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The Systems Development Process, Part II: System Selection, Detailed Design, and System Implementation
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Systems Planning
Detailed Design
Required Documentation
Feasibility Factors
Technical - well-established and understood technologies represent less risk and will receive a higher score Legal - need to assess critical control, security, audit trail, and privacy issues Operational - the availability of well-trained, motivated, and experienced users must be assessed Schedule - need to assess available development tools, the technology platform, the systems design, and user training requirements Economic - costs are becoming better defined and assessment becomes easier
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Cost-Benefit Analysis
Cost-benefit analysis helps management determine whether the benefits received from a proposed system will outweigh its costs. It is useful for comparing competing systems designs. Intangible benefits make this process difficult.
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Cost-Benefit Analysis
Identify the costs. Identify the benefits. Compare the two.
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Period
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Disadvantages:
reduced independence - the customer is dependent on the vendor for maintenance less flexibility in system greater difficulty in modifying the system as needs change over time
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Data Modeling
Data Modeling is the task of formalizing the data requirements of the business process as a conceptual model. The primary tool is the ER diagram which is used to depict the entities or data objects in the system. Each entity in an ER diagram is a candidate for a conceptual user view that must be supported by the database.
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When unnormalized tables are split and reduced to third normal form, they must then be linked together by foreign keys.
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Telephone: 4
Terms
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Qty
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Unit Price Extended Price
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Total Cost
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Transaction File
Audit Trail
Electronic Input Transaction File
Direct Input
Economic Event
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Direct Input
This method can reduce the input errors that result from additional clerical steps involved in input from source documents. Direct data collection uses intelligent forms for online editing that help the user complete the forms and make calculations automatically.
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PR File
Open PO File
RR File
Invoice File
AP SubLedger
Post
Update AP & Prepare Voucher
1.4.5 Review & Approved Compare Liabilities Post 1.4.6 Posting Data Voucher Register
Payment Voucher
Journal Voucher
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Pseudocode
Allows the functional characteristics and logic of the modules to be expressed without having to code in any specific programming language Allows end users to be actively involved in this step even though they may lack programming skills
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and evaluate controls with a system-wide perspective that did not exist when each module was being designed independently. 32
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Programming Languages
Generation 1GL Language Machine Example 010110000010000000010000001110 000110000110000000100000111000 110101100000100011000100000011 L 2,A A 2,B ST 2,C ADD SALARY, COMMISSION, GIVING TOTAL PAY COMPUTE TOTAL PAY OF ALL EMPLOYEES BY ADDING THEIR SALARY AND COMMISSION
2GL
3GL 4GL
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Software Testing
Programs must be thoroughly tested before they are implemented. Individual modules should be tested with test data containing both good and bad data. All logic procedures should be tested. After the individual modules have been
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Post-Implementation Review
The objective is to measure the success of the system and of the process after the dust has settled. Want to assess:
system design adequacy accuracy of time, cost, and benefit estimates
This information can provide feedback to improve future systems development projects.
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