WHAT IS AN IED?

An IED is a home-made bomb prepared through unlawful means and kept in concealed and disguised manner in any ordinary looking objects meant for causing damage. The mechanism used in the IED could be standard or improvised.

BOMB V/S IED

BOMB Ordinance made Standard Mechanism Fix qty of Explosives is used Ordinance made explosive is used. Fix shape & size Container is used. IED Home made No fix or definite mechanism No fix qty of explosive Self made or ordinance made explosive is used. No fix shape & size Containers may or may not be used.

REASONS FOR USE OF BOMBS AS A TERRORIST WEAPON

MAX. FLEXIBILITY ON HUMAN RESOURCES, LESS MATERIAL INPUT, MORE OUTPUT IN TERM OF DAMAGE STAND OFF WEAPON AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION FOR MAKING A BOMB EVOLUTION OF INTERNET AS AN INFORMATION RESOURCE CO-OPERATION BETWEEN TERRORISTS ORGANISATION TREND OF IMITATION OF SUCCESFUL BOMBING INCIDENTS

 EASY ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY REMOTE CONTROL DEVICES RELIABLE AND COMPACT ENERGY RESOURCES SMALL AND ACCURATE TIMING DEVICES ADVANCE SENSORS SUCH AS HEAT SENSORS, LIGHT SENSORS, SOUND SENSORS MOVEMENT SENSORS ETC

 HOME MADE EXPLOSIVES BY USING EASILY AVAILABLE

CHEMICALS USE OF PLASTIC EXPLOSIVES WHICH CAN BE PACKED INTO ITEMS OF ANY SHAPE / SIZE LIMITATIONS OF THE DETECTION TECHNOLOGY

CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
CREATES PSYCHOLOGICAL TERROR. EASIER TO TRANSPORT IN UNASSEMBLED FORM. BASIC IEDs REQUIRES NO TRAINING.

TARGETS OF IEDs
1. Govt Property
1. 2. BRIDGES ***(J&K) ROADS/HIGHWAY

3.
4. 5.

RAILWAY TRACKS-NORTHEAST
OIL PIPELINES- NORTHEAST GOVT. BUS, TELEPHONE EXCHANGE-LWE

2.

Public Place
1. 2. CINEMA HALL RAILWAY STATION

3. Religious Places

4. VIPs and their relatives

5. Police/CPMF/Army personnel

CLASSIFICATION OF IEDs 1. Incendiary Bombs - Chemical compounds used for producing fire. Eg: Molotov cocktail, chemical fire bottle 2. Explosive Bombs - IEDs prepared for causing destruction and damage.

CATEGORIES OF IED Package Type IED

Open Close hoax

Vehicle-Borne IEDs (VBIEDs)

Car Bomb Bicycle Bomb

Suicide Bomb or Human Bomb

MAIN COMPONENTS.
12 CLOCK

9 EXPLOSIVE POWER SOURCE DETONATOR MECHANISM.

3
6

DETO.

BATTERY

EXPLOSIVE

EXPLOSIVES
EXPLOSIVES ARE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES THAT , THROUGH CHEMICAL REACTION, VIOLENTLY CHANGE TO GASEOUS FORM AND RELEASE HEAT AND PRESSURE ENERGY EQUALLY IN ALL DIRECTIONS. CLASSIFICATION LOW EXPLOSIVES :
BLACK GUN POWDER SMOKE LESS POWDER AMMONAL POWDER DEFLAGRATION VELOCITY UPTO 400 M/Sec

HIGH EXPLOSIVES :

GELATINE TNT COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVES DYNAMITE PEK RDX HMX MILITARY EXPLOSIVES PETN SEMTEX DETONATION VELOCITY 2000-9000 M/SEC

POWER SOURCE
Depends on the type of detonator used e.g.

Detonator no 27 + safety fuse 11 + ignition.

Detonator no. 33 + battery + switch. Power source generally used are
Cell 1.5 volt, Pen torch/Medium/large size Battery 6 or 12 volts. Dynamo. Electricity (AC) Polaroid Film Cells.

DETONATOR
Detonator No. 27 (Non electric)
Detonator No. 33 (Electric)

Use for converting flame into

detonation wave required for exploding

high explosive.

MECHANISM
Anti handling mechanism
Delay mechanism

Ambient mechanism
Command mechanism

ANTI-HANDLING
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pressure Release Pull Combination Collapsing circuit 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Tilt Anti probe Tension Vibration Lift Photoelectric cell

DELAYED
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Clock Electronic Timer Thermal Chemical Electro chemical Water drip or Add Expanding Seeds Cigarette & Match box delay Barometric

BOMBER S SHOE USED BY REID

FUSE PROTRUDING FROM SHOE NEAR TONGUE DETONATOR

HEEL PACKED WITH EXPLOSIVE

AMBIENT CONDITION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Gas/ Smoke Sensitive Humidity Temperature Sensitive X-ray Sensitive Metal Sensitive Sound Sensitive Light sensors

COMMAND MECHANISM 1. Direct Command

2. In-direct Command e.g.

Remote, LASER etc.

Containers used in Explosions

Previously Pipes Lunch boxes Shoe boxes Polythene bags Assorted tins. Buckets Presently Gas cylinder Pressure cookers Fire extinguishers Electric motors Plastic containers Milk / Water cane

Switches used in EXPLOSIONS

Previous Pressure switch Anti handling mechanism Time switch Clock/watch mechanism Presently Time pencils Wire controlled Radio controlled (J&K) Programmable time delay (PTD) (Assam) Light sensor switch (Naxal)

PTD
PROGRAMMABLE TIME DELAYED DEVICE EXPLOSION TIME RANGES FROM 08 MIN. TO 194 DAYS. CONSISITS OF: SWITCH WITH ELECTRONIC TIMER 9 V BATTERY EXPLOSIVE PACK WATERPROOF CASING. EASY TO ASSEMBLE,DIFFICULT TO DETECT.

Power Source
Previous Presently

Pencil cells 9 V batteries Car battery

Torch / 9V battery High capacity Alkaline / Lithium batteries Camera flash gun for wire controlled devices. ( Alipiri 2004 and Munger 2005 blasts)

ACTION ON LOCATING AN IED

1. BUTTRESSING: Putting sand bag near adjacent walls. 2 x 2 x 2 feet sand bag wall all around 2. BAFFLING: Cover it with Bomb Blanket / Mattresses to minimize damage due to blast / fragment. 3. VENTING: Opening doors and windows of the room.

NEUTRALISATION OF IEDs
1. Hand Entry Method i) Separate charge & detonator ii) In electrical traps cut source of power. 2. Grapnel Method Minimum distance 50 m, tie rope in mech and pull it. 3. Blind Charge By demolition set.

expl /

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
The plan of movement needs to be absolutely secret. Movement should be at short notice. Regular movements in a established pattern must be avoided. To and fro journey from a particular place should, as far as possible be done by different routes. It should be assumed that one small explosion may be followed by a series of bigger explosion

The terrain of area of responsibility needs to be studied thoroughly, to identify possible locations of IEDs like sharp turns, culverts, bushes etc. Vulnerable areas should be identified and kept under domination, surveillance and avoided whenever possible. Surprise combing of vulnerable stretches of roads for detection of IEDs must be under taken time after time. Forces must be aware of deception baits thrown by the enemy to drag them into a trap.

The reliability of the sources must be tested and movement made after taking all precautions. Reinforcements in an emergency should be done at different times, using different routes and different modes of transportation. Locals usually get to know of planted IEDs, hence a good information system at the grassroot level needs to be developed. Any unusual happenings should be taken as a warning.

Bridges , culverts and fresh tracks must be carefully observed. Vehicles should be parked 50 meters away from these and troops dismounted.

Body armour, helmets and mine safety googles,

if available should be used while going out or

operating in extremist affected areas.

CHECKING OF ROUTES
PROPERLY BRIEF THE PERSONNEL BEING DEPLOYED FOR GUARD DUTIES ALONG THE ROUTE. PERSONNEL ON GUARD SHOULD BE AT A DISTANCE OF EYE- CONTACT SO THAT THEY COULD COMMUNICATE TO EACH OTHER. ENSURE THAT THE PATROL PARTIES HAVE CHECKED BUSHES, AREAS 500 METERS AWAY FROM ROAD EITHER SIDE. ALL AREAS RELATED TO SPEED BREAKERS, BENDS, CULVERTS, UNDER-BRIDGES, RAIL-CROSSINGS, JUNCTIONS, SHOULD BE SUBJECTED TO PHYSICAL CHECKS WITH AN EMPHASIS FOR BOOBY TRAPS. WHILE ENROUTE, CHECK SIDE BARRIERS WHICH ARE PLACED WITH MUD-FILLED DRUMS, IF ANY. FOR ROAD SIDE MEETINGS, ENSURE THAT THE LOCATION IS NOT NEAR TO POWER LINE / HIGH TENSION WIRES / JUNCTION BOARDS. ARCHES, DECORATION FIXTURES ERECTED ALONG THE LINE ROUTE SHOULD BE SUBJECTED TO PHYSICAL AND ELECTRONIC CHECKS. ENSURE THAT THERE ARE NO LOOSE WIRES CROSSING ACROSS THE ROAD. ENSURE THAT THERE IS NO VEHICLES SUCH AS CYCLE, SCOOTER, CAR LEFT ON THE ROAD. ROUTE CHECKS MUST BE CARRIED OUT AS FAR AS POSSIBLE CLOSE TO THE ARRIVAL / DEPARTURE TIME OF THE VVIP CAR CADE.

PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN DURING MOVEMENT IN VEHICLES

Vehicular columns are the most vulnerable to IED attacks. Movement should be on foot, as far as possible. Varied routes and mode of transport need to used, particularly if the time gap in the two journey is large. Traveling on routes having no alternate is not advisable. In such cases getting down from the vehicle and walking through suspected areas is advisable.

Vehicular columns should, as far as possible be confined to main black top roads, even these should be carefully scrutinised. Claymore mines (directional IEDs) are a possibility even on NH. Vehicles of SFs are easily identifiable therefore, movement in sensitive areas should be in civilian vehicles and in civilian clothes. Traveling in official vehicles and private vehicles, which resembles departmental vehicles should be avoided.

Public transportation may be used whenever possible. Movement should be in at least 2 to 3 vehicles with at least a 100 meters gap.*** situational Weapon/ uniforms should not be displayed while traveling in a civilian vehicle. Heavy vehicles such as trucks may be used for movement. Sand bags may be placed on the floor of vehicles to minimize effects of blasts.

One or two persons, in civil dress, may be kept on the top of vehicles for observation. High speed should be maintained in attackprone zones. Never relax during a return journey. If possible driving on the wrong side of the road in suspected areas is desirable. Unimaginable approaches needs to be taken while covering patrol beats or to reach given points in operation.

PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN DURING MOVEMENT ON FOOT

The beaten track needs to be avoided, walking cross-country keeping safer distance is advisable. Tactical movement with appropriate formations and distance between each individual is a must. Patrols should move astride the road and not on it. Patrols moving cross-country tend to come on the road to avoid obstacles, which must be avoided

Bridges, culverts and fresh tracks leading to an obstacles or deliberately made to skirts around it need to be carefully searched. Freshly dug and disturbed earth, dry grass, sticks, dung of other material can be used as camouflage to conceal IEDs and should be carefully checked. Combing should be done after 4 to 5 kms in suspected areas. Trip wires, their feelers or hooks should be watched out for.

PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN DURING ROAD OPENING-SEARCH OF BUILDING/ AREA

Extensive use of sniffer dogs, and atleast one metal/explosive detector are desirable. USE OF ASHI AND TAURUS Road margins should be carefully searched to detect lead wires, covering of a spot. Places where innocuous looking objects like carts, electric poles or trees have been placed beside the roads should be carefully searched.

Small bridges/ culverts are favoured spots for IEDs and need to be carefully searched. Unclaimed and unattended vehicles, two wheelers or any other objects could be fitted with explosive device. ROP in built up areas must keep the area under observation from vantage points to spot anything unusual. Doors of suspected houses and house hold appliances could be wired to an IED. Extreme caution should be exercised in building searches.

WHERE TO LOOK FOR?

Recently disturbed areas. Saw dust, brick dust, wood chips or tin foils. Greasy paper wrapping, which could have been covering the explosives. Out of place objects, which appear abnormal. Disturbed road carpeting or even freshly repaired roads. Partly open windows/doors/drawers.

Fresh tar/plaster/cement.
Fish line, dirty ropes and electric wires Cut or

trampled over vegetation.

Containers of ammunition and explosives,

suitcases.
Dusty footprints

Scorched or new paint.

Freshly dug or filled areas.

ACTION ON DISCOVERING AN UNEXPLODED IED

Do not bunch/maintain safe distance Avoid panic evacuation Buttress /BARRICADING Stop the traffic Inform BDD ONLY EXPERTS TO HANDLE OPEN DOORS AND WINDOWS*****

The IED should not be handled or touched by all. Heat, light, vibration from vehicles, pressure, radio signals, noise of electronic gadgets in the close vicinity of an IED may trigger it, therefore must be avoided.
Neutralise it with safety and security

Role of commander
Keep alert, make yourself a "hard target" Be prepared for IED attack followed by ambush Be and APPEAR vigilant, personnel who look ready to fight back make 'bad' targets insurgents may choose to wait for the next convoy Maintain convoy speed if possible Maintain vehicle dispersion Be particularly cautious at choke points, e.g., vehicle breakdowns, bridges, one-way roads, traffic jams, sharp turns, etc.

 If something causes the convoy to stop, watch your flanks for IEDs Wear bullet proof and helmets Wear safety or shooting glasses to preserve eyesight from sharpnel Rehearse actions on 'Contact' for IEDs Get out of the 'Kill Zone' fast Do not approach the IED Before every convoy, personnel should be briefed on the latest IED threats, i.e. what insurgents are currently using and where they have placed them before on chosen routes, etc.

 Trust your INSTINCTS.

Items we see may make us nervous about the situation or item. It may be the people watching or the body language or stress people show may indicate that something is out there.

Are the locals there or have they left the area? Presence of NEWS crews may be an indicator. Bomber does not want his picture taken, but he loves to have his dirty work on film.

DONTS
1. 2. 3. 4. Do not bunch up during Ops. Avoid cutting any wire unless the device is identified. Do not panic. Never assume only ONE mine is planted. Do not try to be DEAD HERO.

5.

DO NOT TRY TO BE A DEAD HERO.