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22.1 Duties
22.2 Connection
22.3 The OSI Transport Protocol
Transport Layer(contd)
Transport layer acts as a liaison between the upper-layer protocols and the lower-layer protocols.
An internetwork
End-to-End Delivery
The network layer treats each packet as an independent entry, even those belonging to a single message. The transport layer oversees the end-to-end (source-todestination) delivery of an entire message.
Addressing
Addressing (contd)
Reliable Delivery
Reliable Delivery(contd)
Error Control
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Reliable Delivery(contd)
Sequence Control
Segmentation
Reassembly
Reliable Delivery(contd)
Transport layer adds a sequence number at each segment. This number indicates the order for reassembly. Each segment carries a field that indicates whether it is the final
segment or middle segment of a transmission.
so small that several units can fit together into a single datagram. A sequence number at each unit allows correct separation at the destination.
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Reliable Delivery(contd)
Loss Control
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Reliable Delivery(contd)
Duplication Control
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Flow Control
Flow control at this layer is performed end-to-end rather than across a single link. A sliding window is used to make data transmission more efficient as well as to control the flow of data so that the receiver does not become overwhelmed. Some points about sliding windows at the transport layer:
The sender does not have to send a full windows worth of data. An acknowledgment can expand the size of the window based
on the sequence number of the acknowledged data segment. The size of the window can be increased or decreased by the receiver. The receiver can send an acknowledgment at anytime.
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Flow Control(contd)
Sliding window
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Flow Control(contd)
Sliding windows used at the transport layer are usually byte oriented rather than frame oriented.
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Multiplexing
Upward Multiplexing The transport layer can send several transmissions bound for the same destination along the same path. It is useful when the underlying networks have high throughput. Downward Multiplexing It is useful when the underlying networks have low or slow capacity(e.g., X.25s three bit sequence code).
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22.2 Connection
End-to-end delivery can be accomplished in either of two modes: Connection-oriented transmission has three stages: connection establishment, data transfer, connection termination.
Connectionless transmission
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Connection(contd)
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Connection(contd)
To avoid redundant services, the OSI model defines five types of transport classes:
TP0: Simple class TP1: Basic error recovery class TP2: Multiplexing class TP3: Error recovery and multiplexing class TP4: Error detection and recovery class
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Which class is used depends on the type of service required by the upper layers.
In the perfect network layer, the number of packets that are lost or
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Code : CR, CC, DR, DC, DT(data), ED, AK, EA, RJ, ER Source and destination reference Sequence number Credit allocation : It enables a receiver to tell the sender how
many more data units may be sent.
The OSI model supports both COTS and CLTS. Connection-oriented model is more commonly used.
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