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Numerical Methods in Aerodynamics

Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Turbulence Modeling

Niels N. Srensen Professor MSO, Ph.D. Department of Civil Engineering, Alborg University & Wind Energy Department, Ris National Laboratory Technical University of Denmark

Numerical Methods in Aerodynamics


Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Outline of lecture
Characteristics of turbulence
What is the problem of modeling turbulence

Reynolds Averaging and Reynolds stresses RANS Turbulence Models


Boussinesq approximation

Boundary Conditions
Log-law Low Reynolds Number Modifications

Example of RANS comp. Shortcomings of RANS models Large Eddy Simulation models
Filtering Hybrid models

Numerical Methods in Aerodynamics


Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

The Nature of turbulence (I)


Irregularity
Turbulence is irregular or random.

Diffusivity
Turbulent flows causes rapid mixing, increases heat transfer and flow resistance. This is the single most important aspect of turbulence from a engineering point of view.

Three-dimensional vorticity fluctuations (rotational)


Turbulence is rotational, and vorticity dynamics plays an important role. Energy is transferred from large to small scale by the interaction of vortices.

Numerical Methods in Aerodynamics


Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

The Nature of Turbulence (II)


Dissipation
Turbulent flows are always dissipative. Viscous shear stresses perform deformation work which increases the internal energy of the fluid at the expense of kinetic energy of turbulence.

Continuum
The smallest scale of turbulence are ordinary far larger than any molecular length scale

Flow feature
Turbulence is a feature of the flow not of the fluid,

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

How Does Turbulence Look

The Onset of Two-Dimensional Grid Generated Turbulence in Flowing Soap Films Maarten A. Rutgers, Xiao-lun Wu, and Walter I. Goldberg

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Modeling Turbulent Flows


Direct Numerical Simulation
All scales of the fluid motion spatial and temporal is resolved by the computation. Largest DNS to date 40963

Numerical Methods in Aerodynamics


Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Modeling Turbulent Flows


Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
Only the large scales of the fluid motion is resolved by the computations

Numerical Methods in Aerodynamics


Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Modeling Turbulent Flows


Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)
The equations are time averaged, and dont resolve the eddies

Hybrid LES/ RANS

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Derivation of the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes eqns.


1) Introduce the Reynolds Decomposition of the variables

2) Insert the Reynolds Decomposition in the flow equations 3) Perform time averaging

Numerical Methods in Aerodynamics


Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS)

Reynolds Stress

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Numerical Methods in Aerodynamics


Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Reynolds stresses
Performing the Reynolds Averaging Process, new terms has arisen, namely the Reynolds-stress tensor:

This brings us at the turbulent closure problem, the fact that we have more unknowns than equations.
Three velocities + pressure + six Reynolds-stresses Three momentum equations + the continuity equation

To close the problem, we need additional equations to model the Reynolds-stresses

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Reynolds Averaged Momentum Equations


The Reynolds Stresses originates from the convective terms

They are normally treated together with the diffusive terms

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

RANS turbulence models


Algebraic turbulence models
Prandtl Mixing Length Model Cebeci-Smith Model Baldwin-Lomax Model

One equation turbulence models


Spalart-Allmaras Baldwin-Barth

Two equation turbulence models


k-epsilon model k-omega model k-tau model

Reynolds stress models

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

RANS turbulence models


Reynolds-stress models

Introduces new unknowns (22 new unknowns)

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

RANS turbulence models


Eddy-viscosity models
Compute the Reynolds-stresses from explicit expressions of the mean strain rate and a eddy-viscosity, the Boussinesq eddy-viscosity approximation

The k term is a normal stress and is typically treated together with the pressure term.

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Algebraic Turbulence Model


Prandtls mixing length hypothesis is based on an analogy with momentum transport on a molecular level
Molecular transport y

U(y)

Turbulent transport

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Prandtl Mixing Length Model


The mixing length model closes the equation system

The proportionality constant for the mixing velocity c1 and for the mixing length c2 needs to be specified The equation for the turbulent eddy viscosity is a part of the flow solutions, as it depends on the mean flow gradient Turbulence is not a fluid property but a property of the flow

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Additions to the basic mixing length model

Van Driest (1956) wall damping Clauser (1956) defect layer modification Corrsin and Kistler (1954) intermittency modification

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Baldwin-Lomax Model

Clauser

Van Driest

Corrsin and Kistler

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Algebraic Models
Gives good results for simple flows, flat plate, jets and simple shear layers Typically the algebraic models are fast and robust Needs to be calibrated for each flow type, they are not very general They are not well suited for computing flow separation Typically they need information about boundary layer properties, and are difficult to incorporate in modern flow solvers.

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

One and Two Equation Turbulence Models


The derivation is again based on the Boussinesq approximation

The mixing velocity is determined by the turbulent turbulent kinetic energy

The length scale is determined from another transport equation ex.

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Second equation

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The turbulent kinetic energy equation


By taking the trace of the Reynolds Stress equation, we get

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Dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy


The equation is derived by the following operation on the NavierStokes equation The resulting equation have the following form

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

The k- model
Eddy viscosity
Transport equation for turbulent kinetic energy

Transport equation for dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy

Constants for the model

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

k-omega SST model

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k-omega SST model

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Blending Function F1 and F2

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Constants for k-omega SST model

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Boundary Conditions
Inflow conditions
Mean flow velocities, turbulence intensity, length scale

Wall conditions
Bridging the near wall region (log-law) (30 < y+ < 100) Resolving the near wall region (y+ < 2)

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Boundary Conditions, Log-Law


The flow is assumed to be a one-dimensional Couette flow, steady and with zero development in the flow direction, and with constant shear stress in the near wall region.

The momentum equations are not abandoned in the wall cell, instead the viscous stresses at the wall is substituted by the following expression derived from the log law

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Boundary Conditions, Log-Law


The Couette flow assumption reduces the turbulent kinetic energy equation to a simple balance between production and dissipation. Zero diffusion to the wall is assumed for the turbulent kinetic energy, and the production and dissipation terms are computed from the mean flow assumption, using

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Boundary Conditions, Log-Law


Using the logarithmic profile and the balance between production and dissipation the following expression for dissipation can be derived, the dissipation equation is abandoned in the wall cell and the dissipation is fixed to the value given below:

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Low Reynolds Number Modification


The turbulence equations are derived under high Reynolds Number assumptions We need to assure that the equations has the correct near wall behavior, the so called asymptotically consistent behavior

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Low Reynolds Number Modification


To obtain correct near wall behavior the two equation models are enriched with viscous damping terms

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Low RE k-omega model


The k- model do not need any modification to have nearly the correct near wall behavior, and is often used in the default version. The boundary conditions are relatively simple to apply

The model is robust in the low Re version

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Inflow conditions
Typically the inflow turbulence intensity is known: For aerodynamic applications where the flow is nearly laminar in the farfield we have

For cases with a wall, the eddy viscosity in the inlet region can often be specified by the mixing length hypotesis assuming a velocity profile

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Driver, D. M., "Reynolds Shear Stress Measurements in a Separated Boundary Layer," AIAA Paper 91-1787, 1991.

Performance of Popular Turbulence Models for Attached and Separated Advedrse Pressure Gradient Flows. Menter, F.R. AIAA Journal 1992 vol. 30 no. 8

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Mild adverse pressure gradient

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Mild adverse pressure gradient

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Strong adverse pressure gradient

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Strong adverse pressure gradient

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Numerical Methods in Aerodynamics


Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Mild adverse pressure gradient

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Strong adverse pressure gradient

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Shortcomings of the Boussinesq approximation


Flows with sudden changes in mean strain rate

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Shortcomings of the Boussinesq approximation


Flows over curved surfaces
So and Mellor, 1972, An Experimental Investigation of Turbuelnt Boundary Layers Along Curved Surfaces

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Shortcomings of the Boussinesq approximation


Flow in ducts with secondary motion Flow in rotating and stratified fluids Three dimensional flows Flows with boundary-layer separation

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Numerical Methods in Aerodynamics


Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Large Eddy Simulation


Filtering of the Navier-Stokes equations, splitting the velocities in the resolvable-scale filtered velocity and the subgrid scale (SGS) velocity

A typical filter used could be the volume-averaged box filter

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Numerical Methods in Aerodynamics


Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

LES, Filtering of the Navier-Stokes equations


Again the convective terms generate additional terms

Filtering differs from standard averaging in one important respect

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

LES, Filtering of the Navier-Stokes equations


The Leonard stresses (Lij) are of the same order as the truncation error when a finite-difference scheme of second-order accuracy is used, and are normally not considered The cross-term stress tensor (Cij) are typically modeled together with the Reynolds stresses The first model for the subgrid scale stresses (SGS) was the model by Smagorinsky (1963) based again on gradient-diffusion process

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Numerical Methods in Aerodynamics


Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

LES, Filtering of the Navier-Stokes equations


Smagorinsky model

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

LES modeling
LES models are by nature unsteady LES models are by nature full three dimensional They resolve the large scales and only model the isotropic small scales The standard SGS model needs damping of the eddy viscosity near solid wall similar to the van Driest damping used for mixing length models Resolving the anisotropic eddies in the near wall region where the cells are small may require a very fine computational mesh LES models can be combined with approximate wall boundary conditions, or even zero, one or two equation models for the near wall region.

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Hybrid models
Hybrid models are combinations of RANS and LES models One example is zonal models where regions are flagged to use either RANS or DES models The Detached Eddy Simulation technique of Spalart et al. is another example, where the model it self switches from RANS for attached flow regions to LES in separated flow regions.

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Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

Deep Stall Aerodynamics RANS

DES

QUICK

CDS4

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Numerical Methods in Aerodynamics


Lecture 5: Turbulence modeling

What have we learned


The RANS or LES equations are derived by an averaging or filtering process from the Navier-Stokes equations. The averaging process results in more unknown that equations, the turbulent closure problem Additional equations are derived by performing operation on the Navier-Stokes equations Non of the model are complete, all model needs some kind of modeling Special care may be need when integrating the model all the way to the wall, low-Reynolds number models and wall damping terms Log-law boundary conditions, can be used to limit the necessary resolution, but are not well suited for separation reattachment The LES models are one way to circumvent some of the inherent problems of the RANS models

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