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Turbulence Modeling
Niels N. Srensen Professor MSO, Ph.D. Department of Civil Engineering, Alborg University & Wind Energy Department, Ris National Laboratory Technical University of Denmark
Outline of lecture
Characteristics of turbulence
What is the problem of modeling turbulence
Boundary Conditions
Log-law Low Reynolds Number Modifications
Example of RANS comp. Shortcomings of RANS models Large Eddy Simulation models
Filtering Hybrid models
Diffusivity
Turbulent flows causes rapid mixing, increases heat transfer and flow resistance. This is the single most important aspect of turbulence from a engineering point of view.
Continuum
The smallest scale of turbulence are ordinary far larger than any molecular length scale
Flow feature
Turbulence is a feature of the flow not of the fluid,
The Onset of Two-Dimensional Grid Generated Turbulence in Flowing Soap Films Maarten A. Rutgers, Xiao-lun Wu, and Walter I. Goldberg
2) Insert the Reynolds Decomposition in the flow equations 3) Perform time averaging
Reynolds Stress
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Reynolds stresses
Performing the Reynolds Averaging Process, new terms has arisen, namely the Reynolds-stress tensor:
This brings us at the turbulent closure problem, the fact that we have more unknowns than equations.
Three velocities + pressure + six Reynolds-stresses Three momentum equations + the continuity equation
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The k term is a normal stress and is typically treated together with the pressure term.
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U(y)
Turbulent transport
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The proportionality constant for the mixing velocity c1 and for the mixing length c2 needs to be specified The equation for the turbulent eddy viscosity is a part of the flow solutions, as it depends on the mean flow gradient Turbulence is not a fluid property but a property of the flow
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Van Driest (1956) wall damping Clauser (1956) defect layer modification Corrsin and Kistler (1954) intermittency modification
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Baldwin-Lomax Model
Clauser
Van Driest
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Algebraic Models
Gives good results for simple flows, flat plate, jets and simple shear layers Typically the algebraic models are fast and robust Needs to be calibrated for each flow type, they are not very general They are not well suited for computing flow separation Typically they need information about boundary layer properties, and are difficult to incorporate in modern flow solvers.
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Second equation
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The k- model
Eddy viscosity
Transport equation for turbulent kinetic energy
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Boundary Conditions
Inflow conditions
Mean flow velocities, turbulence intensity, length scale
Wall conditions
Bridging the near wall region (log-law) (30 < y+ < 100) Resolving the near wall region (y+ < 2)
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The momentum equations are not abandoned in the wall cell, instead the viscous stresses at the wall is substituted by the following expression derived from the log law
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Inflow conditions
Typically the inflow turbulence intensity is known: For aerodynamic applications where the flow is nearly laminar in the farfield we have
For cases with a wall, the eddy viscosity in the inlet region can often be specified by the mixing length hypotesis assuming a velocity profile
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Driver, D. M., "Reynolds Shear Stress Measurements in a Separated Boundary Layer," AIAA Paper 91-1787, 1991.
Performance of Popular Turbulence Models for Attached and Separated Advedrse Pressure Gradient Flows. Menter, F.R. AIAA Journal 1992 vol. 30 no. 8
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LES modeling
LES models are by nature unsteady LES models are by nature full three dimensional They resolve the large scales and only model the isotropic small scales The standard SGS model needs damping of the eddy viscosity near solid wall similar to the van Driest damping used for mixing length models Resolving the anisotropic eddies in the near wall region where the cells are small may require a very fine computational mesh LES models can be combined with approximate wall boundary conditions, or even zero, one or two equation models for the near wall region.
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Hybrid models
Hybrid models are combinations of RANS and LES models One example is zonal models where regions are flagged to use either RANS or DES models The Detached Eddy Simulation technique of Spalart et al. is another example, where the model it self switches from RANS for attached flow regions to LES in separated flow regions.
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DES
QUICK
CDS4
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