Water

Sanitation

Maribel U. Cruz , M.D.

 Session Objectives
1. To discuss the situation regarding
accessibility to safe water supply in the
Philippines
2. To enumerate the National Objectives for
health in relation to water sanitation
3. To compare the sources of water supply in
terms of quality, quantity & usual points of
contamination
4. To differentiate the physical, chemical &
bacteriological characteristics of water
5. To enumerate & discuss the approved
types of water supply
1. To discuss the processes involved in
the standard water treatment of a
public water supply
2. To discuss the different household
methods of water treatment
3. To enumerate the different protective
measures as provided under the
Water Code of the Philippines
4. To discuss the monitoring scheme of
the government to ensure a safe
public water
supply system
 Situationer
► Households with access to safe drinking
water have increased for both urban and
rural households
► The proportion of HH within 15 min.
from water supply facilities increased
from 86.2% in 1998 to 87% in 2003
(NDHS)
► The proportion of HH with water supply
coming from safe sources increased
from 81.7% in 1998 to 89.3% in 2003
 Situationer
► Piped water supply into dwelling, plot
or yard increased from 36.8% in 1998
to 39.6% in 2003
► In urban towns outside of MM, piped
water supply coverage increased from
77.6% in 1998 to 88.1% in 2000
► In MM as a result of privatization of the
water distribution system, the service
coverage by the 2 concessionaires
increased from 67% in 1997 to 90% in
2001
 Distribution of Sources of Drinking
Water of
Households, BSNOH 2000
Urban Rural Total
N 1510 1193 2703
MWSS 46.0 7.3 43.0
Community faucet 39.0 47.5 39.6
Private faucet 7.7 21.0 8.8
Bottled water 4.8 0.4 4.5
Open dug well 1.9 6.8 2.2
Water Tanker 4.8 0.5 0.4
Rain , Spring, 1.9 20.2 3.3
Streams
 Situationer
No. of households with access to safe
water
in the City of Manila in 2004
Total No. of HH – 304,114
Level I – none
Level II - 33,453 (11%)
Level III - 270, 661 ( 89%)
 Accessibility to Safe Water
Supply
► Provinceswith the highest coverage:
Southern Leyte, Rizal, Pangasinan,
Cavite, and Surigao del Norte

► Lowestcoverage: Zamboanga
Sibugay, Sulu, Masbate, Batangas and
Pampanga

► Regions
who have achieved >90%
coverage of HH: CAR, Ilocos &
 Environmental Health

► Goal : Environmental health conditions

in
the country are improved
Morbidity and Mortality from
environ-
mental health hazards are
reduced
 National Objectives 2005-
2010
Household access to safe water is
increased
1. Indicator : Percentage of HH with
access
to safe water (at national level,
urban
and rural areas
 Target: 94% national; 98% urban;
90% rural
 Baseline: 89.3% national; 96.1%
 National Objectives 2005-
2010
2. Indicator: Percentage of HH with
doubtful
water sources practicing boiling
and
chlorination to make water safe for
drinking
 Target: more than 27% (boiling)

more than 1.7% (chlorination)

 Baseline : 27% boiling ; 1.7%
► Water Storage
89% of urban and 69% of rural
respondents used plastic
containers with cover
30% rural respondents used clay
jars with cover
About 7% of urban and 5% of rural
respondents put their drinking
water in a glass with no cover
 Sources of Water
A. Surface Water
Derived from streams, brooks, lakes,
ponds and rivers
Accessible to communities and are of
sufficient quantity
Subject to seasonal variability
Always contaminated by surface run-off
Frequently polluted by uncontrolled
disposal of human excreta, domestic &
industrial wastes
A. Ground Water
Obtained from wells & springs
Largest source of water
Untreated, non-saline ground water is
biologically pure from organisms

 Wells – structure that is dug, driven,

bored
or drilled into the ground for the
purpose of securing water
 Dug & driven wells – usually
confined to soft ground, sand &
gravel to a depth of less than 100
ft.
Bored & drilled wells – used in
hard ground or rock & maybe sunk
in depths hundreds or thousands
of feet
Deep wells – generally greater
than 100 ft. in depth and drilled
Pollution of wells can result from
seepage of organic , industrial and
 Spring – ground water seepage which
is
created when the level of
underground
water comes in contact with the
surface
usually at the side of a hill or
mountain
Contamination of spring water occurs
at the point of seepage since surface
water may join the spring flow at that
 Sources of Water
1. Rainwater
Basically free from impurities
Contamination may occur at the
collection and storage points
 Public Water Supply
System
► Components
2. Collection works – dams, reservoirs,
pumps
4. Transportation works – conduits,
aqueducts, & main transmission pipes
6. Treatment works - chemical dosing plants,
mixing & flocculation tanks, disinfection
equipment
9. Distribution works – mains & laterals,
pumping machinery
 Characteristics of Water
1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Biological
4. Radiological
 Physical Characteristics
► Water for drinking & household use should
be clear, odorless and tasteless
► Turbidity is caused by impurities in
suspension. Can be reduced by coagulation,
sedimentation and rapid sand filtration
► Color is due to substances in solution
► Odor is removed by aeration, chlorination &
adding activated carbon
► Water is most palatable at 50-60 degree F
 Chemical Characteristics
► Ground water has a ph range of 5.9-9.0
► Hardness – soap consuming property or
power of water
Temporary – due to carbonates
Permanent – due to chlorine, calcium and
magnesium salts
 Water for drinking & household use should
preferably not contain chemical substances
in concentrations beyond acceptable limits
as defined in the National Standards for
Drinking Water
 Philippine National Standards for
Drinking Water
► Calcium – 75 mg/L ► Arsenic – 0.05 mg/L
► Chloride – ► Barium – 1.0 mg/L
2000mg/L ► Copper – 1.0 mg/L
► Mg – 50 mg/L ► Cyanide – 0.05 mg/L
► Nitrate – 30 mg/L ► Fluoride - .6 – 1
► Oil & grease – nil mg/L
► Ph – 6.5 – 8.5 ► Iron – 1.0 mg/L
► Sulfate – 200 mg/L ► Lead – 0.05 mg/L
► Phenol – 0.001 mg/L ► Mercury - 0.002
mg/L
 Biological Characteristics
► BiologicalExamination – determines
the kind & amount of microscopic life
present in the water
► Responsible for the taste & odor of
water
► Presence of biological impurities serve
as an index of the degree of pollution
of the water
 Biological Characteristics
► Bacteriological Examination – determines
whether or not the kind & number of
bacteria present in the water constitute a
health hazard
► A Bacteriological Index for pollution is done
to test for coliforms
► Presence of E. coli may mean fecal
contamination
► Based on the NSDW, the maximum
permissible level for coliforms is not more
than 1 for treated water & not more than 3
for untreated water
 Radiological
Characteristics
► Determination of radioactive
contaminants is not generally done
unless there is a very strong reason to
suspect their presence
► Presence of Radium 225, Iodine 141
and Strontium 90 would mean nuclear
plant discharges reaching the water
supply
 Water Supply Sanitation
► Objective : To promote and provide safe
and potable water through water quality
control and surveillance of existing water
supply sources
► Activities
3. Inspection of water supply sources
4. Collection of water samples
5. Disinfection of water sources
6. Household container disinfection
 Approved Types of Water
Supply
Facilities
 Level I Facility ( Point Source )
 A protected well or developed spring
with an outlet but w/o a distribution
system
 Adaptable for rural areas
 Serves 15-25 households
 Located not more than 250 m. from
the farthest user
 Yield discharge is from 40 – 140
L/min
2. Level II facility ( Communal faucet
system
Standposts )
 Composed of a source, reservoir , piped
distribution network & communal
faucets
 Located not more than 25 m. from the
farthest house
 Designed to deliver 40-80 L of water/
day with 1 faucet / 4-6 households
 Suitable for rural & urban areas where
houses are clustered densely
1.Level III ( Waterworks System or
Individual House Connection)
 System with a source, reservoir,
piped distribution network &
household taps
 Suitable for densely populated
urban areas
 Requires minimum treatment or
disinfection
► Unapproved type of Water facility
Water coming from doubtful
sources
such as open dug wells,
unimproved
spring , wells that need
priming, etc
 Treatment of Public Water
Supply
► The nature of treatment depends upon
the bacteriological quality of water
► Criteria:
Less than 50 coliforms / 100 ml of water
- requires disinfection/ chlorination
alone
50 – 5,000 coliforms – standard
complete treatment
5,000 – 50,000 coliforms – double
treatment
More than 50,000 – look for another
source
 Standard Water Treatment
► Usually employed in water
treatment plants
► It involves the following
processes
3. Coagulation and flocculation
4. Sedimentation
5. Rapid sand filtration
6. Chlorination
 Coagulation & Flocculation
► Process of changing soluble
constituents of raw water to non-
soluble ones by addition of aluminum
sulfate or alum to form ‘flocs’
► A chemical coagulant causes the
particles to bind together to form
larger , fluffy clusters (flocs) that can
be removed by settling or filtering
 Sedimentation
► Removal of solids from water by gravity
settling
► Involves allowing the ‘flocs’ to settle at
the bottom of the sedimentation tanks
or basins
► At the end of the settling basin ,
Hydrated lime or Ca(OH)2 is added to
the water to increase its ph
► After ph adjustment, Chlorine is added
for disinfection & to keep aquatic
growths from becoming established in
the the filters in the next process
 Rapid Sand Filtration
► Process by which the settled water is
filtered thru sand & gravel and drained
into the filtered water reservoir
► 1st layer of the filter media is an 18 in.
layer of anthracite coal
► 2nd layer - 12 in. of filtered sand
► Four 3 in. layers of stone ranging in size
from 1/8 to 3/4 in.
► Bottom – porous layer of glazed tile that
supports the filter media
 Chlorination
► Most important single method w/c is
universally applied since Chlorine is a
powerful germicide , readily available,
easy to apply and cheap
► Most important process that is used to
produce safe & sanitary drinking water
► 15% solution of Sodium hypochlorite is
used
► Chlorination is important to improve
several treatment processes
2. Hypochlorite is sometimes added to
raw water ( Pre-chlorination ) to
oxidize undesirable materials like Iron
& Manganese
3. Hypochlorite is used to improve
coagulation
4. Reduces the amount of taste, odor &
color producing materials in the water
thru oxidation & retardation of
decomposition in the settling basins
5. When added prior to filtration, it
minimizes biological growth in the
filters
► Post-Chlorination – addition of
hypochlorite as a final treatment
process and is primarily for the purpose
of disinfection
► Enough Chlorine is added to the finished
water so that a minimum amount of
chlorine remains in the water after a
sufficient contact time
► A Free Residual Chlorine of 0.2 – 0.50
ppm should be maintained until the
water reaches the consumer at the
farthest point in the distribution system
Optional Steps Depending on the
Quality of the Raw Water
 Stabilization – protective measure which
reduces the problem of corrosion in the
water lines by adding Calciquest , a
corrosion inhibitor, to the finished water
2. Fluoridation - safe, effective & economical
process to reduce tooth decay
 After final addition of hypochlorite, fluoride
and corrosion inhibitor, the water is
pumped into the distribution system
 Optional Steps
 Aeration - allows direct contact with
oxygen to remove excess chloride
&
obnoxious odor or taste. Also
encourages
precipitation of Fe.
4. Softening - Lime filters are used to
remove
Calcium & magnesium salts
 Agencies Responsible for
Disinfection
► Level I public - Barangay officials and
Local Health Agency
► Level II and III - Water supplier
( MWSS, LWUA or water district
► Private wells - Individual / owner
 Household Methods of Water
Treatment
1. Boiling
2. Sedimentation
3. Flocculation & Sedimentation
4. Aeration
5. Filtration
6. Chemical Disinfection
 Chemical
Disinfection
1. Chlorination
 properly chlorinated water has residual free
chlorine w/c resists recontamination
 How to gauge strength of Chlorine:
a. Orthotolidine – special organic indicator
w/c gives a yellow color in the presence
of chlorine
b. A faint odor of chlorine after a contact
time of 30 min. indicates approx. 0.1 mg/L of
water
 Chemical Disinfection
► Emergency Chlorination of drinking
water
 to make 10% stock solution, add 40
mg of Calcium hypochlorite (2 ½ tbsp.
Of bleaching powder) to 1 liter of
water
 2 tsp. of stock solution to 1 liter of
water

2. Disinfection by use of Tincture of

Iodine
 2 drops of 2% tincture of iodine added
to 1 liter of water
 Certificate of Potability of
Drinking Water
► No public water system shall be
allowed to operate without a
certificate of potability issued by the
DOH
► The certificate is issued only after the
required examinations are performed
& the quality of water from the system
meets the requirements of the Phil.
National Standards for Drinking Water
 Types of Water
Examination
► The following examinations are required for
drinking water
1. Initial examination – physical, chemical
& bacteriological examinations of water
from newly constructed systems.
Examination of the water for radioactive
contaminations should also be done
2. Periodic examination – bacteriological
exam
should be done as often as possible.
Physico-
chemical examination shall be conducted
every
 Water Code of the
Philippines
► To protect drinking water from
contamination, the following measures
shall be observed:
2. Washing clothes or bathing w/in a radius of
25 meters from any well or other sources
of water is prohibited
3. No artesians, deep or shallow shall be
constructed within 25 m. from any source
of pollution
4. No radioactive sources or materials shall
be stored within a radius of 25 m. from any
well or any source of drinking water unless
the radioactive source is adequately and
safely enclosed in proper shielding
 Water Code
1. No person charged with the management
of a public water supply system shall
permit any physical connection between
its distribution system & that of any
other water supply, unless the latter is
regularly examined as to its quality by
those in charge of the public supply to
which the connection is made and found
to be potable
2. The installation of a booster pump to
boost water direct from the water
distribution line of a water supply system
where low water pressure prevails is
prohibited
 Water Code
► Water Peddlers and Haulers
2. Any person, firm or company engaged in
water hauling and vending of water for
human consumption shall secure a
sanitary permit from the city or
municipal health officer
3. Water peddlers & haulers shall undergo
medical examination to obtain a health
certificate from the local health officer
which shall be renewed every year
1. Water peddlers & haulers are required to
obtain water from sources with valid
certificate of potability
2. Water containers shall be made of plastic
or thin materials to facilitate easy
cleaning. The containers shall be cleaned
& disinfected before they are filled with
water & shall be provided with tight fitting
covers
3. All water peddlers & haulers shall observe
personal hygiene especially washing of
hands with soap & water before working
and after using the toilet
 Monitoring
► The Local Health Authority shall
establish a Water Surveillance
Program thru the creation of
Local Drinking Water Quality
Monitoring Committee
► Functions of the Committee are:
3. Regular collection & analysis of
water samples
4. Evaluate laboratory results as to
their compliance standards
► Functions of the Committee cont.
2. Conduct regular or immediate sanitary
survey during the existence of a
potential cause of contamination
3. Institute remedial measures to correct
the deficiency of the water system
4. Inform the public of the latest quality
of the drinking water in the locality
5. Perform other functions related to
water quality assurance
 5 Golden Rules for Safe
Water
1. No one should defecate or urinate near
or in a source of drinking water
2. Keep animals away from water
collection areas
3. Water for drinking must always be
boiled or chlorinated & covered against
dust & flies
4. Keep drinking water in a clean
container
5. Always wash hands with water & soap
before preparing food , eating or
feeding little children & after
 Summary
► We have discussed the ff:
2. The situation regarding accessibility
to safe water supply
3. Goal and National objectives for
water sanitation
4. Sources of water
5. Characteristics of water
6. Approved types of water supply
 Summary cont.
1. Processes involved in standard water
treatment
2. Household methods of water
treatment
3. Measures to protect our drinking
water sources
4. Monitoring to ensure a safe water
supply system