SSBTs COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY BAMBHORI, JALGAON

TOPIC:- SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

ME - I SEM-I (ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING)

PRESENTED BY :- P. V. KHARMALE UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF :- Dr. MUJAHID HUSSAIN
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION GENERATION OF MSW PRINCIPLES OF SWM CHALLENGES IN SWM FACTORS INFLUENSING SWM COLLECTION OF MSW DISPOSAL OF MSW MODERN TECHNIQUES IN SWM KEY ELEMENTS IN SWM LAW PROVISIONS IN SWM INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

Generation of MSW:
Municipal solid waste (MSW) / Urban Solid Waste Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green waste. Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals, certain plastics, Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris.

Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste plastics.

Domestic hazardous waste (also called "household hazardous waste & toxic waste: medication, e-waste, paints, chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, spray cans, batteries etc.

contnd-------3

INDUSTRIAL WASTES: 1)NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Radioactive wastes 2)THERMAL POWER PLANTS Fly ash 3)CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES Toxic chemicals, oxides & acids. AGRICULTURAL WASTES:1) CROP WASTE Spoiled crops & food wastes.

2) DAIRIES Spoiled dairy products

3) HAZARDOUS WASTE pesticides wastes & unused fertilizers. E-WASTE: ELECTRONIC WASTE Hazardous constituents Lead, Cadmium, Mercury & Plastic

PRINCIPLES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

HIERARCHY OF WASTE MINIMISATION

Challenges in SWM:
Sustainable municipal waste systems for growing global urbanization, densification and industrialization. Social inclusion of the poor, women, diverse peoples and the informal sector.

Special solutions for special wastes with

special needs.
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Quantity of Solid Waste:

In the year 1947, cities and towns in India generated an estimated 6 million tones of solid waste; which increased to about 48 million tones in 5 decades by 1997. According to Central pollution control board { CPCB} & National envn engg

research institution { NEERI} SW generated in Indias top ten cities.

Composition of MSW in a Typical Indian City

The general composition of solid waste being generated from the cities of India is 40% Food & Garden waste, 5% glass & Ceramics , 3% Metal, 15% inert, 4% Plastic/ Rubber, 6 %Textile, 27 % Paper.

Type of litter & Approximate time it takes to degenerate the litter

Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit foodstuff, etc. ---- a week or two Paper ----10-30 days Cotton cloth ----2-5 months Wood ----10-15 years Woolen items---- 1 year Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as cans ----100-500 years peels, leftover,

Plastic bags---- One million years?

Glass bottles---- Undetermined
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Collection of MSW broadly involves following functional elements Stage I: Collection from Non point Source: Stage II: Collection from Point Source: Stage III: Segregation of waste:

Stage IV :Transportation to Disposal sites:

Frequency & efficiency in waste collection: Fund restriction: Man force, Vehicles & Equipments : Impacts:

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Disposal methods
For large Scale disposal:

1. Open dumps:
2. Landfill / Sanitary landfills

3. Incineration
4. Bioreactor landfills For Small Scale disposal: 1. Composting 2. Biological waste treatment
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Municipal Waste Collection and Disposal (% of waste tonnes handled)

Developed Countries High Income

Collection 100% Safe Disposal 100%

Developing Countries Middle Income

Collection 60% Safe Disposal - 30%

Developing Countries Low Income

Collection 40% Safe Disposal 5% contd----12

Developed Countries High Income

Population 1.0 B Waste 1.4 M tonnes /day (1.4 kg/capita/day)

Developing Countries Middle Income

Population - 3.0 B (~ 30% of city dwellers live in slums)
Waste 2.4 M tonnes /day (0.8 kg/capita/day)

Developing Countries Low Income

Population - 2.4 B (~ 65% of city dwellers live in slums)
Waste 1.4 M tonnes/day (0.6 kg/capita/day)
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IMPROVED LANDFILL

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KEY ELEMENTS IN SWM

BETTER TECHNOLOGY SELECTION

TRAINED MANPOWER PUBLIC AWARENESS STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM ENFORCEMENT OF LAW PROVISION PARTICIPATION OF ALL STAKE HOLDERS
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Integrated Solid Waste Management

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Municipal Recycling
75% MSW can be made recyclable if: Mandatory Easy to do Incentives Political and industrial support
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Factors Contributing to Increasing Amounts of MSW

Increasing populations
Changing lifestyles Disposable materials* Excessive packaging*
* Two largest contributors to waste volume
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Law provisions in SWM

Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rule, 2000:
Maharashtra Non-Biodegradable Garbage (Control) Act 2006
Maharashtra Plastic Carry Bags (Manufacture and Usage) Rules 2006

plastic carry bags made of virgin or recycled plastic of thickness less than 50 micron and of the size 8 x 12 inches are banned in the State.

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CASE STUDY OF

NISARGRUNA

PROJECT

The technology is developed by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

(BARC), Mumbai. BARC has transferred this technology to 30 private

entrepreneurs so far on non-exclusive basis. NISARGRUNA plants would be useful for Municipal Corporations, urban local bodies, hospitals, hotels, housing societies, government

establishments, abattoirs, Grampanchayats, and farmers.

NISARGRUNA plants can be installed for handling 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 25 MT of segregated biodegradable waste per day.

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 Types of wastes that can and cannot be processed in NISARGRUNA plants. Stale and unused portion of cooked food from households, hotels and
industrial canteens Vegetable refuses either from vegetable markets or kitchens Shredded paper Abattoir waste especially the cattle intestinal materials Gobar, night soil

Lawn cuttings, dry leaves, algal or plant materials recovered from water
bodies like lakes, rivers or wells Certain materials are to be strictly avoided. Coconut and egg shells

Coconut coir
Feathers, hair Green twigs, wood The straw and sugarcane bagass will have to be chopped very finely

before processing.

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Government incentives for this project. Government of India has enacted Municipal solid waste (Management and handling) rules, 2000 under the provision of environment Protection Act, 1986 to

regulate the management of Municipal solid waste (MSW). It specifies that the
Municipal authorities shall adopt suitable technology for minimizing the burden on land fills. Nuclear agricultural and biotechnology division, BARC has developed a technology of bio degradation of solid waste based on biomethanisation process. Technology named as NISARGRUNA produces organic manure (soil conditioner) and produces biogas (consisting methane) which can be used as fuel or can be utilized to generate power.

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Government also gives various incentives Capital subsidy of Rs. 3 Crore per MW exportable electricity for one plant based on each technology. Interest subsidy of Rs. 2 Crore per MW exportable electricity to other plants. 100% depreciation in first year of operation. Purchase of electricity by State Electricity Boards at Rs.4.04 per KW from 2006-07 with 5% escalation per year. MSW supply at site free of charge. Land on lease of 30 years at nominal lease rent of Rs. 1 / 10 m2 / year. In addition to above State Government gives following incentives: Octroi exemption Permission to mortgage the land for project finance. Permission for third party sale of electricity. Further under Kyoto Protocol, the project may be able to derive financial benefits under carbon trading as per Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). 26

Components of NISARGRUNA plant.

CIVIL ELEMENTS: Receiving platform Predigesters Main digester 1 2 1

Gas holder
Transit chamber Drying shed

1
4 1

Unloading shed
Storage shed

1
1
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 MECHANICAL ELEMENTS Sorting screen 1 Conveyer belt* 1 Chopper* 1 Weighing scale 1 Mixers 2 Slurry pump* 1 Belt press** 1 Hot water generator (methane boiler)** 1 Power generator* 1 Methane blower Gas meter 1 * - optional ** - for plants more than 5 tonnes/day capacity
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROLS TEMP INDICATION & RECORDER PH INDICATORS & RECORDER METHANE FLOW INDICATOR/INTEGRATOR

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Area required for the NISARGRUNA plant.

Plant capacity (TPD) 1 Area required (m2) 150

2
3

300
400

5
10

600
1200

25

3000

Annual Operation and Maintenance cost

Plant capacity MT/day 1.0 5.0 10.0 25.0 No. of workers 2 6 10 15 O&M Charges (Annual) Rs. 120000 Rs. 300000

Rs. 500000
Rs. 900000
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 Outputs of this processing.

The outputs expected from NISARGRUNA plant of 1.0 MT/day capacity : 1.5 to 2.1 m3 of biogas is equivalent to 1L of diesel in terms of heat output. If NISARGRUNA plants are maintained accurately, we can expect higher

purity of biogas than 65%.

QUALITY OF MANURE The C:N ratio of organic manure is between 12:1 to 16:1. It is a good

source of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and iron.

Sr. No. 1. 2. Parameter Biogas* Organic manure Quantity 90-100m3 80-100 Kg

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 Biogas use
Cooking: Methane can be supplied using GI pipelines. The diffusion process can carry methane up to 1-2 Km Industrial canteens, crematoria or boilers would be ideal users. Generation of electricity: Biogas can be converted into electricity using a diesel generator attached with biogas mixing unit. Such generators of 10, 25 and higher KVA capacity are available Five tonne plant can generate about 500 units of electricity per day. Biogas engines are available Compression of methane: Compression of methane in cylinders opens up a possibility of transporting and utilization of methane as vehicle fuel. Such usage is being done in European countries. Utilization of manure: Manure generated in the Nisargruna plant can serve as an excellent soil conditioner. It can be supplied to farmers at the rate of 4-5 Rs. per Kg.
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 Important benefits of a NISARGRUNA plant. Impact of clean environment and increasing awareness among people and their participation in such projects needs no elaboration. Project can be trendsetter for the philosophy of Safe disposal of waste by integrating energy recovery component to make it self sustainable. Municipal Council can certainly save on transport and manpower. NEED OF THE HOUR Today, the decentralized treatment system for safe treatment and disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) has become a distinct possibility because of supreme court directives for compulsory segregation of waste at its source into WET and DRY garbage and its scientific treatment & safe disposal.
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References:
http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/estdir/pub/msw http://www.cpcb.nic.in http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ http://edugreen.teri.res.in/ http://www.sustainability org http://www.massbalance.org/downloads/projectfiles http://msw.cecs.ucf.edu/Lesson8-Incineration.html http://edugreen.teri.res.in http://www.unep.org http://solid.gov.bb http://epa.gov

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From the time of the first Eve, it took human history over 3 million years to reach 1 BB people in the early 1800s. Today, we gain 1 BB people every 12-14 years. World population grows by more than 200,000 each day. This year, urban populations exceeded rural populations.

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