Theories Of Pattern Recognition

BY . PRASAD JADHAV

What exactly a Pattern Recognition

is?

Pattern recognition refers to the

process of recognizing a set of stimuli arranged in a certain pattern that is

characteristic of that set of stimuli.

Pattern recognition involves

identification of faces, objects, words, melodies, etc

The Theories of pattern recognition

The Gestalt approach.

Gestalt approach is a theory of mind and brain; the operational principle of gestalt psychology is that the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies. The principle maintains that the human eye sees objects in their entirety before perceiving their individual parts.

Figure - Ground

Gestalt Approach examples

Proximity.

Similarity

Continuity.

Closure

Symmetry.

Bottom-Up Theories
Template Theories Prototype Theories Feature Theories Structural-Description Theory

Template Theories
Templates are highly detailed models for patterns we potentially might recognize. We recognize a pattern by comparing it with our set of templates. We then choose the exact template that perfectly matches what we observe.

Chess players who have knowledge of many games use a matching strategy in line with template theory to recall previous games

such theories cannot easily account for our perception of the letters and words

Contradiction to template theory

We can recognize an A as an A despite variations in the size, orientation, and form in which the letter is written. Are we to believe that we have mental templates for each possible size, orientation, and form of a letter?

Prototype Theories
Prototype means a concept of average characteristics of a

particular subject. It can be found throughout the world.

For instance a concept of small animal with feathers, beak, two wings that can fly is a prototype concept of a crow, sparrow, hen, eagle, etc.

Prototype Theories Example

When a sensory device registers a new stimulus, the device compares it with previously stored prototypes. An exact match is not required; in fact, only an approximate match is expected.

Feature Theories
According to these theories, we attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or a prototype.

Oliver Selfridges feature-matching model

According to Oliver Selfridges feature-matching model, we recognize patterns by matching observed features to features already stored in memory. We recognize the patterns for which we have found the greatest number of matches

Top-Down Approaches

Top down processing can be seen as processing what one is perceiving using past information. It occurs when someone infers from a generalization, law etc. to conclude something about a particular example, instance, case etc.

ST_P

color constancy
In color constancy, we perceive that the color of an object remains the same despite changes in lighting that alter the hue. Consider lighting that becomes so dim that color sensations are virtually absent. We still perceive bananas as yellow, plums as purple, and so on.

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