Chapter 12: Chemical Kinetics

Introduction
The study of conditions affecting reactions and
rate at which they are occurring is called CHEMICAL KINETICS.

Rate of Reaction
The RATE of a reaction = SPEED at which a reaction happens. The RATE at which the reactants are transformed into the products of the reaction.

e.g. A

B+C

Rate of Reaction
The term RATE describes the change in a quantity that occurs per unit of time.
Rate of Reaction =

( ) t

The symbol means change in and the bracket indicates concentration.

Instantaneous Rates of Reaction

Refers to Rate or Speed of the reaction at one moment in time.

changes throughout the reaction because the concentrations change non-linearly over time.

Instantaneous Rates of Reaction

We calculate the average rate over a given interval of time.

d () Instantaneous Rate of Reaction = dt

Instantaneous Rates of Reaction

The rate of reaction at every point on graph is
directly propertional to the concentration of the reactants at that moment in time.

Rate = k (concentration of reactants)n

Describes the rate of reaction, known as the RATE LAW for the reaction.

Instantaneous Rates of Reaction

The rate of reaction is proportional to the concentration of reactants.

Order of Reaction =MOLECULARITY

It gives you information about which concentrations affect the rate of the reaction. To find out the ORDER of reaction, we need to write down each step in the reaction.

Each step have its own order.

The order of reaction simply counts the number of species (molecules, ions, atoms or free radicals) taking part in that step.

Chemical Equilibrium
Most chemical reactions were not reversible they could not go back to the reactants once the products are formed. But it is normal in a chemical reaction that not all the reactants become products. Some chemical reactions however will go backwards and forwards depending on The conditions known as REVERSIBLE REACTION.

Chemical Equilibrium
In other words, both forward and backward

reaction will occur.

When the forward reaction is happening at the

SAME rate as the backward reaction, the reactions are in Equilibrium.

Factors affecting Equilibrium

When a bunch of molecules are left alone, they reach a state of equilibrium. But that position of equilibrium can change if something happens to the molecules. Here's a list of things which can change the equilibrium point... (1) Catalysts are added. (2) The temperature of the system is changed. (3) The pressure of the system is changed. (4) The concentrations are changed, like adding more water to a solution or adding more of one substance.