SOLID-LIQUID EXTRACTION/LEACHING

Separation of solutes from solid using liquid solvent Eg. Soya milk (solute) from soya bean (inert solid) using water (liquid solvent) In the metal industry - leaching of copper salts from ground ores using sulfuric acid or ammoniacal solutions

Leaching of toxic materials into groundwater is a major health concern

FKKSA

EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONS & SINGLE-STAGE LEACHING

Overflow (enriched solvent) Fresh solvent

Rich solids

Underflow (spent solids)

Assumptions: solute-free solid (B) is insoluble in the solvent (C) sufficient time for equilibrium no adsorption of solute (A) back into solid Concentration of solution in overflow = concentration of solution in underflow Concentration of inert solid (B) in solution of underflow, N: kg B N kg A kg C Weight fraction of solute (A) in overflow V,xA: x A kg A kg A kg C

kg A Weight fraction of solute (A) in underflows solution L,yA: y A kg A kg C

FKKSA

EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONS

Constant underflow concentration straight & horizontal line in N vs yA Varying underflow concentration a curve in N vs yA
FKKSA

SINGLE-STAGE LEACHING
Overflow Fresh solvent

Rich solids

Underflow

V = overflow flowrate (kg/h) L = underflows solid-free flowrate (kg/h) M = imaginary total flowrate (kg/h)

L1 L0

Total material balance:

L0 + V2 = L1 + V1 = M
M

Balance on A: L0yA0 + V2xA2 = L1yA1 + V1xA1 =MxAM Balance on B: L0N0 + 0 = L1N1 + 0 =MNM
FKKSA V2

V1

xAM

Example 12.9-1
100 kg soy beans containing 20 wt. % oil is leached with 100 kg of fresh hexane. N for the slurry underflow is essentially constant at 1.5 kg insoluble solid/kg solution V1 ,xA1 retained. V2 = 100 kg 1 atm Comp. A = soy oil xA2=0 L1,N1 B0 = 100(1-0.2) = 80kg Comp.B = soy bean 293K yA1 Comp.C = hexane L0 = 100 80 = 20 kg Total material balance: N0 = 80/20=4, yA0 = 1 L0 + V2 = L1 + V1 = M 20 + 100 = L1 + V1 = 120 Balance on A: 20(1) + 100(0) = L1xA1 + V1yA1 =120(xAM) (xAM) =0.167 From the graph: yA1 = 0.167 xA1 = 0.167 Solving: L1 = 53.3 kg V1 = 66.7 kg

FKKSA

COUNTERCURRENT MULTISTAGE LEACHING

Total material balance: L0 + VN+1 = LN + V1 = M Balance on A:

L0yA0 + VN+1xAN+1 = LNyAN+ V1xA1 =MxAM

Difference flows : = L0 - V1 = LN- VN+1 =
FKKSA

Example 12.10-1
Feed: B = 2000 kg/h meal A = 800 kg oil C = 50 kg benzene Fresh solvent: C = 1310 kg benzene A = 20 kg oil Leached solids: A = 120 kg oil. L0 = 800 + 50 = 850 kg/h LN = 120 + C VN+1 = 1310 + 20 = 1330 kg/h y0A = 800/ 850 = 0.941 yNA = 120/(120 +C) xN+1A = 20/ 1330 = 0.015 N0 = 2000/850 = 2.36 NN = 2000/120+C yNA = 120/120 = 1 NN = 2000/120 = 16.67 Total material balance: L0 + VN+1 = LN + V1 = M 850 + 1330 = LN + V1 = 2180 Balance on A: L y + V x 0 A0 N+1 AN+1 = LNyAN + V1xA1 =MxAM 850(0.941) + 1330(0.015) = LNyAN + V1xA1 =2180(xAM) xAM = 0.376
FKKSA

Solvent free calculation for leached solid:

Example 12.10-1
1. Plot N vs yA,xA with underflow & overflow. Locate L0, VN+1 & LN L0 = 850 kg/h y0A = 800/ 850 = 0.941 N0 = 2000/850 = 2.36 VN+1 = 1330 kg/h xN+1A = 20/ 1330 = 0.015
LN M VN+1 V1 L0

Solvent free calculation for leached solid: yNA = 120/120 = 1 N 0 NN = 2000/120 = 16.67= slope = y 0 M = 2180 N 0 N 0 16.67 xAM = 0.376 N = 1.67 y 0 0.1 0 2. Locate M on the line joining VN+1 & L0. A line from LN through M will give V1 on the overflow.
FKKSA

Example 12.10-1
3. From V1 draw a vertical tie line to give L1. Locate from the intersection of the lines L0V1 & VN+1 LN
L0 LN M VN+1 V1 L1

FKKSA

Example 12.10-1
4. From L1 draw a line to to giveV2 on the overflow. From V2 draw a vertical tie line to give L2. Repeat until LN or exceed LN.
L4LN L3 L2 L0 L1

VN+1V4

V3

V2

V1

No. of theoretical stages = 3.6

FKKSA

Integrated Project
Oral Presentation (10 min) & Slide printout: 22 Dec, 4pm Report submission (Final full set report): 21 Dec Each group give me ur members ID in a paper