Biomedical Informatics & Cancer

National Press Foundation Dec 11, 2012

Subha Madhavan, Ph.D. Director, Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University

Disclaimer

Please note that some of the views presented are solely mine and do not necessarily reflect those of the Georgetown University.

Era Of Discovery And Better Treatments

Study Reshaping Ways of Treating Breast Cancer

By Gina Kolata September 23, 2012

Encode

Era Of Scientific Transformation

First genome sequenced in 1995
the bacteria H. influenzae with a genome of 1,830,140 letters

1st draft of human genome finished in 2001 (~ 3 billion letters) Hundreds of higher-order genomes done or in progress. The worlds current sequencing capacity is estimated to be 13 quadrillion DNA bases a year requiring 3 or more exabytes of storage (approximately 1/100 of the entire worlds data storage) The NIH-funded 1000 Genomes Project deposited 200 terabytes of data into the GenBank archive during the projects first 6 months of operation, twice as much as had been deposited into all of GenBank for the entire 30 years preceding Million Genome projects not too far way!

Yet, in many cases we cannot answer patients individualized questions

Will my cancer spread? Do I need chemotherapy after surgery for my cancer type? What are the side effects of chemotherapy for me? Are there any new drugs targeted for my type of cancer? What are my chances of survival?

Real Cost of Sequencing

Sboner et al. Genome Biology 2011, 12:125

Biomedical Informatics Defined

Biomedical informatics (BMI) is the interdisciplinary field that studies and pursues the effective uses of biomedical data, information, and knowledge for scientific inquiry, problem solving, and decision making, motivated by efforts to improve human health.
AMIA 2011

Interdisciplinary Nature of Biomedical Informatics

AMIA 2011

What Has Biomedical Informatics Delivered So Far?

Human Genome Assembly (3 Billion Bases) Disease Gene Discovery (Over 10K entries in OMIM) Personalized Medicine (e.g. Her2) Predicting Drug sensitivity & Response (e.g. Warfarin)

Three Examples of Use of Biomedical Informatics in Cancer Care & Research

1. Genomics As An Information Science

National and International Efforts

Broads Genome Space MSKCC cBIO TCGA Internal Cancer Genomics Consortium Multiple Myeloma Portal Oncomine Harvards i2b2 J&Js Transmart Georgetown Database of Cancer (G-DOC)

Integrated Environment: G-DOC Links To Many Data Silos

Pathway Studio
Systems biology Literature

Cytoscape
Visualization networks

JMol/Marvin
Molecule Visualization Ingenuity Analysis
Pathways, GO, Variants

G-DOC
JBrowse
Genome Visualization

RedCap Clinical Research

Disease Classification Tools

EHRs

https://gdoc.georgetown.edu

Over 330 registered users from six countries

~250 unique hits/month

G-DOC Under The Hood

Personalize Colorectal Cancer Therapy

Goals:
- To obtain a multidimensional molecular portrait of cancer - To find most informative combination of the biomarkers correlated with clinical outcome - To test the biomarkers in the clinic

Molecular Signatures Of Stage II Colorectal Cancer Relapse

OMICS Data

Gene Expression DNA Copy Number Metabolites miRNA data

Demographics Pathology Diet Family History

Clinical

Gene Expression Markers Separate CRC Relapse Patients From Non-Relapse Cases

Patient Level DNA Changes

Chromosome 4

Impacted Biological Functions

Next Generation Sequencing Big Data Analytics On The Cloud

Genomic Data De-identified Clinical data

PC

User

Genome Data

Amazon S3 Bucket

Amazon EC2 Compute Instances

G-DOC Web Portal

Clinical Data

Amazon Glacier Vault

MongoDB EC2 Instances

Oracle RDS Instance

2. Pharmacogenomics

One Size Fits All Does not Work!

All patients with same diagnosis Treating with same drug(s)

Responders and Patients not Experiencing Severe Toxicity

Non-Responders and Patients Experiencing Severe Toxicity

Pharmacogenomics Use?
Identify populations that should receive lower or higher doses of a drug Identify responder populations (e.g. ultrarapid metabolizers) Identify high risk groups

Individualized Cancer Care: Cause & Treatment

Tumor Genetics Somatic Mutations Personal Genetics Germline Mutations

Personalized Rx Plan: Right Drug Right Dose Right Patient Right Time

Tumor Genetics Influences Drug Choice

Lung Cancer
EGFR Tarceva Alk Xalkori Adeno Alimta

Breast Cancer
Her2 Herceptin ER/PR Tamoxifen

Colon Cancer
EGFR Erbitux MI / 18q deletions / DCC FOLFOX

Melanoma
BRaf Zelboraf

Many Cancers Are Molecularly Driven

On average 75% of patients dont respond to the cancer drug given to them

Source: Wall Street Journal, 2011

Drug Dosing May Vary By Ancestry

Average daily doses of 3.4 mg in Asians, 5.1 mg in whites, and 6.1 mg in blacks are representative of the literature for these ethnic groups

Johnson J A Circulation 2008;118:1383-1393 Reproduced from Dang et al,6 with permission from the Annals of Pharmacotherpy.

PGx Biomarkers In FDA Drug Labels

Source: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/Pharmacogenetics/ucm083378.htm

Genotype Tests Aid In Therapeutic Strategy

Help Clinicians Make The Right Drug Choices Clinical Factors

Environmental Factors

Genetic Factors

Clinical Decision Support (e.g. Bayesian Analysis)

Right Drug Right Dosage

Bayesian Network

Background
A Bayesian network is a probabilistic graphical model that represents a set of random variables and their conditional dependencies. Generalizations of Bayesian networks that can represent and solve decision problems under uncertainty are called influence diagrams

GeNIe software
Developed at the Decision Systems Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh. It can be used to implement graphical decisiontheoretic methods, such as Bayesian networks and influence diagrams
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Clinical Decision Support Using Genotype Data

3. Mobile Health

Motivation
Need to enhance patient experience in the clinic Clipboard to iPAD Standardized data collection Error detection and data validation Effective secondary use of clinical care data Collect once and use multiple times (for care, research, education) Enable clinical research Patients need to feel part of the process Making patient education fun for all involved

Electronic Data Capture To Enhance Patient Engagement In Cancer Research & Care

Patient Navigation

Real-Time Clinical Decision Support

Tonics built-in risk assessment engine means that any patient form can also screen patients for a host of conditions that their physician may not have time to uncover, helping lead to improved and more preventativecare, and the ability to better segment and manage patient populations.in real time.

Risk Assessments

Clinician

Screenings
(i.e. Autism, Anxiety, Alcoholism, etc.)

Triage Flagged Answers Clinical Trial / Research Eligibility

Real-time Clinical Decision Support (contd)

Example of web report. Can download, print or .pdf each patient report.

Example of printed pedigree report

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Patient Education
Tonics real time data analytics engine also allows for patient education (such as videos, links or text) to be dynamically served up based on a patients answers.
- Example: Tonic automatically screens patients for breast cancer risk and serves up a video about mammograms at the end of the questionnaire to those who are calculated as being at high risk. (Those at medium and low risk see different videos.)

Risk scores can also be communicated to patients in real time, if desired.

Current Challenges
Educating the next generation of physicians and researchers in information sciences Clinical validation of research data Data access and policy Issues Varying data formats needing harmonization Lack of clear, universal consent forms Privacy issues around storing genomes on the cloud

My email: sm696@gerogetown.edu Our Center Website: http://icbi.georgetown.edu