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Direct Driers
Batch Driers
Cabinet Drier Truck Drier
Cabinet Drier
Used for drying solids which must be supported on trays Ex: Pasty materials, lumpy solids Cabinet containing removable trays on which the solid to be dried is spread Steam heated air is blown across and between the trays Inert gas even super heated steam rather than air is used
Trays are stacked upon the trucks which are pushed into the drier cabinet over pairs of rails Several trucks may be accomodated The gas velocity is maintained within 0.3-3m/s About 80-95% of the air is recirculated to maintain high gas velocity Stagnant pockets cause poor drying Fresh air is drawn through a dust filter
Advantages: Low cost, less space requirement, ease of cleaning and accessibility Disadvantages: High operating cost, cost for loading and unloading, stagnant pockets
Continuous Driers
Tunnel Truck Drier Belt or Band or Conveyor Drier Rotary Drier Flash or Pneumatic Drier
Belt Conveyor
A perforated moving belt A screen or perforated steel belt Minimum size of the openings is 30mesh The belt moves into a drying cabinet and hot gas passes through the layer Uniform rate of feeding and distribution of the solid is required Through circulation
Gas velocity is 0.25m/s and 1.5m/s Bed of thickness is 3-15cm Solid ranges from 15-80kg/m2 The steam consumption for heating is 2kg per moisture moved Suitable for coarser particles granules pellets, nuts, fruits cereals and sliced carrots
Rotary Drier
Consists of a slowly rotating slightly inclined cylindrical shell fed with the moist solid at the upper end Hotgas is flowing is parallel or countercurrent to the moving solid
Rotary Drier
Workhorse of chemical driers Widely used class of continuous driers Suitable for free flowing non sticky and granular materials All crystals after crystallization and washing Drying of table salt, sodium sulphate, drying of sand Drying rate is intermediate between tray driers and fluidized bed driers
Flights always keep the solids in the flow of air Straight, 450 and 900 flights
Pneumatic Drier
Pneumatic Conveyor
Consists of a vertical conveyor pipe into which the wet solid is fed near the bottom through a screw feeder Hot air enters the drier at a point below the solid feed point at a velocity of 20-30m/s A small time 1-10s usually around 3s is allowed for the drying
Solid temperature is not raised that much Often the solid temperature is at the wetbulb temp of the gas Heat sensitive or easily oxidizible materails like proteins and animal feed are dried Ideal for the removal of surface moisture like polymer beads Cyclone separates the solid from the gas
Inlet gas temp is high Modified versions are used for the drying of corn, clays etc Unsuitable for large or heavy particles No separate arrangement is necessary for transporting the dried product
Indirect Driers
Batch Driers
Agitated Pan Drier Vacuum Tray Drier Freeze Drier
Freeze Drier
It is used for dehydrating heat sensitive and perishable materails like seafood, meat, fruits, vegetables, pharamaceuticals etc Material is first frozen so that the liquid (water) gets separated by crystallization in the form of ice It is vacuum shelf unit operated at Pabs less than 0.8mm Hg Temperature is -200C or even less
The ice crystals in the solid sublimate under vaccum and the vapor is condensed at about -600C. Driving force for sublimation of ice is the difference between the sublimation vapor pressure and the condensed pressure Drying rate is low as 0.2-2kg/m2.h
Shrinkage of the material does not occur and freezed product can be instantly and fully rehydrated
Continuous Driers
Steam tube Rotary Drier Drum Drier Spray Drier
Loss of heat through the gas is less Where a clean and inert heating atmosphere is to be maintained Drying of terephthalic acid is used Degradation of the material is avoided
Drum Drier
One or two steam heated rotating drums The feed, a solution or a slurry forms a thin layer on the drum Film thickness is controlled by a blade in a single drum unit or by the gap in twin drum unit Air may be blown over the surface for the removal of moisture Dry product is scrapped off as flakes
Drying rate is high about 10-30kg/m2.h Time is 3-12s Used for materials that are too thick for a spray drier and too thin for a rotary drier Suitable if the feed rate is too small
Spray Drier
Spray Drier
Used to dry the atomized droplets of a feed that may be solution or a slurry of fine particles Big drying chamber 15m diameter and 35m tall Feed is introduced through the atomizer Hot gas may be at 7000C and generally 2502800C
Drying of the droplets dispersed in the hot gas occurs in a very short time of seconds Atomization is the feed is done by rotating disk Liquid is fed onto the disk at the centre Size of the droplets ranges from 10-20microns