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These three pathways are the most significant in terms of the amount of glucose that flows through them in most cells.
What is the net yield (in energy equivalents) per molecule glucose?
Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O Formation of 2 Pyruvates: Glucose + 2NAD+ 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H+ G1O= -146 kJ/mol Formation of 2 ATP: 2ADP + 2Pi 2ATP + 2H2O G2O= 61.0 kJ/mol
G = -16.7 kJ/mol
Phosphohexose Isomerase
Recation 2: Phosphohexose isomerase catalyzes the conversion of G6P to F6P, essentially the isomerization of an aldose to a ketose.
G = 1.7 kJ/mol
G = -14.2 kJ/mol
Aldolase
Reaction 4: Aldolase catalyzes cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP)
G = 23.8 kJ/mol
G = 7.5 kJ/mol
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
Reaction 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase forms the first high-energy intermediate.
G = 6.3 kJ/mol
G = -18.5 kJ/mol
Phosphoglycerate Mutase
Reaction 8: Catalyzes of a reversible shift of the phosphoryl group between C-2 and C-3 of glycerate; Mg2+ is essential.
G = 4.4 kJ/mol
G = -31.4 kJ/mol
Lactate Fermentation
Enzyme = Lactate Dehydrogenase Pyruvate + NADH
+
H+
L-Lactate + NAD+
Lactate fermentation is important in red blood cells, parts of the retina and in skeletal muscle cells during extreme high activity. Also important in plants and microbes growing in absence of O2.
G = -25.1 kJ/mol
Alcoholic Fermentation
Two enzymes involved: Pyruvate decarboxylase irreversible Alcohol dehydrogenase reversible Pathway is active in yeast Regenerates NAD+ from NADH (reducing equivalents) produced in glycolysis. Second step is reversible ethanol oxidation eventiually yields acetate enters fat synthesis