Submitted by: Aparna Patel Ketan Dhameliya Sachin Kakkad Priyanka Mardia

Group no.: 21 (07) (22) (39) (47)

Submitted to: Prof. Shweta Mehta

Changing the Role of Government Regulation

9/13/2012

Role of Individual Constituents of Political System

Legislature Policy Making Law Making Budget approval Government Directing Controlling Implementi ng Judiciary Settle Legal Disputes Judicial Review

Constituents of

Political System
Legislature Executive/

Executive Control
Acts as a mirror of public opinion

Government
Judiciary

Impact of Government on Business

Governments Action Labour Laws ( Role Direct / Control ) Governments Motive Impact on Business Ensure Social security, Cost of production increases, Improving Standard of Living, Affects Profitability & Working condition Competitiveness Generating revenue for reinvestment , saving affected people, industry Cost of production increases, Affects Profitability & Competitiveness

Tax Laws ( Role Direct / Control )

Commercial Laws ( Role Direct / Control )

To ensure rights of parties

Increased business confidence Local industries compete globally

Tariffs / Subsidies / Import To protect local industries ban / Export ban from global competition ( Role Encourage / Shelter )

Products reserved for SSIs To promote mixed economy & Public sectors ( Role Decides / Promotes )

Limited area of operation , could not be diversified, Vertical Integration not possible ,cost increase

Industrial Policy
1948, 1956 , 1991
Industrial policy Indicates

Industrial Policy 1948

Accepted Importance of both Private &

Public sectors Divided industries into 4 categories

State Monopoly Arms, ammunitions , Atomic Energy, Rail transport Coal, Iron , Steel , aircraft, ship building, Manufacture of Telecom, Aircraft , Wireless, oil, mineral Automobile, Chemical, Textile All other Industries

the relationship between Government & Business

It contains guidelines for

govts administrative action

it has no quantitative target It is not passed as a Law Violation of Industrial

Mixed Sector

Policy cannot be challenged in Court

Government Control Private Control

Recognised importance of Foreign Capital Recognised importance of SSIs

Industrial Policy 1956

Objective:
Accelerate Economic

growth rate Expand public sector Increase employment opportunities Prevent creation of monopoly Expand Cottage,village,SSIs

Industry Classifications Schedule-A: ( 17 industries ) Govt. Arms , Ammunitions , Defence equipments , atomic energy , iron & steel , Heavy plant &Machinery, Heavy electrical plant , Coal & lignite, mineral oil, mining ,aircraft , air & rail transport, Telecom cables, electricity generation & distribution , ship building Schedule- B: ( 12 industries ) Private & Govt. machine tools , Ferro-alloys , drugs ,fertilizers , synthetic rubber , chemical pulp ,road transport , sea transport , carbonisation of coal , mining of aluminum & non-ferrous metals. Private sector others

Industrial Policy 1991

Objective:
Remove regulatory system Incentives for industries in

Policy Initiatives

1. Industrial Licensing Policy

2. Public sector Policy

3. Foreign Investment

backward areas To Run the PSUs on business lines Encourage Entrepreneurship Link Indian economy to global market Develop indigenous technology Promote productivity & employment generation

4. ForeignTechnology

Agreements
5. MRTP Act

Industrial Policy 1991

Industrial Licensing - It is required to establish, to

Industrial

Licensing
Policy

manufacture goods at a specific location before 1991. In the new policy licensing requirement was abolished except for 1. Distillation & Brewing of alcoholic drinks 2. Manufacturing Cigarettes & Tobacco substitutes 3. All types of electronic aerospace & Defence equipments 4. Industrial Explosives 5. Certain Hazardous chemicals Exempted factories have to furnish a memorandum to Industries department Location: In the new policy projects can be established at any location except cities . In a city of 1 million population it has to be established 25kms away from city.

Industrial Policy 1991

Number of Industries reserved for

Public

Sector
Policy

public sector reduced to 8 and then to 2 ( Atomic energy & Railway ) Growth of PSUs in the following Priority sectors 1.Essential infrastructure Goods & Services 2. Exploration & Exploitation of Oil & Mineral resources 3. Strategic Defence equipments 4. Technology development & building of manufacturing capabilities in areas which are crucial for economic development Autonomy through MOU Navaratnas Bringing down government equity to 26 % in non-Priority sector PSUs Close down PSUs which can not be revived Fully protect the interest of workers

 Foreign Investment allowed up to

Industrial Policy 1991

Foreign

Investment

51 % of Equity capital in FERA companies Foreign Investment allowed up to 26 % of Equity capital in Defence productions sector. Up to 100 % in certain sectors ( real estate ) Stock market opened for foreign investment EXIM Policy liberalised , tariffs reduced , lifted import restrictions Foreign exchange rate policy liberalised , Rupee was made fully convertible on current account and then recently partly on capital account.

Industrial Policy 1991

Foreign

Foreign technology agreement under automatic route for priority sector

Priority sectors are Infrastructure , Exploration , Defence products

Technology
Agreement

Industrial Policy 1991

The government will not scrutiny the

investment decisions of MRTP companies

Prior approval of MRTP companies for

expansion not required

Restrictions on merger, acquisition and

MRTP Act
Monopolies and
Restrictive Trade Practices Act

transfer of shares will be replaced

MRTP commission will be strengthened

to take action against restrictive & unfair trade practice. MRTP commission will be empowered to enquire into the complaints of customers
MRTP Act is replaced by Competition Law

Public Sector
Public sector enterprise is an undertaking owned & managed by

Government.
244 enterprises are public sector enterprises under the control of

Central Government
Total investment Rs. 4,21,000 Cr. 1100 are State Public sector enterprises with 50,000 Cr.

Investment
These PSUs accounts for 25% of GDP & One-third of export PSUs accounts for 70 % of workers employed in organised sector

Public Sector
Objective:

Help in rapid economic growth Earn return on investment & generate resources for

development
Create employment opportunity Assist & develop ancillary & small scale industries Promote redistribution of income & wealth

Public Sector
Organisation of Public sector Units:
Public enterprises are organised in the following forms:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Ministry Departmental Undertakings Government Company Public corporation Holding company

Public Sector
Organisation of Public sector Units:
Ministry Management by a ministry, Railways, Budget to be approved by Parliament, Headed by Minister and management board It is directly subordinate to ministry, ICF, Ordnance factory, financed by annual appropriation from treasury, revenues are paid into treasury. Employees are civil servents, can be sued by following the procedure to sue the government 51% or more of equity owned by government, created under Company Law, Directors are appointed by Govt., fund from government

Departmental Undertaking

Government Company

Public Sector
Navaratnas:
In 1997 govt. granted autonomy to 9 public sector units so as to support them to become global companies. These 9 companies are BHEL, BPCL, HPCL, IOC, ONGC, SAIL, VSNL, NTPC, IPCL. Later GAIL ,MTNL,BEL,HAL were given

the navaratna status.

These companies are free to decide upon joint venture, capital expenditure, set up PSEs, set up subsidiaries / office

in foreign countries, raise funds from capital market, set

alliance. They enjoy substantial managerial & operational autonomy

Privatisation
Privatisation : Privatisation means transfer of ownership and /or management of an enterprise from the public sector to the private sector. Disinvestment: Disinvestment means sale of shares of public sector enterprises to outsiders. It is one of the method of privatisation. Purpose of Privatisation 1. To increase efficiency 2. To reduce the monopoly of govt. 3. To encourage private & foreign investment 4. To reduce the states administrative work 5. To encourage wider ownership of public

Privatisation
Method of Privatisation in India:
1.

Disinvestment Route This involves sale of equity shares of public sector units to outsiders. Disinvestment policy was introduced in 1991-92. Up to 20% of equity in select PSUs sold to Public sector Institutional investors like LIC, UTI . In 1993 Disinvestment committee under the chairmanship of C.Rangarajan was set up to advise on the mode of disinvestment. 1996 Disinvestment commission was set up and 58 PSUs were recommended to shift to private management without sale of shares 1999 PSUs were classified under Strategic & non-Strategic areas for disinvestment purpose. Strategic Sectors Defence equipments , arms , ammunitions, air crafts, warships, atomic energy , railways.

Privatisation
Method of Privatisation in India:
1. Disinvestment Route.Cont. Rangarajan Committee Report Recommendations: 1. Industries reserved for PSUs Up to 49% of equity can be sold 2. PSUs having dominant market share Up to 74 % can be sold 3. In all other cases equity can be sold up to 100% 4. Best disinvestment method is offering equity to public at a fixed price 5. Once shares of PSUs are traded in Stock market Fixed price method can be used . Untill such time sale can be made through auction Disinvestment Commission: 1. Was set up in 1996 , to determine extent of disinvestment, to select the PSU to be divestd, to recommend route to disinvestment, to supervise overall sale . As on date 76 PSUs were divested and Rs. 49,000 cr is raised.

Privatisation
National Investment Fund: Set up in 2005 , into which the sale proceeds of PSUs will be credited. This fund will be used to develop Infrastructure & Education, health, employment generation and in capital projects.

Small & Medium Enterprises ( SMEs)

THE MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT ACT, 2006

Micro Industries Small Industries Medium

Industries

Enterprise means an industrial undertaking or a business concern or any other establishment, by whatever name called, engaged in the manufacture or production of goods, in any manner pertaining to any industry specified in the First Schedule to the Industries Development and Regulation Act, 1951.

Small & Medium Enterprises

THE MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT ACT, 2006 Type

Micro

Small
P&M > Rs.25 L <=500

Medium
P &M >Rs.500 L< =1000

Plant & Machinery

Manufacturin g

<=Rs.25 L

Service

Equipment <=Rs.10 L

Equipment >Rs. 10 L<=200

Equipment >Rs. 200 L<=500

Small & Medium Enterprises

Dynamic Economy

Socio-Economic Development

Role of SMEs
Accounts for

35% Industrial Production 40% - Export 60% - Employment

Small & Medium Enterprises

Provide Increased employment Require Low gestation period

Importance

Easy to set up in rural & backward areas Need Small market Encourage Local Entrepreneur Influence standard of living of people

Small & Medium Enterprises

Protection Promotion
1. Aim : Promotion & Strengthening of SMEs

2. Changes in Investment Limit

3. 24 % Equity Participation by other

Government Policy Initiatives

Companies
4. Integrated Infrastructure development
5. Encouraging Industry associations 6. Common Testing facility 7. Productivity Training

1991

Small & Medium Enterprises

1. Aim : Promotion of SMEs

2. Changes in Investment Limit

3. De-reservation of items

Government Policy Initiatives

4. Foreign participation

5. Establishment of Growth centres

6. Export promotion 7. Marketin assistance

1999

8. Incentives for Quality Improvement

Small & Medium Enterprises

1. THE MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM

ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT ACT 2006

Recent Policy Initiatives

MSMED Act 2006 )

2. NATIONAL MANUFACTURING

2006

COMPETITIVENESS PROGRAMME (NMCP) 3. PACKAGE FOR PROMOTION OF MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES

Small & Medium Enterprises

Recent Policy Initiatives
THE MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT ACT, 2006

Objective

PROMOTION DEVELOPMENT and Enhancement of

Competitiveness

Small & Medium Enterprises

THE MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT ACT, 2006

Development of skill
PROMOTION DEVELOPMENT

provisioning for technological upgradation providing marketing assistance or infrastructure facilities Credit Facilities Measures against Delayed
payments

and
ENHANCEMENT

of Competitiveness through

Small & Medium Enterprises

THE MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT ACT, 2006

Development of skill
National Institute for small Industry
PROMOTION DEVELOPMENT

and
ENHANCEMENT

of Competitiveness through

Extension & Training - Hyderabad ( NISIET) Indian istitute of Entrepreneurship ( IIE ) Guwahati National Institute for Entrepreneurship & small Business Development Newdelhi ( NIESBUD
) + 12 other Institutes

Small & Medium Enterprises

THE MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT ACT, 2006

provisioning for technological

upgradation
PROMOTION DEVELOPMENT

Small Industries Development

and
ENHANCEMENT

of Competitiveness through

Organisation ( SIDO ) National Small Industries Corporation Ltd. ( NSIC National science and technology Entrepreneurship Development Board ( NSTEDB National Productivity Council ( NPC )

Small & Medium Enterprises

THE MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT ACT, 2006

providing marketing assistance or infrastructure facilities

PROMOTION DEVELOPMENT

Director of export Promotion ( DEP) Director General of Supply & Disposal ( DGSD ) Rural Industrial & Marketing Corporation ( RIMCO )

and
ENHANCEMENT

of Competitiveness through

Small & Medium Enterprises

THE MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT ACT, 2006

Credit Facilities
Commercial Banks
PROMOTION DEVELOPMENT

Counsil of Scientific & Industrial

and
ENHANCEMENT

Research Small industries Service Institute National Small industry Corporation

of Competitiveness through

Small & Medium Enterprises

THE MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT ACT, 2006

Measures against Delayed

payments
PROMOTION DEVELOPMENT

Micro and Small Enterprises

and
ENHANCEMENT

Facilitation Council
Arbitration and Conciliation Act

of Competitiveness through

1996
Courts

2. NATIONAL MANUFACTURING COMPETITIVENESSPROGRAMME (NMCP)

Objective : To support manufacturing enterprises to become Competitive

Schemes : 1. Support for Lean manufacturing (Without Waste &

implementing flow )
2. Promotion of ICT in manufacturing ( Information communication Tech ) 3. Setting up Mini Tool Rooms 4. Encouragement for Quality Management Standards & Tools 5. Campaign for investment in Intellectual property

Small & Medium Enterprises

Recent Policy Initiatives - 2006
3. PACKAGE FOR PROMOTION OF MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES

Objective : To Enhance Competitiveness

Package : 1. Legislative backup

2. Credit support 3. Tech & Quality up gradation support 4. Marketing support 5. Empowerment of women entrepreneur

MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN INDIA

I. Municipal Waste Water (MWW) Issues:35000 Million litres per day (MLD) waste water is generated and only 11000 MLD is collected and treated. Rest are discharged untreated in water bodies and land causing pollution in surface and groundwater.
Impact: Cause severe pollution at water bodies, BOD > 100 mg|l, Coliform > 1Cr (in some water bodies) Cause land pollution ground water pollution Spread of water borne diseases
Action Points In phase manner, MWW has to be collected and treated as per standard of CPCB/SPCB, and also considering pollution status of recipient water bodies. More emphasis to use treated waste water for reuse e.g. industrial process, irrigation etc. Minimum flow of water in river to be maintained to achieve desired water quality. Promotion of more decentralised waste water treatment facility. Linking of rivers for optimum utilisation of water resources. Quality of water at water intake point of water works to be strictly maintained as per CPCB guidelines. Ground Water depletion to be checked in major cities & towns.

II. Municipal Solid Waste Issues:(MSW)

1,20,000 Tonne per day (TPD) Municipal Solid Waste is generated, only 70% or the same is collected and only 5% is treated and disposed as per Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules. Indiscriminate disposal of MSW is major nuisance in urban areas including groundwater quality problem.

Action Points MSW has to be collected and disposed as per MSW Management Rules notified under E(P) Act, 1986. Ministry of Urban Development under J.N.N.U.R.M. programme may play a major role for management of MSW in urban areas (more than 1 lakh Cr santioned) More emphasis on recycle and reuse of the waste. Use of calorific value of waste in power generation / cement plant etc. Public Private Partnership for MSW management to be encouraged.

III.Fine particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) Management

Issues:As per CPCB Air quality monitoring data (www.cpcb.nic.in), 83 cities and town in India are generally exceeding the ambient air quality standards for PM10,-PM2.5 Fine Particulate matter is causing serious health impact.

Action Points
Integrated approach to be taken for PM10 management. Source apportionment study to be conducted for PM10 in all non-compliant cities. More use of clean transportation fuel (CNG, LPG, Low Sulphur Diesel etc.) in highly polluted cities. Use of vehicles meeting Bharat Stage-III/IV (akin to EURO-III/IV) standard in non-compliant cities.

IV. Fly Ash Management

Issues:-

Indian coal contains 34-47% ash. Ash generation from coal based power station is presently about 112 million tonnes per annum. It is going to increase to 150 million tonnes per annum after commissioning of all coal based Thermal Power Stations by 2015.

Action Points Ash utilization as per new MoEF guidelines. More use of ash in cement production. Promotion of clean coal technologies. Pit head power plants to dispose the ash in abandoned mines. Ash should be considered as resource and not as waste.

Air Pollution Due to Use of Coal in Thermal Power Plants

ITEMS Coal based Electricity Production (MW) Coal Consumption (million tonnes) Particulate Matter Emission (million tonnes) Sulphur Dioxide (million tonnes) Emission EXISTING SCENARIO 67600 258 1.62 2.451 2050 SCENARIO 900000 3434 21.9 32.6

Oxide of Nitrogen (million tonnes)

Source: CEA/NTPC

2.3

30.9

Use of clean coal technologies (Super Critical ,IGCC, PFBC, CFBC, etc.) to be promoted based on location specific requirements.

Issues:Presently 8.14 million tonnes of hazardous wastes is generated from 29716 industries. However, there are only 27 nos of TSDF (Transport, Storage and Disposal Facility) exists, which is inadequate to handle all hazardous wastes. Action Points More TSDF facilities to be set-up under Public Private Partnership mode. Promotion of clean technology to reduce generation of hazardous wastes. Remediation of contaminated hazardous waste dump sites. More common hazardous wastes incinerators as per CPCB guidelines, to be set-up.

V. Hazardous Waste Management

Specific issues in HWM

2,25,000 MT of chrome sludge lying at Ranipat from last

25 years (causing serious ground and land pollution) Tirupur (18 CETP) sludge management Delhi (17 CETP) sludge management Ranipet /Vellore (24 CETP) sludge management Lead slag disposal around 350 secondary lead industry Chrome mine sludge management in Sukinda mines Murcury bearing sludge management in Kodaikanal

VI. Bio Medical Waste Management

Issues:Presently 20-30% of Bio-medical wastes is collected, segregated and treated as per Bio-medical Waste Management Rules. Action Points Number of Common Bio-medical Wastes Treatment Facility (CBMWTF) to be increased manifold. Presently there are 157 facilities which are not adequate to handle all the wastes. CBMWTF is to be set-up under Public Private Partnership mode. New technologies to be promoted for destruction of toxic bio-medical wastes.

VII.E-Waste Management
Issues:Presently more than 400,000 tonnes of E-waste is generated which may increase manifold in coming years.

Action Points
Common facility for E-Waste management (Collection, Segregation, Recovery of Metals and Reuse Facility) in Public Private Partnership mode to be setup. Comprehensive e-waste management policy to be adopted (as per guidelines issued by CPCB (www.cpcb.nic.in). More emphasis on metal recovery to be given.

VIII. Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP) Chemical Industry Zone

Issues:-

in

There are large number of chemical industries (pesticides, pharmaceutical, dye and dye intermediate, organic chemical manufacturing industries) in chemical industrial zone of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu etc. (Vapi, Ankleshwar, Bharuch, Panoli, Tarapur, Taloja, Mahad, Patancherru, Medak, Cuddalore, Manali etc.). In these areas toxic pollutants like VOC, BTX, Organic Solvents emissions are quite high.

Action Points Monitoring and assessment of HAP to be carried out. Solvent recovery (ethylene dichloride, benzene, toluene etc.) should be improved. High COD wastes to be segregated and incinerated. Promotion of clean process technology to minimise the generation of HAP.

IX. Pollution From Small Scale Industries

Issues:There are more than 3-5 million Small Scale industries exists which are polluting in nature. These industries are as follows: Stone crusher Re-rolling mills Electroplating industries Brick kilns Foundry Hot Mix Plant Sponge iron plants Tannery units Lime kilns DG sets

Action Points Pollution prevention technologies as developed by CPCB for various SSI units to be adopted. More CETPs to be set-up under Public Private Partnership mode and performance of existing CETPs (more than 100 exists) to be improved. Enforcement of standard in SSI sectors to be strengthened.

X. Vehicular Pollution in Urban Areas

Issues:-

Vehicular population growth in urban areas of India is very high. In Delhi alone, more than 45 lacs vehicles are registered. Vehicular emissions are mainly responsible for poor air quality in urban areas.

Action Points In-use vehicular emission to be controlled by proper inspection and monitoring system. For new vehicles, Bharat Stage-III standards to be enforced in all urban areas where ambient air quality standards are not met. Fuel adulteration is major problem and should be addressed. Proper action plan based on source apportionment study should be prepared and implemented. Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Stations to be set-up in urban areas and data display in web-site for public interaction.

Major Environmental Acts/Rules/Policy

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess, Act, 1977 The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989, 2003, 2009 The Bio - Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1988, 2003 The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 The Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999 The Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000 The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006, 2009 National Environmental Policy, 2006 Fly Ash Management Rule, 2008 Ambient Air quality standard , 1982, 1995, 2009 Proposed national environmental assessment and monitoring authority, 2010

Initiative for pollution control

1.

Pollution control from 17 categories of highly polluting industry

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

124 CETP for SSI cluster

27 TSDF for hazardous waste management 157 CBMWM for bio-medical waste management 8 Common e-waste facility Emission/effluent standard for 70 category of polluting industries and enforcement of standard through consent management. Operation and maintenance of 339 national air quality monitoring stations. Operation and maintenance of 1089 water quality monitoring stations EIA for development projects and post project monitoring environmental pollution index (CEPI)

10. Declaration of 43 critically polluted area based on comprehensive

11. Declaration of 44 severely polluted areas based on CEPI

CREP initiative 2003

1. Adoption of clean technology for pollution control 2. Waste minimization

3. Waste utilization (fly ash, BF slag etc)

4. Pollution prevention approach specially for SSI units 5. Water conservation (sector specific water consumption 6. 7.

8.
9. 10.

standard) Zero discharge of effluent (distillery , drug and pharma industry etc) Promotion of clean coal technology Coal beneficiation regulation Clean transportation fuel(CNG, LPG) Clean fuel (lead free gasoline, low sulphur diesel, low benzene petrol)

Approach to Control Pollution

Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) drawn and implemented through Eight Task Forces (www.cpcb.nic.in). 124 common effluent treatment plant set-up for control of water pollution from cluster of industries mainly chemical industries under PPP mode. Waste minimisation and recycling of waste water promoted. Action Plan to control pollution from 43 critically polluted areas. Action Plan to control air pollution from 16 cities.

Control Strategies Adopted

Air Quality Standards notified (1982, 1994 & 2009) and Air Pollution Control areas declared Emission Standards notified for Industries Vehicles (in-use & new), Gensets, etc. Fuel quality improvements. (Coal, gasoline & diesel). Relocation of polluting industries, phasing out polluting vehicles, introduction of mass transportation, etc. older rapid

Road map for control of emissions from new and in-use vehicles developed up to year 2010 Use of Alternate fuel (CNG,LPG,Ethanol petrol, Bio-diesel, Hydrogen,etc.)

Control Strategies Adopted (contd..)

CREP developed for 17 categories of industries
Specific control strategies for major industries Initiatives for small scale sector City specific AQM action plans

No Specifications

Gasoline Benzene Reduction Programme in India

5%

Before 1996

June 1994 0.15 g/l (4 metro) April 1995 April 1996 3% in Metro cities

April 2000 1 % in NCT & Mumbai

Jan 1997

Unleaded 4 metros Low leaded Entire Country

Nov. 2000

Jan 1999
April. 2005 Unleaded NCR Unleded Country

3 % in all India & 1% in Major Metros

Gasoline Lead Phase-out Programme In India

3 % in all India Feb 2000 April. 2010

Vehicle Emission Norm Schedule In India

Euro-III (Country) Euro-IV (11 cities) Euro-II (Country) Euro-III (11 cities) 2005 August 1997 Sulphur 0.25% Delhi & Taj April 1998 Sulphur 0.25% Metro cities 2010 April April6 Sulphur 0.50 % 4 metros & Taj

Euro-I equivalent (Country) Euro-II eqv. For cars (4 metros) 2000/01 2nd set norms notified 1996 Emission norms for catalytic vehicles 1995 1st set norms notified April-2005 April-2010 April 2000-04

April-2000

Sulphur 0.25% Entire Country Sulphur 0.05% 11 cities

1990

Sulphur 0.05% Entire Country & 0.035 (11 cities) Sulphur 0.005% (11 cities) & 0.035% (Entire Country)

Diesel Sulphur Reduction Programme

EMISSION REDUCTIONS ROAD MAP FOR NEW PASSENGER CARS

EMISSION REDUCTION S ROAD MAP FOR NEW (HDV)

INDUSTRY SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENT FOR POLLUTION CONTROL

1. Distilleries Concentration / Incineration of Spent Waste and Power generation. Bio methanation followed by R.O. (to reduce the effluent quantity) and then composting (if press mud is available). Paper and Pulp Issue Colour, Odour, AOx, Cl2 free bleaching. Installation of Chemical Recovery Plants with Pollution Control Equipments. Lignin recovery plant for small paper and pulp units. Reduction of water consumption. Iron and Steel Plant Coke Oven Emission (PAH, VOC) control. Effluent (CN, Phenol) management. SMS slag utilisation. Dry Coke quenching.

2.

3.

Contd..

4. Sponge Iron Plants Char Management use in AFBC / FBC Boiler with Coal for power generation. WHRB Kiln emission (GHG emission reduction).
5. Thermal Power Plants Ash utilisation (cement plant, mine back filling). Promotion of Clean Coal Technology. Flue Gas desulphurisation (FGD) for SO2 control. 6. Textile Industry TDS management from effluent. R.O./Nano filtration For reuse of water. Waste recycling.
Contd..

7.

Cement Industry Use of high calorific value hazardous waste as partial fuel in cement kiln. Use of fly ash / iron slag from cement making (carbon credit under CDM) Aluminium Industry Secondary emission of fluoride from pot room. PAH emission control from Baking furnace. Spent Pot lining disposal. Drug and Pharmaceutical Industry Segregation of high COD/ high TDS waste. Steam stripping for VOC control Recovery of solvents High TDS effluent management (MEE, drier, solid waste management) Incinerator emission Odour Control. Reuse of water

8.

9.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDIA

REDUCTION IN PARTICULATE MATTER LOAD DUE TO VARIOUS CONTROL MEASURES

300000
PM LOAD IN TONNES/DAY

299291

250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 WITHOUT CONTROL DEVICE 5365 WITH CONTROL DEVICE

ACHIEVEMENTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDIA

OUTCOME OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL IN TERMS OF REDUCTION OF POLLUTION LOADS

BEFORE TREATMENT
Pollution Loads, t/d

AFTER TREATMENT
19152

20000 15000
9478

10000
5123

5000 0 BOD

1776

COD

Pollution Parameters

Gap analysis in Pollution Control

1. Hazardous air pollutants like VOCs, BTX, EDC and

other carcinogenic pollutants are not regularly monitored and controlled.

2. Health impact study are not done in a systematic

way
3. Inspection and maintenance system for vehicles are non existent

4. Adulteration of transportation fuel not checked

5. Inefficient DG set emission and noise control

Important Provision of Air Act, 1981

Function of Central Board under section 16(2) (a) Advice the central government on any matter concerning the improvement of the quality of air and the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution, (b) Plan and cause to be executed a nation vide programme for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution; (c) Co-ordinate the activities of the State and resolve disputed among them; (d) Provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and sponsor investigations and research relating to problems of air pollution and prevention, control or abatement of air pollution; (e) Plan and organise the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programmes for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution on such terms and conditions as the Central Board may specify;

Important Provision of Air Act, 1981

(f) organise through mass media a comprehensive programme regarding the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution; (g) collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to air pollution and the measures devised for its effective prevention, control or abatement and prepare manuals, codes or guides relating to prevention, control or abatement of air pollution; (h) lay down standards for the quality of air; (i) collect and disseminate information in respect of matters relating to air pollution; (j) perform such other functions as may be prescribed

Important Provision of Air Act, 1981

Function of State Pollution Control Boards under section 17(1) (a) To plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention control or abatement of air pollution and to secure the execution thereof;

(b) To advice the state government on any matter concerning the prevention control or abatement of air pollution;

(c)

To collect and disseminate information relating to air pollution;

(d) To collaborate with central board in organising the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programmes relating to prevention, control or abatement of air pollution and to organise mass education programme relating thereto; (e) To inspect, at all reasonable times, any control equipment, industrial plant or manufacturing process and to give, by order, such direction to such person as it may consider necessary to take step for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution;

Important Provision of Air Act, 1981

(f) (g) To inspect air pollution control areas at such intervals as it may think necessary, assess the quality therein and take steps for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution in such areas To lay down in consultation with Central Board and having regard to the standards for the quality of air laid down by the Central Boards, standards for the emission of air pollution into the atmosphere from industrial plants and automobiles or for the discharge of any air pollutants into the atmosphere from any other source whatsoever not being a ship or an aircraft; provided the different standards for emission may be laid down under the clause for different industrial plants having regard to the quantity and composition of emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere from such industrial plants; To advice the state government with respect to the suitability of any premises or location for carrying on any industry which is likely to cause air pollution; To perform such other functions as may be prescribed by the central board or the state government;

(h)

(i)

Section 18 of Air Act Power to give directions

1. In the performance of its function under this act

(a) The central board shall be bound by such directions in writing as the central government may give to it; and (b) Every state board shall be bound by such direction in writing as the central board or the state government may give to it; Section 19 Power to declare air pollution control areas

The State Government may, after consultation with the State Board, by notification in official gazette declared in such manner as may be prescribed, any area or areas within the State as air pollution control area or areas for the purposes of this act.

Section 31 (A) of Air Act Power to give directions

1. Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law, but subject to the provsions of this Act, and to any directions that Central Government may give in this behalf, a Board may, in the exercise of its powers and performance of its functioning under this Act, issue any directions in writing to any person, officer or authority, and such person, officers or authority shall be bound to comply with such directions. Explanation : for the avoidance of doubts, it is hereby declared that the power to issue directions under this section, includes the power to direct (a) The closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry, operation or process ; or (b) The stoppage or regulation of supply of electricity, water or any other service.

Reason for High Air Pollution invehicular population Urban Areas Uncontrolled growth of
Bharat Stage II vehicles, 2W / 3W) Fuel quality issues Fuel adulteration issues Air pollution from SSI units (brick kiln, stone crusher, hotmix plants etc.) Large number of DG Sets (small power generating set run on liquid fuel) Coal based power station

Type of vehicles on road (predominant old vehicles,

Reasons for High Air Pollution in Industrial Areas / Clusters

43 critically polluted areas and 44 Severely Polluted

areas based on CEPI index by CPCB / MoEF

Uncontrolled SOx / NOx emission from Coal based

power station (Singrauli, Korba, Talcher etc.)

Toxic pollutant emission (VOC, BTX etc.) from

chemical industrial zones (Vapi, Ankaleshwar, Mahad, Pattancheru, Tarapur etc.)

Air pollution in mining areas (Bellary, Raniganj etc.)

The Air CEPI index for 43 Critically Polluted Areas

Serial nos. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 13 14 Industrial cluster/area Vapi (Gujarat) Ankaleshwar(Gujarat) Bhiwadi (Rajasthan) Chandarpur(Maharashtra) Singrauli(U.P.) Vellore (Tamil Nadu ) Ghaziabad(U.P.) Ludhiana (Punjab ) Korba (Chatttisgarh) Dromibivali(Maharashtra) Kanpur (U.P.) Noida (U.P.) Aurangabad (Maharashtra) Dhanbad (Jharkhand ) Manali (Tamil Nadu ) Angul- Talcher (Orissa) Faridabad (Harayana) Ahemedabad (Gujarat ) Bhadravati(Karnataka ) Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu ) CEPI- Air index 74.0 72.0 71.0 70.75 70.50 69.25 68.50 68.0 67.0 66.0 66.0 65.75 64.75 64.50 Type of industry Chemical industry Chemical industry Secondary lead industry Power plant,steel industry Power plant Tanneries SSI,carbon black industry,small industry Electroplating industry Power plant SSI units SSI units, power palnt SSI units SSI units Mining

steel

15
16 17 18 19 20

64.0
64.0 63.50 62.75 62.75 62.25

Chemical industry ,oil refinery

Power plant, mining industry SSI units Vehicles SSI units Foundry,SSI units

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Mandi Govind Garh (Punjab ) Mangalore (Karanataka ) Ib valley (Orissa ) Navi Mumbai (Maharastra) Jhasugurda (Orissa ) Tarapur (Maharastra ) Vatva (Gujarat ) Agra (U.P.) Indore(M.P.) Asansol (West Bengal ) Varanasi Mirzapur (U.P.) Howrah (W.B) Cochin (Kerela ) Vishakhapatnam (A.P.) Panipat(Haryana) Bhavnagar Cuddalore(T.N.) Haldia (West Bengal ) Najafgarh drain basin Jodhpur (Rajasthan ) Palli Junagarh (Gujarat ) Patancheru _Bollaram

62.0 61.75 61.0 61.0 61.0 60.75 60.0 59.0 59.0 58.35 58.0 57.0 57.0 57.0 55.75 54.50 54.0 53.75 52.13 52.0 52.0 51.25 50.0

Secondary Steel industry Refinery, Pesticide units TPP/Coal mining SSI units Sponge iron plants, mining industry SSI units SSI units SSI units SSI units SSI units SSI units SSI units Oil refinery/chemical industry Chemical industry , oil refinery SSi units, oil refinery SSI units Pesticide units,Pharmaceutical units Oil refinery,chemical industry SSI units SSI units SSI units

Source : CPCB Website

Air Quality Monitoring / Assessment in india

CPCB / SPCB are operating 343 air quality monitoring stations CPCB / SPCB are operating 50 continuous air quality monitoring stations

Industries are operating more than 300 continuous monitoring stations

Parameter monitored

PM10, SO2, NOx (All Stations)

PM2.5, CO, Benzene, Ozone, PAH (in selected few stations)

Typical Air Quality Monitoring in Delhi

AnnualAnnual Average of RSPM In Four Mega CIties cities Average of PM10 in four mega
300
Annual Avr. Conc. (g/m3)

250 200 150 100 50 0 2001

Delhi

2002

2003
Mumbai

2004

2005 Year
kolkata

2006

2007
Chennai

2008

2009
NAQS

Annual Average of No2 in four mega cities

Delhi 90
Annual Avr. Conc. (g/m3)

Mumbai

kolkata

Chennai

NAQS

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Year

Cities at different levels of PM10

Level of pollution
Low pollution(050% of the standard)

PM10 annual average in micro gram/cubic metre

0-30

Cities

Dewas,Tirupati,Kozhikode

Moderate Pollution(50%100% of the standard)

High Pollution (100%-150% of standard)

30-60

Haldia, Dibrugarh,Salem,Vasco,Shimla, Pndicherry, Bongaigaon,Kottyam,Kochi,Nashik, Panaji, Madurai,Mysore,Aizwal,Belgaon

Solapur,Tuticorn,Vijayvada,Nagda,Tarapur,C uttak, Talchar,Banglore,Lote,Hyderabad, Parvanu,Vapi,Bhubaneshwar,Aurangabad,Ja mmu,Dimapur,Tejpur,Kohlapur,Shillong,Ra magundam,Gajraula,Singraulli,Coimbatore, Chennai,Mangalore,Hasan

60-90

Critical(150% 200% of standard)

90-120

Meerut,Indore,Kota,Alwar,Patna,Hisar,Bhillai Howrah,Assansol,Jaipur,Nagpur,Vadodra,Pune,Ujj ain,Dhanbad,Jabalpur,Bhopal,Dehradun,Kolkatta, Jamnagar,Raurkella,Chandigarh,Rajkot,Korba,Ga uhati,Akhleshwar,Angoor,Ahmedabad,Udiapur,Na vi mumbai,Mumbai,Surat,Vizag

Raipur,Panchi,Sindri,Anpada,HublyDharwar,Durgapur Jhariya,Delhi,Jalandhar,Jamshedpur,Gwalior,Noid a,Jhasi,Chanrapur,Faridabad Satna,Khurja,Lucknow,Ferozabad,Kanpur

Critical(200% 250% of standard) Critical(250% 300% of standard) Critical(300% 350% of standard) Critical(350% 400% of standard) Critical(400% 450% of standard)

120-150

150-180

180-210

210-240

Ghaziabad,Khana,Ludhiyana

240-270

Govindgarh

Most Polluted City with respect to Oxides of Nitrogen

City
Howrah Kolkatta Asansol Durgapur Dhanbad Jamshedpur

NO2 in microgram/cubic metre

72 60 57 55 52 52

Jharia
Delhi Noida Chandrapur
Source : CPCB

52
51 49 48

Air Quality Data Analysis

PM10 is exceeded in 83 cities and towns NOx is having increasing trend and already exceeded in major cities and towns (where vehicular population is high)

Benzene in ambient air of Delhi, Mumbai, Kanpur, Pune are significantly higher than the national standard
Elemental Carbon (EC) and Organic Carbon (OC) is 20-45% of PM10 indicating its origin from combustion related emission (vehicles / SSI) High EC / OC indicate higher emission from diesel burning EC / OC less in PM10 than PM2.5 indicate EC dominance in fine fraction of particulate matter Higher EC / OC at kerb side indicate contribution of vehicular sources Significant quantities of sulphate and nitrate in PM10

Source : Data from CPCB / MoEF / SPCBs website

Methods for Air Pollution Control

Ambient air quality standards (to set targets) Emission limits (with certification tests) Emission control requirements (Reasonably Available, Best Available, Lowest Achievable Emissions Technologies) Product design specification Emission fees and fines Forced shutdowns under Air Act 1981, EP Act 1986 Emissions caps and trading Fuel specifications (with certification tests) Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance programs Congestion pricing Energy efficiency requirements Demonstrated reasonable progress

Steps taken to control vehicular pollution

BS (III) norms for fuels and vehicles implemented all over India BS(IV) norms for vehicles and fuels implemented in 12 cities Pollution under control certificate (PUC) for in-use vehicles (not very effective) Comprehensive inspection and maintenance system (exists only in few places) Independent fuel testing laboratories for checking fuel adulteration Thrust on use of clean transportation fuel (CNG) in few cities New AAQS for ozone, PAH, Benzene etc. notified

ISSUES REGARDING IMPLEMENTATION OF POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS IN INDIA

Shortage of technical manpower in SPCBs Technical capabilities of SPCBs are poor Frequent changes of chairmen / member secretaries of SPCBs / PCCs Non-priorities of activities on pollution control. More energy spent on SSI / Green Industry rather than highly polluting Red Category industries. Non-implementation of MSW Rule Poor implementation of Bio-medical waste management rules Poor implementation of hazardous waste management rules (hazardous waste generation is more compare to capacity of TSDF)
Contd..

Poor implementation of municipal waste water management (out of 35000 mld sewage generation, hardly 11000 mld are collected and treated) Continuous air quality monitoring station (CAAQMS) Not proper calibration of analyzers resulting poor quality data National ambient air quality monitoring station poor quality of data generated by SPCBs Poor implementation of Noise Rules Zero Effluent Discharge concept is highly energy intensive (more carbon emission) Large number of illegal hazardous waste dumpsites. Remediation work yet to be started CETP / TSDF performance is poor. Proper evaluation of functioning not done