operating system(STOP PROGRAM)

INT 21h/56h; rename file/move file

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Example Programs
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INPUT A CHARACTER AND PRINT THE

CHARACTER IN THE OUTPUT .model small .stack 100h .code mov ax, @data mov ds, ax mov ah, 1h ; keyboard input subprogram int 21h ; read character into al mov dl, al ; copy character to dl mov ah, 2h ; character output subprogram int 21h ; display character in dl end
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Example Programs
INPUT THE STRING:
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PRINT THE STRING IN

.model small .stack 100h .code mov ax, @data mov ds , ax mov ah,0Ah int 21h end

THE OUTPUT .model small .data msg db "hello world $" .stack 100h .code mov ax, @data mov ds, ax mov dx, offset msg mov ah,9 int 21h ret end
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Example Programs
GET SYSTEM DATE AND
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TIME:

// DATE:

.model small .stack 100h .code mov ax, @data mov ds, ax mov ah, 2Ah; int 21h ; end

//TIME:

.model small .stack 100h .code mov ax,@data mov ds,ax mov ah, 2Ch; int 21h ; end
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INT 16h INSTRUCTION

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INT 16h is the basic BIOS keyboard operation used

extensively by software developers and provides the following

services according to a function code that you load in AH.
INT 16h/03h: set typematic Repeat rate INT 16h/05h: Keyboard write. INT 16h/10h: Read keyboard Character INT 16h/11h: Determine whether character is present or not INT 16h/12h: Return Keyboard Status.

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INT 10h Instructions

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INT 10h instruction is used for the video mode. Even this INT instruction has many operations that

works according to the value moved onto the ah.

Option 0H Sets video mode.
Registers used:

AH = 0H AL = Video Mode.
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INT 10h Instructions

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The following are some of the services offered by INT 10 H.

INT 10H/00H; set video mode INT 10H/01H; set cursor size INT 10H/02H; set cursor position INT 10H/03H; return cursor status

INT 10H/05H; select active page

INT 10H/06H; scroll up screen INT 10H/07H; scroll down screen INT 10H/0Ah; display character

INT 10H/0CH; Write pixel dot

INT 10H/13H; Return video information

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INT 10h Instructions

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INT 10h / AH = 09h - write character and attribute at cursor

position.

input: AL = character to display. BH = page number. BL = attribute. CX = number of times to write character.
INT 10h / AH = 0Ah - write character only at cursor position.

input: AL = character to display. BH = page number. CX = number of times to write character.

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INT 10h Instructions

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INT 10h / AH = 0Ch - change color for a single pixel.

input: AL = pixel color CX = column. DX = row. example: mov al, 13h mov ah, 0 int 10h ; set graphics video mode. mov al, 1100b mov cx, 10 mov dx, 20 mov ah, 0ch int 10h ; set pixel. INT 10h / AH = 0Dh - get color of a single pixel.
input: CX = column. DX = row. output: AL = pixel color

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INT 10h Instructions

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INT 10h / AH = 13h - write string.

input: AL = write mode: bit 0: update cursor after writing; bit 1: string contains attributes. BH = page number. BL = attribute if string contains only characters (bit 1 of AL is zero). CX = number of characters in string (attributes are not counted). DL,DH = column, row at which to start writing. ES:BP points to string to be printed.
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INT 10h Instructions

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example: mov al, 1 mov bh, 0 mov bl, 0011_1011b mov cx, msg1end - offset msg1 ; calculate message size. mov dl, 10 Mov dh, 7 push cs pop es mov bp, offset msg1 mov ah, 13h int 10h jmp msg1end msg1 db " hello, world! msg1end:

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THANK YOU

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