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DRILLING ENGINEERING
Chapter 5
Drilling Bits
Contents:
Various bit types available (classification).
Drillability
Abrasiveness Type of Reservoir
Types of Bits
1. Drag Bits: Fixed cutter blades Consist of fixed cutter blades that are integral with the body of the bit and rotate as a unit with the drill string (19th
century).
2. Rolling Cutter Bits: Rock bits - with cones
Drag Bits
Design Features
Number & shape of cutting blades/stones Size and location of the water courses Metallurgy of the bit and cutting elements
Drag Bits
Drilling is achieved by physically blowing
Drag Bits
Advantages
No rolling parts which require strong clean bearing surfaces Because it is made from one solid piece of steel there is less chance of bit breakage, which would leave junk in the bottom of the
hole
Drag Bits
Cutter may be made from:
Steel Tungsten carbide Natural diamonds
Drag Bits
Types of Drag Bits
Steel cutter bits (Fishtail Type) Diamond bits Polycrystalline diamond bits
When coring
When a lower cost/ft would result
Diamond Bits
Best for hard non-brittle formations The face or crown of the bit consists of many diamonds set in a tungsten carbide matrix
Diamond Bits
Shape of crown profit:
Step type
Long taper (straight hole, high wt.)
Short taper (easier to clean)
Diamond Bits
Size and number of diamonds, depend on
Soft formations:
Few large stones 0.75-2.0 carrot
Diamond Bits
Pressure drop across the face of the bit
Pump pressure measured with the bit off
bottom-pump pressure with the bit drilling = 500 : 1000 psi
Manufacturer usually provide estimate of approximate circulating rate required establishing the needed pressure drop across the bit.
PDC Bits
process
PDC bits
together
The PCD is bonded either to a tungsten carbide
PDC Bits
At about $10,000-150,000 a piece, PDC bits cost five to 15 times more than roller cone bits
$/Bit
Diamond Bits WC Insert Milled Bits Tooth Bits
Diamond bits typically cost several times as much as tricone bits with tungsten carbide inserts (same bit diam.) A TCI bit may cost several times as much as a milled tooth bit.
CT - Chipped Cutter
Less than 1/3 of cutting element is gone
BT - Broken Cutter
More than 1/3 of cutting element is broken to the substrate
LT - Lost Cutter
Bit is missing one or more cutters
LN - Lost Nozzle
Bit is missing one or more nozzles
Table 7.7 - Commonly Used Bit Sizes For Running API Casing
Casing Size (OD in.) 4 1/2 5 5 1/2 6 6 5/8 7 7 5/8 8 5/8 9 5/8 10 3/4 13 3/8 16 20 Coupling Size Common Bit (OD in.) Sizes Used (in.) 5.0 6, 6 1/8, 6 1/4 5.563 6 1/2, 6 3/4 6.050 7 7/8, 8 3/8 6.625 7 7/8, 8 3/8, 8 1/2 7.390 8 1/2, 8 5/8, 8 3/4 7.656 8 5/8, 8 3/4, 9 1/2 8.500 9 7/8, 10 5/8, 11 9.625 11, 12 1/4 10.625 12 1/4, 14 3/4 11.750 15 14.375 17 1/2 17 20 21 24, 26